Study of Mexican Colonial Mural Paintings: An In-situ Non-Invasive Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 1656 ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
José Luis Ruvalcaba-Sil ◽  
Malinalli Wong-Rueda ◽  
Maria Angelica Garcia-Bucio ◽  
Edgar Casanova-Gonzalez ◽  
Mayra Dafne Manrique-Ortega ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Good Condition ◽  
Mural Painting ◽  
Portable Equipment ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Color Palette ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Mural Paintings ◽  
New Information

ABSTRACTColonial mural painting developed in Mexico in XVI century after the conquest of the pre-Hispanic cultures following the evangelization process little information exists about the chronology of the paintings and workshops, the painters, the pictorial techniques or the materiality of this art work.In this work, we present the non-invasive methodology of study of the pigments and other components of nine mural paintings in three colonial Augustinian ex-convents located in Epazoyucan, Actopan and Ixmiquilpan, in the state of Hidalgo, central Mexico. These places were selected not only because of the inherent value and iconographic characteristics of the paintings, which date to the XVI and XVII century, but also because they are in the same region and are well preserved and in good condition. Then it is possible to compare their materiality and get new information to answer to some of questions related to these paintings.X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Raman spectroscopy were conducted using portable equipment on scaffolds after a global examination under ultraviolet light. We were able to distinguish between different pigments used for different colors such as vermillion, orpiment, and a copper pigment, for the bright red, gold yellow, and green, respectively. These pigments are characteristic of the known Mexican Colonial color palette. Apart from this, we also found the presence of indigo in the blues, minium, and cochineal. A first comparison among the mural paintings of the three sites indicates different palettes and painting periods.

scholarly journals X-ray dark-field radiography for in situ gout diagnosis by means of an ex vivo animal study

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josef Scholz ◽  
Nathalie Roiser ◽  
Eva-Maria Braig ◽  
Christian Petrich ◽  
Lorenz Birnbacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Dark Field ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Diagnostic Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Msu Crystals

AbstractGout is the most common form of inflammatory arthritis, caused by the deposition of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals in peripheral joints and tissue. Detection of MSU crystals is essential for definitive diagnosis, however the gold standard is an invasive process which is rarely utilized. In fact, most patients are diagnosed or even misdiagnosed based on manifested clinical signs, as indicated by the unchanged premature mortality among gout patients over the past decade, although effective treatment is now available. An alternative, non-invasive approach for the detection of MSU crystals is X-ray dark-field radiography. In our work, we demonstrate that dark-field X-ray radiography can detect naturally developed gout in animals with high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity based on the in situ measurement of MSU crystals. With the results of this study as a potential basis for further research, we believe that X-ray dark-field radiography has the potential to substantially improve gout diagnostics.

scholarly journals Study of Mural Paintings Using In Situ XRF, Confocal Synchrotron-μ-XRF, μ-XRD, Optical Microscopy, and SEM-EDS—The Case of the Frescoes from Misericordia Church of Odemira

2011 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 702-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Valadas ◽  
A. Candeias ◽  
J. Mirão ◽  
D. Tavares ◽  
J. Coroado ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Microscopy ◽  
Cross Sections ◽  
Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽  
Pigment Identification ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Spatially Resolved ◽  
Mural Paintings ◽  
Different Color

AbstractIn this work, we present the results of an analytical method developed for detailed pigment identification, stratigraphy, and degradation of the paint layers of mural paintings applied in the study of the 17th century frescoes from the Misericordia Church of Odemira (Southwest Portugal). In situ X-ray fluorescence spectrometry analyses were performed on three panels of the mural paintings and complemented by colorimetric measurements. The different color areas were also sampled as microfragments (approx. 1 mm2) that were studied as taken or mounted in epoxy resin to expose the different paint layers. The microfragments of paint layers and their cross sections were characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry. Furthermore, elemental analysis was obtained with spatially resolved confocal synchrotron radiation μ-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry performed at ANKA synchrotron FLUO beamline. Occasionally, phase analysis by μ-X-ray diffraction was also performed. Results from the different techniques allowed pigment identification and, in some cases, the evaluation of color changes due to degradation processes and, considering the Southern Portugal geology, the identification of their possible provenance. The pigments used were essentially yellow, brown and red ochres, smalt blue, copper green, and black earths, probably from local sources.

In Situ Synthesis of Cu-SAPO-34/Cordierite with Ultrasonic Treatment and its Property of NOx Removal

2013 ◽  
Vol 743-744 ◽  
pp. 449-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi Juan Gao ◽  
Wei Ren Bao ◽  
Li Ping Chang ◽  
Jian Cheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Ultrasonic Treatment ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Fixed Bed Reactor ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Monolithic Catalyst ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Nox Conversion ◽  
Aging Property

A Cu-SAPO-34/cordierite monolithic catalyst was prepared by in-situ hydrothermal method. The effects of ultrasonic treatment were mainly investigated during the preparing process. The removal of NOX was evaluated using a fixed-bed reactor. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the samples showing that the crystallinity of Cu-SAPO-34 molecular sieve have increased after ultrasonic treatment. The Cu-SAPO-34/cordierite prepared by ultrasonic treatment showed higher de-NOx activity and stronger anti-aging property. NOx conversion could reach more than 80% between 440 and 560°C over the fresh Cu-SAPO-34/cordierite catalyst with ultrasonic treatment (600 W, 2 h) and the highest conversion was 86%, however, the highest conversion was only 76% over the Cu-SAPO-34/cordierite catalyst without ultrasonic treatment. After aging (treated for 15 h at 720 °C in the presence of 200 ppm SO2 and 10% vapor), NOx conversion reached more than 45% between 400 and 520 °C over the catalyst with ultrasonic treatment and the highest conversion was 57%, however, the highest conversion was only 43% over the catalyst without ultrasonic treatment. The XRD and SEM results indicated that the structure and morphology of Cu-SAPO-34/cordierite monolithic catalyst kept in good condition after aging.

scholarly journals Characterization of Roman and Arabic Mural Paintings of the Archaeological Site of Cercadilla (Cordoba, Spain)

Scanning ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Gil-Torrano ◽  
Auxiliadora Gómez-Morón ◽  
José María Martín ◽  
Rocío Ortiz ◽  
Mª del Camino Fuertes Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Archaeological Site ◽  
Mural Painting ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Mural Paintings ◽  
Thermal Zone ◽  
Chronological Sequence ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Materials Used

The archaeological site of Cercadilla (Cordoba, Spain) includes a complete chronological sequence from the 3rd to 12th centuries. The most relevant monument is a Roman palace dated between the end of the 3rd century and the beginning of the 4th century AD. It is believed that it was the headquarters of the Emperor Maximiano Herculeo. A bathtub with mural paintings has been found in the thermal zone of the palace. Regarding the occupation of the archaeological site in the medieval period, it should be pointed out that two houses with mural paintings were found; these belong to the Caliphal era (10th-11th centuries). During the Caliphal era, the archaeological site was mostly occupied by one of the large suburbs surrounding the walled city. Cercadilla was gradually abandoned; this process starts at the beginning of the 11th century. This study is focused on the analysis of pigments and preparatory layers of red and white mural paintings of the Roman period in the bath zone and on the analysis of pigments in mural paintings in two houses of the Caliphal era. In the thermal zone, the walls have a white mural painting with vertical and horizontal red bands, while the walls in the two Caliphal houses present the red mural painting decorated with white stripes. Techniques such as Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy in combination with Energy Dispersive X-ray Microanalysis (SEM-EDX), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), micro X-ray Diffraction (μ-XRD), Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence (WD-XRF), and Fourier Transform-Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) have been used to study the mural paintings of this archaeological site. The results allowed to determine the composition of the materials used and to understand the differences between the technologies employed in Roman and Caliphal remains studied.

scholarly journals Non-Invasive Approaches for the Evaluation of the Functionalization of Melamine Foams with In-Situ Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 996 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suset Barroso-Solares ◽  
Paula Cimavilla-Roman ◽  
Miguel Angel Rodriguez-Perez ◽  
Javier Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Polymeric Nanocomposites ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Color Changes ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Silver Nps ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
The Stability

The use of polymeric nanocomposites has arisen as a promising solution to take advantage of the properties of nanoparticles (NPs) in diverse applications (e.g., water treatment, catalysis), while overcoming the drawbacks of free-standing nanoparticles (e.g., aggregation or accidental release). In most of the cases, the amount and size of the NPs will affect the stability of the composite as well as their performance. Therefore, a detailed characterization of the NPs present on the nanocomposites, including their quantification, is of vital importance for the optimization of these systems. However, the determination of the NPs load is often carried out by destructive techniques such as TGA or ICP-OES, the development of non-invasive approaches to that aim being necessary. In this work, the amount of silver NPs synthesized directly on the surface of melamine (ME) foams is studied using two non-invasive approaches: colorimetry and X-ray radiography. The obtained results show that the amount of silver NPs can be successfully determined from the luminosity and global color changes of the surface of the foams, as well as from the X-ray attenuance.

Assaying Depleted Uranium in Bones In-Situ Using A Non-Invasive X-Ray Fluorescence Technique

1994 ◽  
Vol 38 ◽  
pp. 595-599
Author(s):  
P. Bloch ◽  
I.M. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Urine Analysis ◽  
Body Burden ◽  
Depleted Uranium ◽  
The Body ◽  
Scattered Photon ◽  
Fluorescence Technique ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive

Abstract The occupational exposure to uranium associated with milling and fabrication of depleted uranium is presently assessed from bioassay of urine samples. The evaluation of the body-burden of uraninm from urine analysis has many difficulties and uncertainties associated with accounting for the bio-transport of inhaled uranium psrticles from the lungs, to absorption in the blood and excretion through the kidneys. The chemical toxicity of uranium and other transuranic elements is not fully understood, partially because of the difficulty of assessing the body burden of these metals in-situ. The transuranic elements are known to be deposited and retained in bone. A non-invasive X-ray fluorescence technique has been developed to assay the depleted uranium in bones in-situ. The K-shell electrons in uranium, which have a binding energy of 115.6 key are excited by the 122 and 136 keV gamma rays from a Co-57 source. A liquid N2 cooled intrinsic Ge-detector is employed to measure the characteristic K fluorescence from the uranium as well as the coherently scattered gamma raj's from the Co-57 source. The quantity of uranium in the bone is determined from the number of K fluorescence events extracted from the measured scattered photon spectrum. In addition, the bone mineral mass is determined from the number of coherently scattered gamma rays, permitting the assay of uranium to be expressed in terms of micrograms per unit mass bone. Using this system it was possible to measure molar concentrations of uranium with high precision and reproducibility.

scholarly journals Study of corrosion in archaeological gilded irons by Raman imaging and a coupled scanning electron microscope–Raman system

2016 ◽  
Vol 374 (2082) ◽  
pp. 20160046 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Veneranda ◽  
Ilaria Costantini ◽  
Silvia Fdez-Ortiz de Vallejuelo ◽  
Laura Garcia ◽  
Iñaki García ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscope ◽  
Chemical Imaging ◽  
Portable Equipment ◽  
Iron Matrix ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Stratigraphic Succession ◽  
Scanning Electron

In this work, analytical and chemical imaging tools have been applied to the study of a gilded spur found in the medieval necropolis of Erenozar (Bizkaia, Spain). As a first step, a lot of portable equipment has been used to study the object in a non-invasive way. The hand-held energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence equipment allowed us to characterize the artefact as a rare example of an iron matrix item decorated by means of a fire gilding technique. On the other hand, the use of a portable Raman system helped us to detect the main degradation compounds affecting the spur. Afterwards, further information was acquired in the laboratory by analysing detached fragments. The molecular images obtained using confocal Raman microscopy permitted us to characterize the stratigraphic succession of iron corrosions. Furthermore, the combined use of this technique with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) was achieved owing to the use of a structural and chemical analyser interface. In this way, the molecular characterization, enhanced by the magnification feature of the SEM, allowed us to identify several micrometric degradation compounds. Finally, the effectiveness of one of the most used desalination baths (NaOH) was evaluated by comparing its effects with those provided by a reference bath (MilliQ). The comparison proved that basic treatment avoided any side effects on the spur decorated by fire gilding, compensating for the lack of bibliographic documentation in this field. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Raman spectroscopy in art and archaeology’.

scholarly journals Synchrotron X-ray microtransections: a non invasive approach for epileptic seizures arising from eloquent cortical areas

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Pouyatos ◽  
C. Nemoz ◽  
T. Chabrol ◽  
M. Potez ◽  
E. Bräuer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Epileptic Seizures ◽  
Invasive Approach ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Cortical Areas

scholarly journals An imaging and spectroscopic methodology for in situ analysis of ceiling and wall decorations in Colonial missions in Northern Mexico from XVII to XVIII centuries

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Casanova-González ◽  
Miguel Ángel Maynez-Rojas ◽  
Alejandro Mitrani ◽  
Isaac Rangel-Chávez ◽  
María Angélica García-Bucio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fiber Optics ◽  
Infrared Imaging ◽  
Spanish Colonial ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Northern Mexico ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Materials Used ◽  
Non Destructive

Abstract Almost three hundred Spanish colonial missions—or their remains—are scattered over the vast state of Chihuahua in northern Mexico. A few of them still display painted decorations on the wood ceilings and walls. The decorated areas vary greatly, from the whole ceiling of the main aisle to just a few square meters in a lateral chapel, and so does the conservation state of the paintings. In this context, the information regarding the paintings’ composition plays a key role in the restoration and conservation processes. For the gathering of such information, we propose a combined methodology for a fast, non-destructive and non-invasive characterization of such paintings with a minimum of techniques. This methodology includes false color infrared imaging as a first approach to determine the composition of large areas of the paintings and the homogeneity of the materials used in the painted areas, followed by small area analysis by X-ray fluorescence and fiber-optics reflectance spectroscopy. This methodology was applied to characterize the elemental and molecular composition of the decorations for four missions in Chihuahua in a fast and specific manner, revealing the use of a mix of mineral and organic materials including indigo and cochineal, and detecting differences between the missions. The methodology presented here can be easily applied for the study of a wider number of missions in Chihuahua and other regions to provide outstanding information of materials, pictorial techniques and deterioration conditions.

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