La idea de libertad en la literatura romántica rioplatense

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-43
Author(s):  
Maksymilian Drozdowicz

Argentina was born from the crossing of the ideas of “culture” and “barbarism”. Freedom was recognized as a driving force for its development from the beginning. Both works, Martin Fierro and Facundo, value and praise it (especially the first one), but always as a part of the civilization process undertaken by President Sarmiento, who accepted some people, forgetting about the victims of the Desert Campaign (1878-1885). The article reflects on freedom expressed by such authors as Sarmiento, Echeverría, Mármol or Gutiérrez. One of the lesser known authors, Lucio V. Mansilla, the author of Una excursión a los indios ranqueles (1870), is the one who sees the situation of the Indians with his own eyes, observing how the concept of freedom changes into its opposite when efforts are made to “civilize” Pampa and the border with the Andes by force. In the 19th century, only he was aware of the hypocrisy of the expected “progress”. Then, in the 20th century, there appear authors who want to renew patriotic consciousness. They suggest putting on a post -romantic “civilization” that is of little benefit to the nation. They see the falsehood in the concept of “freedom” when building an Argentine national identity, not including indigenous communities.

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Akmal Hawi

The 19th century to the 20th century is a moment in which Muslims enter a new gate, the gate of renewal. This phase is often referred to as the century of modernism, a century where people are confronted with the fact that the West is far ahead of them. This situation made various responses emerging, various Islamic groups responded in different ways based on their Islamic nature. Some respond with accommodative stance and recognize that the people are indeed doomed and must follow the West in order to rise from the downturn. Others respond by rejecting anything coming from the West because they think it is outside of Islam. These circles believe Islam is the best and the people must return to the foundations of revelation, this circle is often called the revivalists. One of the figures who is an important figure in Islamic reform, Jamaluddin Al-Afghani, a reformer who has its own uniqueness, uniqueness, and mystery. Departing from the division of Islamic features above, Afghani occupies a unique position in responding to Western domination of Islam. On the one hand, Afghani is very moderate by accommodating ideas coming from the West, this is done to improve the decline of the ummah. On the other hand, however, Afghani appeared so loudly when it came to the question of nationality or on matters relating to Islam. As a result, Afghani traces his legs on two different sides, he is a modernist but also a fundamentalist. 


2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 309-335
Author(s):  
Klaudiusz Święcicki ◽  

The article discusses the process of increased interest in Zakopane and Podhale culture in the second half of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century. Discusses the problem of highlanders acquiring national identity. Characterizes the environment of the intellectual and artistic elite of Zakopane. Attempts to analyse how fascination with the Tatra landscape and highlander culture influenced the formation of one of the myths that fund modern national identity. Tries to show how the artists influenced the development of Zakopane as a holiday spa. It also shows the impact of bohemia on the transformation of the culture of highlanders in the Podhale region. The second part of the article discusses the relationship of the poet Jan Kasprowicz with Podhale. His peregrinations to Zakopane and Poronin were presented. On the selected example from creativity, an attempt was made to analyse the poet’s fascination with the Tatra Mountains and highlander culture.


Author(s):  
Beloglazov I.A. ◽  
Biryukova N.V. ◽  
Nesterova N.V.

The authors of the work analyzed the sources that characterize the influence of absinthe on human culture. Absinthe, an alcoholic drink containing wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.), was banned in the early 20th century due to unusual properties attributed to the side effects of drinking this alcohol. This review contains information about the history of the drink. On the one hand, absinthe left its mark in the culture as a “muse” for the creators, remaining forever imprinted in the works of various types of art, on the other hand, it became the main enemy for the most part of society because of the harmful properties that was characterized by researchers of the 19th century.


Author(s):  
Ivana Taranenkova

The paper focuses on the ways of interpreting the Ukrainian issue (manifestations of independent Ukrainian national identity) by representatives of the Slovak national movement. At the late 19th and early 20th century this issue became a part of polemics between two opposite strategies of contemporary Slovak culture. On the one hand, there were prominent figures of the national life whose activities were connected to Martin, contemporary Slovak cultural center. On the other hand, there were representatives of a young generation who proposed their own solutions for improving the Slovak political and cultural situation. The journal “Hlas” provided coverage of their activities. The periodical was launched with the help of Czech politic and philosopher Tomáš Garique Masaryk.  His ideas influenced the members of the Slovak cultural movement who called themselves ‘hlasisti’. Above all, they were opposed to the cultural and ideological views of Svetozár Hurban Vajanský who was the key figure of Slovak national movement in the last two decades of the 19th century. His vision was deeply influenced by the idea of Slavic unity and conservative rusophilia. Ukrainian issue questioned the legitimacy of the idea of a unified Slavonic world with accepted hegemony of Russia. It revealed contemporary antagonisms between Slavic nations that were ignored by the earlier generations of the Slovak national movement. The impulses from Czech cultural background, where emancipation of Ukrainian nation was discussed with more attention at the end of the 19th century, played a crucial role in this differentiation of the Slovak national life. The main point was the refusal to identify own national identity with a common Slavic one. The key figures of the Czech national movement had an uncertain and critical approach to social and political circumstances of contemporary Russia. In Slovak and Czech context, the reflection of Ukrainian efforts to reach national emancipation gave an opportunity to clarify questions connected to their own national and cultural identity.


Mäetagused ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 80 ◽  
pp. 71-88
Author(s):  
Merili Metsvahi ◽  

The article gives a short overview of the Estonian werewolf tradition in the 16th and 17th centuries and a glimpse into the 19th–20th-century werewolf beliefs. The image of werewolf of the earlier and later periods is compared. The differences between the images of these two periods are explained with the help of the approaches of Tim Ingold and Philipp Descola, which ground the changes in the worldview taking place together with the shift from the pre-modern society into modernity. The mental world of the 16th–17th-century Estonian and Livonian peasant did not encompass the category of nature, and the borders between the human being and the animal on the one side and organism and environment on the other side were not so rigid as they are in today’s people’s comprehension of the world. The ability to change into a wolf was seen as an added possibility of acquiring new experiences and benefits. As the popular ontology had changed by the second half of the 19th century – the human mind was raised into the ultimate position and the animal was comprehended as being inferior – the transformation of a man into an animal, if it was seriously taken at all, seemed to be strange and unnatural.


Author(s):  
Jesper Brandt Andersen

Jesper Brandt Andersen: Curious case reports in the works of the Danish physician and anatomist Thomas Bartholin Scattered through the voluminous authorship of the Danish physician and anatomist Thomas Bartholin (1616–1680), famous for his discovery of the lymph vessels in the early 1650s, case reports can be found, for which Bartholin was criticized and accused for verbosity and lack of scientific judgment by contemporary scholars and later medical historians. In this article 15 such case reports, mainly from the work Historiarum Anatomicarum Rariorum 1654–1661, are presented, analyzed and perspectivated. It is concluded, that much of the criticism, especially the one submitted by the posteriority and especially during the era of positivism by the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century and the one concerning observations made by Bartholin himself, is unjustified. When practising science himself Bartholin felt responsible for reproducing his observations correctly and trustworthy, and he was not satisfied by making conclusions on the basis of knowledge handed over by others. The author of this article has not succeded in finding one single example indicating that Bartholin doesn’t reproduce his own observations correctly and truthfully. On the other hand there are in his authorship numerous examples of case reports originating from others, which he either didn’t believe himself or at least doubted. When he published case reports originating from other people, he didn’t feel responsible for the truthfulness. His purpose bringing these case reports was to present his reader for new and interesting matter, to entertain his reader, to arouse his reader’s curiosity and to challenge his reader’s own judgment. Thomas Bartholin was one of the most excellent, diligent and passionate intermediaries of scientific matter of his time, and as a scientist he was characterized by openness. Often he was among the first to recognize, verify and publish new knowledge.


2019 ◽  
Vol 168 ◽  
pp. 229-241
Author(s):  
Jan Pešina

The image of Jan Hus’s death in literary and film worksThe article shows, on selected examples from Czech literature and film, different images of the Czech reformer’s death. The fundamental texts of this article are the testimonies of two witnesses of that event: a member of Hus’s escort, Peter from Mladoňovice, and a burgher from Konstantz, Ulrich Rychental. Confesional dependent visions, that both of them were creating, initiated two traditions in the perception of Jan Hus: as a martyr and as a heretic. The vision of Mladoňovic dominated thinking about Hus in Czech society until the beginning of the recatholization. During the 19th century it was also supported by historism typical for the National Revival epoch F. Palacký, Dějiny národa českého, persisted in journalism, literature, art and, after some modifications, operated until the middle of the 20th century O. Vávra, Jan Hus. Later literary and film productions E. Kantůrková, J. Svoboda, Jan Hus take into account Rychental’s testimony, so the one-sided picture of the death of the Bethlehem preacher gained a new dimension. Literární a filmové obrazy smrti Jana HusaČlánek na vybraných příkladech z české literatury a filmu ukazuje dva různé obrazy smrti českého reformátora. Základními texty jsou zprávy dvou očitých svědků události: člena Husova doprovodu Petra z Mladoňovic a kostnického měšťana Ulricha Richentala. Konfesijně podmíněné obrazy, které oba atoři kreují, stojí na počátku dvou rodících se tradic v pojímání Husa: jako mučedníka a jako kacíře. V českém prostředí dominoval až do počátku rekatolizace Mladoňovicův obraz, který byl v 19. století převzat obrozeneckým dějepisectvím F. Palacký, Dějiny národa českého a následně publicistikou, literaturou a výtvarným uměním a v různých modifikacích přetrval zhruba do poloviny 20. století O. Vávra, Jan Hus. Pozdější literární a filmová produkce E. Kantůrková, J. Svoboda, Jan Hus zohledňuje také Richentalovo svědectví, čímž do té doby jednostranný obraz smrti betlémského kazatele získal novou dimenzi.


1998 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-474 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay Paterson

The creation of a Scottish parliament in 1999 will crystallize a cultural crisis for Scottish higher education. Scottish universities retained their autonomy after the 18th-century union between Scotland and England because the union was about high politics rather than the affairs of civil society and culture. Unlike in England, the universities developed in close relationship with Scottish agencies of the state during the 19th century, and these agencies also built up a system of non-university higher education colleges. In the 20th century, the universities (and later some of the colleges) sought to detach themselves from Scottish culture and politics, favouring instead a common British academic network. So the new constitutional settlement faces Scottish higher education institutions with an enforced allegiance to the Scottish nation that will sharply disrupt their 80-year interlude as outposts of the British polity.


2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-166
Author(s):  
Niall O'Loughlin

Many countries in the 19th century wanted to assert their national character, with music being one way of doing so. We can distinguish four ways in which in music national identity can be established: composers may use the folk music, they can base their music on folk music, they can set the words of a nation to music and the last possibility can be found in the idea of an association of certain music with specific events and festivities in a tradition. The author discusses in detail these four possibilities of the establishment of Englishness in music in 20th century.


2019 ◽  
Vol 168 ◽  
pp. 315-326
Author(s):  
Ján Gallik

Motif of death in the work of Slovak, Czech and Hungarian authors of Catholic literatureIn the context of the evolution of religious literature, including the poetics of Slovak, Czech and Hungarian Catholic literature, the motif of death is not particularly unusual. This fact is clearly noticeable in the work of authors of the turn of the 19th century and the entire 20th century, as well as in the following millennium. For example, in the first phase of the creative work of Jakub Deml, who is considered one of the most important representatives of Czech Catholic literature of the first half of the 20th century, mirroring the so-called apocalyptic realism, we notice the thematization of solitude, death, extinction and nothingness. Death in Deml’s work is depicted as an entity that one seeks with an affection and desire, while “it constantly encounters Life. But as soon as they get excited and look for Life, they constantly meet Death, even those who don’t look for one for themselves”. Few years afterwards, a very similar thesis was developed by the later Catholic convert, important thinker and — it can be said — a comrade of the author of Slovak Catholic modernism, Pavol Strauss: “Life consists of search for life and it finds death within”. A Hungarian writer János Pilinszky, who besides spiritual-Christian poetry wrote great essays, the so-called Lyrical Diaries, wrote regarding death: “Death doesn’t exist for real, at least not the one that can be seen from the outside. We have to live first to be able to consider death”. And finally, Jan Zahradníček in his debut collection shifts the perception of death to the next semantic level, when it his poem Their shadow he writes “for the living ones I was alive too much / and for the alive ones I was too dead”. The aim of this paper is to interpret the motif of death in the work of selected authors of the Slovak, Czech and Hungarian Catholic literature.  Motyw śmierci w twórczości słowackich, czeskich i węgierskich autorów literatury katolickiejW kontekście rozwoju twórczości religijnej, w tym poezji słowackiej, czeskiej i węgierskiej literatury katolickiej, motyw śmierci nie jest niczym wyjątkowym. Zjawisko to można zaobserwować również w dziełach autorów z przełomu XIX i XX wieku. Motyw śmierci pojawia się w całej dwudziestowiecznej literaturze i przechodzi do trzeciego tysiąclecia. Występuje na przykład u Jakuba Demla, który jest uważany za jednego z najwybitniejszych przedstawicieli czeskiej literatury katolickiej pierwszej połowy XX wieku. W pierwszym okresie jego twórczości, w czasie tak zwanego realizmu apokaliptycznego, można zauważyć, że tematyka utworów krąży wokół samotności, śmierci, zaniku i nicości. Pavol Staruss, wybitny myśliciel katolicki, konwertyta z judaizmu i — można powiedzieć — wierny towarzysz autorów słowackiego modernizmu katolickiego, często podkreślał, iż życie składa się z poszukiwania życia, a w ramach tych poszukiwań natrafia się na śmierć. Z kolei János Pilinszky — węgierski pisarz, który oprócz duchowo-chrześcijańskiej twórczości poetyckiej tworzył wspaniałe eseje i tak zwane dzienniki liryczne — pisał w odniesieniu do śmierci, że śmierć w rzeczywistości nie istnieje, przynajmniej nie ta śmierć, którą możemy zaznać z zewnątrz. Trzeba najpierw żyć, abyśmy mogli wziąć pod uwagę śmierć.I wreszcie Jan Zahradníček w swoim debiutanckim tomiku przesuwa pojęcie śmierci na inny poziom znaczeniowy. W wierszu Ich cień umieszcza strofę: „dla martwych byłem za bardzo żywy / a dla żywych za bardzo martwy”. Celem tego artykułu jest przedstawienie przeglądu i dokonanie interpretacji twórczości wybranych autorów słowackiej, czeskiej i węgierskiej literatury katolickiej pod kątem występującego w niej motywu śmierci.


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