scholarly journals Viability and infectivity of Ceratobasidium encapsulated in alginate beads under different storage conditions

Lankesteriana ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Queenny K. López ◽  
Cesar A. Castro ◽  
Diana L. Curillo ◽  
Eduardo J. Chica ◽  
José V. Portilla ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Alginate Beads ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Fungal Symbiont ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Promote Plant Growth ◽  
Effective Conservation

Mycorrhizal fungi are important partners of orchids because they establish close symbiotic relationships with this group of plants, and its preservation is also important for the successful conservation of orchids. In the present study, the conservation of Ceratobasidium sp., a fungal symbiont, using encapsulation in alginate beads was tested over different times, temperatures of storage and dehydrated conditions. Osmotically dehydrated and air-dried beads were stored at room temperature (20 ± 2°C), 4°C, -20°C and - 80°C. The fungal growth was verified after 4, 8, 26 and 96 weeks. A second test was carried out to evaluate the encapsulations of fungi as a form of inoculation in Trichoceros antennifer orchid to promote symbiosis and plants development. The results show that the encapsulation of Ceratobasidium in alginate beads is a viable strategy for its conservation, the beads are of easy manipulation and promote plant growth when inoculated in plant substrate. These results may be adopted as part of effective conservation strategies for mycorrhizal fungi and orchids.

scholarly journals Enhanced preservation of vacuum-packaged Atlantic salmon by hyperbaric storage at room temperature versus refrigeration

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana G. Fidalgo ◽  
Mário M. Q. Simões ◽  
Susana Casal ◽  
José A. Lopes-da-Silva ◽  
Ivonne Delgadillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Salmon ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Textural Properties ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Volatile Profile ◽  
Fragmentation Index ◽  
C 30 ◽  
Water Holding

AbstractHyperbaric storage at room temperature (HS/RT: 75 MPa/25 °C) of vacuum-packaged fresh Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) loins was studied for 30 days and compared to atmospheric pressure at refrigerated temperatures (AP/5 °C, 30 days) and RT (AP/25 °C, 5 days). Most of the fatty acids were not affected by storage conditions, with only a slight decrease of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content (n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid) for AP samples, reflected in the lower polyene index values obtained and higher oxidation extent. For HS, a lower lipid oxidation extension and a slower increase of myofibrillar fragmentation index values were observed, when compared to AP samples. The volatile profile was similar for the HS and fresh samples, with the HS samples retaining fresh-like alcohols and aldehydes components, which disappeared in AP samples, mainly in AP/25 °C samples. The volatile profile for AP samples (5 and 25 °C) revealed mostly spoilage-like compounds due to microbial activity. Drip loss increased progressively during the 30 days of storage under HS, while a slight decrease of water holding capacity after 5 days was observed, increasing further after 30 days. Regarding textural properties, only resilience was affected by HS, decreasing after 30 days. So, HS/RT could represent an interesting extended preservation methodology of fresh salmon loins, since allows retaining important physicochemical properties for at least 15 days, while refrigeration after 5 days showed already volatile spoilage-like compounds due to microbial activity. Furthermore, this methodology allows additional considerable energy savings when compared to refrigeration.

scholarly journals The Coevolution of Plants and Microbes Underpins Sustainable Agriculture

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1036
Author(s):  
Dongmei Lyu ◽  
Levini A. Msimbira ◽  
Mahtab Nazari ◽  
Mohammed Antar ◽  
Antoine Pagé ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Terrestrial Plants ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Terrestrial Environments

Terrestrial plants evolution occurred in the presence of microbes, the phytomicrobiome. The rhizosphere microbial community is the most abundant and diverse subset of the phytomicrobiome and can include both beneficial and parasitic/pathogenic microbes. Prokaryotes of the phytomicrobiome have evolved relationships with plants that range from non-dependent interactions to dependent endosymbionts. The most extreme endosymbiotic examples are the chloroplasts and mitochondria, which have become organelles and integral parts of the plant, leading to some similarity in DNA sequence between plant tissues and cyanobacteria, the prokaryotic symbiont of ancestral plants. Microbes were associated with the precursors of land plants, green algae, and helped algae transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments. In the terrestrial setting the phytomicrobiome contributes to plant growth and development by (1) establishing symbiotic relationships between plant growth-promoting microbes, including rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, (2) conferring biotic stress resistance by producing antibiotic compounds, and (3) secreting microbe-to-plant signal compounds, such as phytohormones or their analogues, that regulate aspects of plant physiology, including stress resistance. As plants have evolved, they recruited microbes to assist in the adaptation to available growing environments. Microbes serve themselves by promoting plant growth, which in turn provides microbes with nutrition (root exudates, a source of reduced carbon) and a desirable habitat (the rhizosphere or within plant tissues). The outcome of this coevolution is the diverse and metabolically rich microbial community that now exists in the rhizosphere of terrestrial plants. The holobiont, the unit made up of the phytomicrobiome and the plant host, results from this wide range of coevolved relationships. We are just beginning to appreciate the many ways in which this complex and subtle coevolution acts in agricultural systems.

scholarly journals A Novel Niosome-Encapsulated Essential Oil Formulation to Prevent Aspergillus flavus Growth and Aflatoxin Contamination of Maize Grains During Storage

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 646 ◽  
Author(s):  
García-Díaz ◽  
Patiño ◽  
Vázquez ◽  
Gil-Serna
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Oil Formulation ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Encapsulation Method

Aflatoxin (AF) contamination of maize is a major concern for food safety. The use of chemical fungicides is controversial, and it is necessary to develop new effective methods to control Aspergillus flavus growth and, therefore, to avoid the presence of AFs in grains. In this work, we tested in vitro the effect of six essential oils (EOs) extracted from aromatic plants. We selected those from Satureja montana and Origanum virens because they show high levels of antifungal and antitoxigenic activity at low concentrations against A. flavus. EOs are highly volatile compounds and we have developed a new niosome-based encapsulation method to extend their shelf life and activity. These new formulations have been successfully applied to reduce fungal growth and AF accumulation in maize grains in a small-scale test, as well as placing the maize into polypropylene woven bags to simulate common storage conditions. In this latter case, the antifungal properties lasted up to 75 days after the first application.

Deciphering the Chitin Code in Plant Symbiosis, Defense, and Microbial Networks

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 583-607
Author(s):  
Devanshi Khokhani ◽  
Cristobal Carrera Carriel ◽  
Shivangi Vayla ◽  
Thomas B. Irving ◽  
Christina Stonoha-Arther ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Symbiosis ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Symbiotic Relationship ◽  
Beneficial Microbes ◽  
Symbiotic Interactions ◽  
Microbe Interactions ◽  
Structural Polymer

Chitin is a structural polymer in many eukaryotes. Many organisms can degrade chitin to defend against chitinous pathogens or use chitin oligomers as food. Beneficial microorganisms like nitrogen-fixing symbiotic rhizobia and mycorrhizal fungi produce chitin-based signal molecules called lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and short chitin oligomers to initiate a symbiotic relationship with their compatible hosts and exchange nutrients. A recent study revealed that a broad range of fungi produce LCOs and chitooligosaccharides (COs), suggesting that these signaling molecules are not limited to beneficial microbes. The fungal LCOs also affect fungal growth and development, indicating that the roles of LCOs beyond symbiosis and LCO production may predate mycorrhizal symbiosis. This review describes the diverse structures of chitin; their perception by eukaryotes and prokaryotes; and their roles in symbiotic interactions, defense, and microbe-microbe interactions. We also discuss potential strategies of fungi to synthesize LCOs and their roles in fungi with different lifestyles.

Characteristics of Packaged Water under Different Storage Conditions Within Osogbo Metropolis

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
O.O Fadipe
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Routine Basis ◽  
Regulatory Bodies ◽  
Microbiological Analyses ◽  
Sachet Water

The study investigated the characteristics of packaged water stored under ambient and sunlight conditions. This is with a view to testing the effect of prolonged storage under different storage conditions on its quality. In addition it analyzed the interactions between the parameters. Two packs each of bottled and sachet water was purchased from each factory at the point of production and ready for distribution to wholesalers. Twenty eight pieces of packaged water from each factory were kept at room temperature and the same quantity were kept under sunlight. Physico-chemical and microbiological analyses were carried out on the remaining packaged water within 24hrs. Half of the samples stored at the two storage conditions were removed for analysis at 3 weeks while the remaining half was analyzed after 6weeks. The physico-chemical characteristics were within the WHO recommended values except for the pH of some samples that have values in the acidic range of 6.2-6.48. All the physico-chemical values increased for samples kept under sunlight. All the water samples showed growth in faecal coliform (4-46 cfu/100 mL) and E. coli (0-13 cfu/100 mL) for samples kept under sunlight at three weeks and this growth increased to the sixth week. The presence of E. coli is an indication that the packaged water is not pure. Displaying packaged water under the sunlight and storing beyond 3 weeks by vendors have effect on the potability of the product. The regulatory bodies should raise awareness and ensure manufacturer have a quality control unit to test on a routine basis.

scholarly journals Occurrence of aflatoxins in peanuts and peanut products consumed in the State of São Paulo/Brazil from 1995 to 1997

1999 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myrna Sabino ◽  
Thais Valéria Milanez ◽  
Leda Conceição Antonia Lamardo ◽  
Emiko Ikejiri Inomata ◽  
Maria Ângela Pompeu Zorzetto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peanut Butter ◽  
Fungal Growth ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
The State ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
Legal Limits ◽  
Inspection Service

One hundred and thirty seven samples of peanuts and peanut containing foods were collected in markets in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, between January 1995 an December 1997. Most of the samples were collected by the Inspection Service of São Paulo Secretary of Health. The foods included raw peanuts, peanut candies ("paçoca" and "pé de moleque"), peanut butter, fried/roasted salted peanuts, "torrone", chocolate coated peanuts and salt-coated peanuts. The samples were analyzed for aflatoxins using a thin-layer chromatographic method. About 45% of the samples were positive for aflatoxins and 27% exceeded the limits of the Brazilian legislation (30.0 µg.kg-1 for aflatoxins B1+G1). The aflatoxins were confirmed by derivatization with trifluoroacetic acid. The 90th percentile was 110.0 in 1995, 60.0 in 1996 and 118.0 µg.kg-1 in 1997. The aflatoxins concentration in the raw peanut samples ranged from 5.0 to 382.0 µg.kg-1 and 27.1% were above the legal limits. Contamination in peanut candies was above the limit in 32.8% of the samples and the aflatoxins levels ranged from 6.0 to 494.0 µg.kg-1. Contamination of salty peanuts was less frequent, around 10% of the samples and the toxin levels were usually below 10 µg.kg-1. The maximum level of contamination, 536.0 µg.kg-1, was found in a sample of peanut with a salty coat ("amendoim japonês"). Results of previous studies in peanuts and peanut products in the city of São Paulo from 1980-1987 had 68.75% of the samples with levels greater than the limit 30.0 µg.kg-1 and the 90th percentile ranged from 42.0 to 333.0 µg.kg-1. In 1994, 36.0% of the samples showed results above the limit and the 90th percentile was 489 µg.kg-1. The results show that aflatoxins contamination in peanuts is decreasing but it is still a serious problem in Brazil, a country where the climate, the agricultural practices and storage conditions favour fungal growth.

Influence of Temperature and Oxygen Concentration on the Radiation Induced Oxidation of Phenylalanine

1995 ◽  
Vol 50 (9) ◽  
pp. 864-870 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Krajnik ◽  
R. M. Quint ◽  
S. Solar ◽  
N. Getoff ◽  
G. Sontag
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Concentration ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Degradation Process ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Food Storage ◽  
Reaction Conditions ◽  
Influence Of Temperature ◽  
Influence Of Temperature On ◽  
Radiation Induced ◽  
Induced Changes

AbstractThe formation of tyrosine isomers by γ-radiolysis of neutral aqueous phenylalanine solutions was found to be strongly dependent on oxygen concentration and temperature. Changing the dose rate did not influence the degradation process. In the presence of 0.25 x 10-3 mol dm-3 oxygen at room temperature the yields of o-tyrosine as well as of m- and p-tyrosine drop from G(o-Tyr) = 0.5 and G(m-Tyr) = G(p-Tyr) = 0.4 at a dose of 0.3 kGy to 0.18 and 0.16 at 2.5 kGy, respectively. In solutions containing 1.25 x 10-3 mol dm-3 oxygen the initial yields remain unchanged but decrease at 2.5 kGy only to G(o-Tyr) = 0.3 and G(m-Tyr) = G(p-Tyr) = 0.20. Under the latter reaction conditions also 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine was found.Samples irradiated in frozen state did not show remarkable radiolysis of phenylalanine and tyrosine formation. In the range between 5 and 20°C no essential influence of temperature on the phenylalanine radiolysis and tyrosine yields was observable. The obtained results are important for methods using the tyrosine yields as markers for the detection of irradiated food. Storage conditions and irradiation temperature play an essential role on radiation induced changes of food.

scholarly journals The effect of storage conditions on samples for the evaluation of copper status in blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi)

2002 ◽  
Vol 73 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Quan ◽  
M.S. Mulders ◽  
D.G.A. Meltzer
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Liver Tissue ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Superoxide Dismutase Activity ◽  
Activity Levels ◽  
Sample Storage ◽  
Live Animal ◽  
Jersey Cows

Investigaltions to determine the effect of sample storage on the concentration of copper in liver tissue and on the activity of erythrocyte superoxide dismutase were undertaken in preparation for a study of blesbok (Damaliscus pygargus phillipsi) that were suspected to be suffering from copper deficiency. Two liver samples were collected from each of 20 culled blesbok in a manner that simulated the collection of biopsies from the live animal. These samples were stored either in 10 % formalin or frozen at -20 °C until analysed 4 1/2 months later. The effect of different methods of sample storage on superoxide dismutase activity was determined. Erythrocytes collected from 3 Jersey cows and 5 culled blesbok were washed and divided into 0.5m portions, stored at room temperature (~20 °C), in a refrigerator (4 °C), frozen at -20 °C in a freezer, and in liquid nitrogen (-200 °C). An analysis of superoxide dismutase activity was undertaken using a commercial assay kit at intervals of 2-4 days until the levels of activity had fallen significantly. The copper concentration in formalin-preserved liver samples was significantly lower than that measured in frozen liver tissue apparently as a result of leaching. The activity of superoxide dismutase in cattle blood was unchanged for 4 days at room temperature but fell appreciably after 2 days at 4 °C and -20 °C. Enzyme activity remained unchanged for 200 days in erythrocytes stored in liquid nitrogen. Superoxide dismutase activity levels in healthy blesbok were considerably lower than those measured in Jersey cows and remained unaffected for up to 6 days in samples stored at 4 °C and 20 °C. The level of activity fell significantly thereafter. Samples stored in liquid nitrogen were unchanged after 40 days.

Stability of extemporaneously prepared rosuvastatin oral suspension

2017 ◽  
Vol 74 (19) ◽  
pp. 1579-1583 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdel Naser Zaid ◽  
Rania Shtayah ◽  
Ayman Qadumi ◽  
Mashour Ghanem ◽  
Rawan Qedan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Dissolution Profile ◽  
Stability Studies ◽  
Organoleptic Properties ◽  
The Stability

Abstract Purpose The stability of an extemporaneously prepared rosuvastatin suspension stored over 30 days under various storage conditions was evaluated. Methods Rosuvastatin suspension was extemporaneously prepared using commercial rosuvastatin tablets as the source of active pharmaceutical ingredient. The organoleptic properties, dissolution profile, and stability of the formulation were investigated. For the stability studies, samples of the suspension were stored under 2 storage conditions, room temperature (25 °C and 60% relative humidity) and accelerated stability chambers (40 °C and 75% relative humidity). Viscosity, pH, organoleptic properties, and microbial contamination were evaluated according to the approved specifications. High-performance liquid chromatography was used for the analysis and quantification of rosuvastatin in selected samples. Microbiological investigations were also conducted. Results The prepared suspension showed acceptable organoleptic properties. It showed complete release of rosuvastatin within 15 minutes. The pH of the suspension was 9.8, which remained unchanged during the stability studies. The microbiological investigations demonstrated that the preparation was free of any microbial contamination. In addition, the suspension showed stability within at least the period of use of a 100-mL rosuvastatin bottle. Conclusion Extemporaneously prepared rosuvastatin 20-mg/mL suspension was stable for 30 days when stored at room temperature.

scholarly journals A Pilot Study on Home Range and Habitat Use of Chinese Goral (Naemorhedus Griseus): Exploring GPS Tracking Data in Cliff Landscape by Three Estimation Methods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
yang teng ◽  
Shupei TANG ◽  
lai heda meng ◽  
Liji Wu ◽  
Zhiqing HAN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Home Range ◽  
Habitat Use ◽  
Estimation Methods ◽  
Conservation Strategies ◽  
Gps Tracking ◽  
Tracking Data ◽  
Size Estimation ◽  
Range Estimation ◽  
Lower Altitude ◽  
Effective Conservation

Abstract Home range size estimation is a crucial basis for developing effective conservation strategies and provides important insights into animal behavior and ecology. This study aimed at analyzing the home range variations, the influence of altitude in habitat selection, and comparing three methods in home range estimation of Chinese gorals (Naemorhedus griseus) living at a cliff landscape. The results indicated that there were significant differences between the annual home range sizes of individual animals but there was no difference in their seasonal home range sizes based on GPS tracking data of five female Chinese gorals from February 2015 to September 2018. The monthly home ranges decreased dramatically in May, June and July due to birth-giving. Notable seasonal variations were found in the micro-habitats of the Chinese gorals, as reflected by the altitude they inhabit, with higher altitude habitats used in spring and lower altitude habitats used in winter. Additionally, the altitude of monthly habitats was lowest in January, which may indicate an adaptation to low air temperature. We also found differences between estimation methods, namely minimum convex polygon (MCP), kernel density estimation (KDE) and α-local convex hull (α-LoCoH), with seasonal home range sizes derived from α-LoCoH being substantially smaller than those derived from MCP and KDE. In conclusion, our findings filled the gaps in home range study for this endangered species and contributed to effective conservation strategies. Considerations shall have to be given to the variations in home range estimation caused by different methods when dealing with rugged habitats, so as to make sure that any interpretation concerning the habitat use of the targeted species made on basis of such results would be meaningful and valid.

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