scholarly journals Establishments and organizations promoting exports in the Russian Empire (the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries)

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 141
Author(s):  
Iryna Shandra
Keyword(s):  
World Market ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Export Promotion ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Chambers Of Commerce ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire

The purpose of the article is to describe the state institutions and public organizations promoting exports in the Russian Empire in the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, as well as to highlight the activities of similar structures on Ukrainian lands. Research methods: systemic, structural-functional, typological, comparative-historical, problem-chronological, statistical, analytical-synthetic. Main results. In the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the implementation of the export promotion measures was primarily among the tasks of the state bodies of trade and industry (agencies within the structure of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry, the Ministry of Finance, the Ministry of Railways, as well as consuls, government commercial agents, etc.), public representative associations were gradually involved in this process entrepreneurs (industry, territorial and all-imperial unions of the representatives of trade and industrial status), special binational chambers of commerce (Russian-English, Russian-Italian, Russian-French, etc.) are formed, as well as the Russian Export Chamber, as the final part of the system of protection of the export trade interests. Concise conclusions. The system of institutions and export promotion organizations in the Russian Empire, which emerged during the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, turned out to be very colorful and diverse: on the initiative of creation – the government, public, joint (public and governmental); according to its competence – diplomatic, specialized export, a wide range of trade and economic tasks. All of them became an integral part of the economic development of the country, had a significant influence (especially private associations of entrepreneurs) on the formation of the civil society on the basis of self-organization, enterprise, initiative and responsibility. Practical significance. The materials of the article can form the theoretical basis for developing effective mechanisms for the development of modern domestic exports, increasing the turnover of Ukraine in the world market at the expense of organized representation in the form of binary chambers of commerce and industry, the creation of special export structures and the reformation of existing export missions. Originality. On the basis of the sources of the government and social origin, a wide array of materials of periodicals of the second half of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries organization forms of export promotion in the Russian Empire were generalized and structured, their typology is presented; the peculiarities of institutional processes on the issues of export on Ukrainian lands were traced, their place in general imperial processes is determined, and the high degree of activity of representative organizations of entrepreneurs of Ukrainian lands is shown. Scientific novelty. The look at the organization of foreign trade from the point of view of the activities of state and public institutions is suggested, their development from official forms through the public to the joint public-governmental entities of export promotion is offered. Article type: explanation.

Embassy of the Russian Empire in Berlin on the Socialist Movement in Germany in 1890–1898

2021 ◽  
pp. 179
Author(s):  
Anna Matveeva
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Politics ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Democratic Movement ◽  
Social Democratic ◽  
The Social ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Government ◽  
Socialist Movement ◽  
The Russian Empire

The study focuses on assessing the representativeness and relevance of diplomatic documents for the study of key aspects of German domestic politics. Three issues are central to the analysis of the documents from the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire: the completeness of the indicated sources for understanding the factors of the German Empire’s inner policy; the assessment of the subjectivity of the author of diplomatic dispatches, i.e. how much the ambassador's personality determined the content of the dispatches that he sent to the ministry; the relevance of highlighting key issues of internal life in Germany from the point of view of Russian diplomats. Among constantly present in the messages, the most important was the problem of the socialist movement and the Social-Democratic Party’s activities. The socialists were mentioned for significant reasons: the repeal of the Law against the Socialists, the Berlin Conference on the Labor Protection (1890); elections to the Reichstag (1893, 1898); the Reichstag votes on issues important for Russia. The measures of counteraction to the socialists, discussed by the emperor and the government, also aroused interest. The study of archival documents (1890–1898) allows the author to draw the following conclusions. The dispatches adequately reflect the main trends in the socialist movement and the tactics of the SPD, therefore they can be used to study many internal problems faced by Germany in the course of its political evolution. The development of the social-democratic movement was rightly interpreted by Russian diplomats as one of the fundamental reasons for the internal instability of the German state during the reign of Wilhelm II. At the same time, the conclusion drawn by the diplomats can be primarily explained by the Russian imperial regime and its substantial characteristics, rather than the political realities within Germany itself. They considered parliamentarism, limiting the monarch actions (the state interests), to be the main reason for the high popularity and the broadest electoral support of the SPD. The key factor preventing the monarch from defeating the “coup parties” was defined as the activities of liberal political parties, which demanded the unconditional observance of the freedoms prescribed in the Сonstitution of 1871, as well as the prevention of the introduction of Exceptional Laws and other measures of an extraordinary nature.

scholarly journals Dialogue between the individual and the state in contemporary Russian society

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 ◽  
pp. 02011
Author(s):  
Roman Bogatyrev ◽  
Nadezhda Kapustina ◽  
Maya Nachkebiya ◽  
Tatiana Perutskaya
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Democratic State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Effective Development

This article discusses the important aspects of the dialogue between the individual and the state in modern times. The importance of interaction between the government and the society in the modern world is one of the most urgent tasks for young researchers and for the society as a whole. Emphasizing the importance of strengthening and developing a democratic state governed by the rule of law, researchers identify a wide range of factors that have a direct impact on the positive and effective development of interaction between the government and the society. One such factor is the model of individual-state dialogue. The study of such a dialogue from an anthropological point of view will make it possible to highlight the most successful models of interaction between the society authorities to create effective management mechanisms that affect both the quality of citizens’ life and the development of the state as a whole in a positive way. For a more detailed study of the models of building a dialogue between the individual and the state, it is necessary to consider the existing examples of interaction and analyze the historical aspects of the relationship between the society and the state. The modern practice of state and municipal governing strives to make the government more transparent and open to citizens, such a policy contributes to the maximum involvement of citizens in the public and political life of the state. The article also deals with the issues of involving citizens in the social and political life of the society; it discusses the motivational measures and the policy of the state in the field of engaging citizens in interaction and establishment of a meaningful, effective dialogue between the society and the state.

scholarly journals General-criminal prisons of the Russian Empire in the XIX century (on the example of the Orenburg province)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 165-169
Author(s):  
Yulia Vladimirovna Kuznetsova
Keyword(s):  
Medical Personnel ◽  
Southern Urals ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Educational Activity ◽  
The Southern Urals ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Xix Century ◽  
The 19Th Century

The paper attempts to provide, on the basis of archival and published materials, a brief description of the state of general prisons in the Russian Empire in the 19th century on the example of the Orenburg province. In the first half of the XIX century, many prison buildings were in a dilapidated state, most of them were wooden. The prisoners suffered from overcrowding, they were not separated by sex and age, the sick were kept together with the healthy ones, they were hungry, they lived in begging. Very often the premises for prisons were private rental houses. There were no medical personnel in prisons, there were epidemics that led to a huge increase in mortality. As for the work, in the first half of the XIX century in prison locks and guards it was introduced in the rarest cases, since there were no special rooms for this. In the post-reform period, many prison premises were repaired, premises began to be rented for hospitals, the prisoners diet improved in the 1980s. The payment for arrest labor was introduced, the educational activity in prisons improved. Despite the measures taken by the government, the state of ordinary prisons in the southern Urals throughout the XIX century was still deplorable due to the fact that there was not enough money, or the local administration was not interested in improving the situation of the prisoners and the state of the prisons themselves.

scholarly journals ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURES OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH IN SIBERIA IN THE CONTEXT OF STATE-CONFESSIONAL POLICY (THE 19TH - EARLY 20TH CENTURIES)

2021 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
TATYANA G. NEDZELYUK ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
State Archive ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Administrative Structures ◽  
Roman Catholics

The article studies the peculiarities of the state and confessional policy of the Russian Empire in the 19th - early 20th centuries in relation to Roman Catholics. The materials that served as the basis for the study are stored both in the Russian State Historical Archive and in the archives of Siberian cities: Tobolsk, Tomsk, Omsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk. Government orders of identical content were sent to all Siberian provincial centers, but in Tomsk they are in the best state of preservation, which gave us the opportunity to systematize them and use them for analysis. Government orders of identical content were sent to all Siberian provincial centers, but they are in the Tomsk State Archive in the best degree of preservation, which gave us the opportunity to systematize them and use them for analysis. The study revealed that the initiative to create the first Catholic parishes in Siberia belonged to the government and was dictated by the desire to remove the clergy of the Jesuit оrder from the capital...

scholarly journals The Concept of Law in the Works of Nikolay Gogol

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 64-86
Author(s):  
Igor' A. Vinogradov
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Creative Activity ◽  
Complete Collection ◽  
Dead Souls ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Concept Of Law ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
First Time ◽  
Alcohol Laws

<p>The article for the first time raises a question about one of the profiles of Gogol&rsquo;s activity as a &ldquo;satirist&rdquo;, a denouncer of morals. In his writings the author inevitably follows the laws of the Russian Empire, more than a&nbsp;hundred of volumes of which were published during his lifetime. It is emphasized that Gogol's desire to devote himself to justice, dated back to his school days, he carried through all his whole life. He considered his writings, as well as the legacy of Homer, Derzhavin, Fonvizin and Griboedov, as educational, &ldquo;legislative&rdquo; for contemporaries. The writer created every his writing, by his own admission, as a&nbsp;support for the &ldquo;truthful laws&rdquo; of the State and Church, the unity of which was determined by the peculiarities of the legislation of the Orthodox State. The work consistently traces reminiscences of <em>The Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire</em> contained in the first Gogol&rsquo;s series <em>Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka</em>, the collection <em>Mirgorod</em>, St.&nbsp;Petersburg novels, <em>The Government Inspector</em>, <em>Dead Souls</em>, the comedy <em>The Gamblers</em>, etc. The government decrees were also mentioned in Gogol&rsquo;s works, for example, Anti-Superstition laws, alcohol laws, wine tax and beverage production laws, tax arrears laws, &ldquo;souls inspection&rdquo; decrees and &ldquo;documents audit&rdquo;, prohibitive decrees on bribes, moneylending, harlotry, gambling and so forth. The connection of the &ldquo;legislative&rdquo; problems with the laws of Gogol&rsquo;s poetics, their unity in the works of all genres and all periods of Gogol&rsquo;s creative activity is emphasized.</p>

ABOUT THE SPECIFIC FEATURES OF THE KAZAKH-RUSSIAN TRADE AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS IN THE XIX CENTURY

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (8(77)) ◽  
pp. 7-11
Author(s):  
Akmaral Rashidkyzy Beisembayeva
Keyword(s):  
Social Transformation ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Private Property ◽  
World Market ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Property Market ◽  
Steppe Region ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Empire

Considering in close interconnection the development of the world economy and geopolitics of this period, we see new objective needs for the development of the economic potential of Kazakh-Russian relations, social transformation, social movements and new functions of the state. In the 19th century, important changes began, both in the Russian Empire and in the Steppe region. Such basic features of capitalism as private property, market relations, profit, competition, freedom of choice of economic decisions have become widespread. The scale of trends in historical development changed, which were determined by the internal laws of the system: the emerging world market, the world economy, changing functions of the state. The development of the international economy was spurred by the opening of new routes for trade, especially the Central Asian region, the redistribution of colonial territories, the need for resources and ever new and diverse industrial goods. External and internal markets of the steppe region and the Russian Empire became interdependent.

Per aspera ad astra. The relationship of teachers and students in the national gymnasium in the second half of XIX-early XX century

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ольга Грива ◽  
Ol'ga Griva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Rote Learning ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In the presented monograph discusses the state of Affairs in the schools in the second half of XIX — beginning of XX century, concerning questions of organization of relations between teachers and students, by students. Documents of the gymnasiums operating in the territory of the Russian Empire, in particular in the Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Kharkov and Odessa educational districts are analyzed. The author refuted the point of view on the school as a "school of drill and rote learning", and allegedly progressive role of school in shaping the educated, cultured, educated citizens. On numerous unpublished materials of archives (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kiev, Kharkov, Odessa and Simferopol), a complex of official pedagogical documents and theoretical works of teachers shows the nature of the organization of intra-relations.

scholarly journals THE HANDICRAFTS MUSEUM AS AN ACTUAL FORM OF MUSEUM ACTIVITY IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XIX - THE FIRST THIRD OF THE XX CENTURIES (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE MOSCOW HANDICRAFTS MUSEUM)

2020 ◽  
pp. 273-278
Author(s):  
Ekaterina А. Rychkova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Folk Art ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Actual Form ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Aesthetic

The development of folk crafts in Russia was closely connected with the formation of handicrafts museums that performed complex tasks of preserving, studying and promoting folk art. The study of their history today is one of the problems that have not yet been sufficiently studied in museology. Handicrafts museums were considered by researchers primarily in the general historical context of the influence of state policy and provincial zemstvos on the development of handicraft industry in Russia. However, the phenomenon of handicrafts museums remains insufficiently studied from the point of view of history and the theory of museum work. The type of the handicrafts museum has not yet been singled out as an actual form of the museum institution of the last quarter of the XIX – the first third of the XX centuries, which spread in several provinces of the Russian Empire. The purpose of the article is to review the main activities of the Moscow Handicrafts Museum - an example of the formation of new types of museums in Russia and their influence on the development of folk crafts in the second half of the 19th century – the first third of the 20th centuries. Moscow Handicrafts Museum opened in 1885. His task was to fully promote the development of folk art and the implementation of handicrafts. One of the main features and goals of creating the Handicrafts Museums in the Russian Empire was the formation of an established system of state patronage over the peasants who were freed from serfdom and promotion of their involvement in the new sector of the economy. The museum staff formed the museum collection, actively participated in organizing the training of folk craftsmen, arranging production workshops, became intermediaries in the art market, and was engaged in active exhibition work around the world, especially at large industrial fairs. In the 1890–1910s, the case started in Moscow spread quickly to almost the whole country. Handicrafts museums immediately arose in several provinces of Russia. One of the program documents of that period was the concept of the development of the Handicrafts Museum, proposed in a report of Sergey Morozov in 1910. Thus, at the beginning of the twentieth century in Moscow, the structure of an effective museum was formed, aimed at systematic work with folk crafts and successfully involving a wide range of partners: artists and scientists, merchants and foreign industrialists. Thanks to the assistance of handicrafts museums in Russia in the late XIX – early XX centuries traditional folk crafts were able to survive and be adequately represented throughout the world. The aesthetic significance of folk art has been recognized. The study of folk art has become an important subject of scientific research. All aspects of the multifaceted history of the formation and development of handicrafts museums and their role in the socio-economic and cultural development of Russia are of great scientific interest and require careful further study.

scholarly journals Development of budget law during the budget and legal reform in the Russian empire in 1860–1890

2020 ◽  
pp. 47-55
Author(s):  
Yurii Pokhodzilo
Keyword(s):  
Financial System ◽  
Legal Reform ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
System Reform ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Budget Reform ◽  
The Russian Empire

Problem setting. The article reveals the peculiarities of the development of budget law in the Russian Empire in the context of budgetary and legal reform in the period from 1860 to 1890. It has significant historical and legal significance, as today it remains the focus of many researchers who study various aspects of contemporary life from a historical, legal, political and even political point of view. The purpose of the article is to analyze the peculiarities of the development of budget law in the Russian Empire in the conditions of budgetary and legal reform in the period from 1860 to 1890. Article’s main body. It is emphasized that Ukraine is currently facing a new challenge for further modernization of the financial system, so the analysis and experience of financial system reform carried out in the Russian Empire in the second half of the XIX – early XX century is very relevant. In the process of studying the legal regulation of budgetary relations in the Russian Empire, the results of the reform developed four principles to be met by the budget: (a) unity of the budget, (b) completeness of the budget, (c) reality (truthfulness) of the budget, (d) publicity of the budget. The content of the budget reform of 1862 is most clearly revealed through the analysis of the legal consolidation of these principles. The unity of the budget consists both in a unified procedure for drawing up the budget and in a single budget document. In fact, it is a question of existence of one budget in which all incomes and expenses of the state are reflected. Conclusions. It is noted that as a result of the reform of legal regulation of budgetary relations in the state there is such a branch of law as budget law, a set of laws that determine the procedure for drawing up, reviewing, approving and implementing the budget. In addition, the procedure for drawing up, reviewing and approving the budget, the range of authorized persons involved in each of these stages is determined. Keywords: budget law, budget reform, development of budget law, Russian Empire.

scholarly journals DRUG AND ALCOHOLIC PRACTICE HOLYGMISM IN THE WORKING POPULATION SOUTH OF UKRAINE (END OF XIX - BEGINNING OF XX CENTURY)

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-84
Author(s):  
I. Міронова
Keyword(s):  
Alcohol Consumption ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Large Concentration ◽  
Joint Activity ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Alcohol Industry ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Southern Ukraine

The article covers the activities of the Russian Empire Government and the local Guardianships of Public Sobriety in the field of combating alcoholism among the working population of Southern Ukraine in the late XIX – the early XX centuries. A reform of the state wine monopoly, the alcohol industry development and the growth of drinking establishments in the region are considered. It was noted that the introduction of the monopoly streamlined the production and sale of alcohol. However, the problem of alcoholism was not fully understood by the state because of the traditional priority of state interests over public ones.The reasons of alcoholization of the Southern Ukrainian governorates’ (provinces’) working population are revealed. It was found that the Katerynoslav Governorate was the first in consuming liquor among other governorates of the Russian Empire. It could be explained by its economic situation, the large concentration of workers in the mining enterprises and mostly male composition of the population. The attention was paid to the local Guardianships of Public Sobriety (the Guardianships), their activities in dealing with drinking among workers. Their primary measures in the fight against alcoholism are covered. They are the following: lectures, talks and readings; opening of tea rooms, cheap canteens and reading libraries. It is justified that the joint activity of the government and the Guardianships, although not completed, contributed to the reduction of alcohol consumption by the population.

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