scholarly journals Peralihan Cara Pandang Masyarakat Terhadap Praktik Pernikahan Dini

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
Andi Nur Fikriana Aulia Raden ◽  
Azmil Fauzi Fariska ◽  
Mariana Mariana

The public understands early marriage as stated in Law No. 16 of 2019 concerning Marriage as an amendment to Law Number 1 of 1974 that child marriage occurs at the age of under 19 years for both men and women and or those who have not reached puberty. This paper aims to examine the shift in the public's perspective on the practice of early marriage explicitly that occurred in Bone Regency, South Sulawesi, and its relation to Human Rights. This study uses qualitative descriptive data analysis techniques with stages; data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion. Researchers conducted interviews with informants who had been selected through snowball sampling and purposive sampling techniques. This study shows that the community's response to early marriage has changed along with the times, namely that in the past people considered early marriage as a way to maintain family honor, but is now considered a family disgrace. Factors for early marriage include promiscuity; the honor of family and relatives, local customary norms, less educated parents, and the economic burden of the family. Meanwhile, from a human rights perspective, the practice of child marriage is a serious part of child abuse concerning the right to education and employment.Masyarakat memahami pernikahan dini sebagaimana tercantum dalam UU No. 16 Tahun 2019 tentang Perkawinan sebagai perubahan terhadap UU Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 bahwa pernikahan anak terjadi pada usia di bawah 19 tahun bagi laki-laki maupun bagi perempuan dan atau mereka yang belum akil baligh. Tulisan ini memiliki tujuan untuk mengkaji peralihan cara pandang masyarakat terhadap praktik pernikahan dini secara eksplisit yang terjadi di Kabupaten Bone Sulawesi Selatan serta kaitannya dengan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM). Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik analisis data deskriptif kualitatif dengan tahapan; reduksi data, penyajian data, dan kesimpulan. Peneliti melakukan wawancara terhadap informan yang sudah dipilih melalui teknik snowball sampling dan purposive sampling. Penelitian ini memberikan hasil bahwa respon masyarakat terhadap pernikahan dini berubah seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, yakni yang dulunya masyarakat menganggap pernikahan dini sebagai salah satu cara untuk menjaga kehormatan keluarga, namun sekarang dianggap sebagai aib keluarga. Faktor terjadinya pernikahan dini diantaranya adalah pergaulan bebas; kehormatan keluarga dan kerabat, norma adat lokal, orang tua yang kurang terpelajar, dan beban ekonomi keluarga. Adapun jika dipandang dari perspektif HAM, praktik pernikahan anak merupakan bagian serius dari pelecehan anak sehubungan dengan hak atas pendidikan dan ketenagakerjaan.

INFORMASI ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Aris Martiana ◽  
Amika Wardhana ◽  
Poerwanti Hadi Pratiwi

Urban women have a higher education background who understand informationknowledge about smoking and financial independence as they work in the public sector.They have a smoking behavior both in private and public spaces so as to be known to thepublic. It is very interesting that smoking behavior is used as a symbol of communicationmade by fellow smokers, a symbol of social interaction in their group.This study aimsto be able to know that smoking as a symbol of interaction have meaning for urbanwoman smokers. This research is qualitative descriptive research because it will be ableto produce data information in holistic and depth. According to the purpose of researchused purposive sampling and snowball sampling techniques with data collectiontechniques using observation and interview. Data analysis using interactive modelanalysis technique.The results of this study showed that smoking is a symbol for themto communicate that occurs in social interaction. Symbols have a meaning that is asNeeds and Habits, Togetherness, Release Fatigue and Respect Smokers. They also havea habit in smoking that is done together with fellow smokers are drinking coffee, thereare also drinking liquor and gamble. That is gambling soccer. The activity is done whengathering with fellow smokers. The gathering is usually done at night after they work.AbstrakPerempuan urban memiliki latar belakang pendidikan tinggi yang memahamipengetahuan informasi tentang merokok dan kemandirian secara finansial dikarenakanmereka bekerja di sektor publik. Mereka memiliki perilaku merokok baik di ruang pribadimaupun umum sehingga dapat diketahui oleh masyarakat. Hal tersebut sangat menarikternyata perilaku merokok digunakan sebagai simbol komunikasi yang dilakukan sesamaperokok, simbol interaksi sosial dalam kelompok mereka.Penelitian ini bertujuan untukdapat mengetahui bahwa merokok sebagai simbol interaksi memiliki makna bagi perokokperempuan urban. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif karena akan dapatmenghasilkan informasi data secara holistik dan mendalam. Sesuai tujuan penelitian digunakanteknik cuplikan purposive sampling dan snowball samplingdengan teknik pengumpulan datamenggunakan observasi dan wawancara. Analisis data dengan menggunakan teknik analisamodel interaktif. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwamerokok adalah sebuah simbol bagimereka melakukan komunikasi yang terjadi dalam interaksi sosialnya. Simbol tersebutmemiliki makna yaitu sebagai kebutuhan dan kebiasaan, kebersamaan, melepaskankepenatan dan menghargai sesama perokok. Mereka juga memiliki kebiasaan dalammerokok yang dilakukan bersama-sama teman sesama perokok yaitu minum kopi, adayang minum minuman keras juga ada yang berjudi yaitu judi bola. Kegiatan tersebutdilakukan saat berkumpul dengan sesama perokok dan biasanya dilakukan pada malamhari selepas mereka bekerja.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-94
Author(s):  
Ira Wahyudi

Veiled women in Indonesia invite various perspectives in society. This is more or less influenced by the differences of opinion regarding the understanding of the veil (niqab). However, veiled (niqab) women certainly have the same rights as other people who do not wear the veil (niqab). They also have the right to be active and keep up with the times and technology that is increasingly sophisticated and make it possible to introduce themselves through the development of such technologies as Instagram. Besides, veiled (niqab) women can obtain the benefit of Instagram as a medium of da’wa as one of their wasilah and hope to be accepted by the public. This study conducted a qualitative descriptive approach that aimed to obtain the actual information in detail that described the existing symptoms. The results of this study described the activities of veiled (niqab) women in uploading Islamic content in the majority of 1-2 times a day. The topics raised included aqidah, morality, and daily life. The expectations of women participants who actively in da’wa through Instagram can be slowly accepted by the wider community and are no longer viewed with a negative stigma.


BESTUUR ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 126
Author(s):  
Rizky Irfano Aditya ◽  
L.B. Waddington

<div><table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"><tbody><tr><td align="left" valign="top"><p class="AbstractText">Every child is a human being who possesses the right to justice, freedom, and opportunity to develop regardless of nationality, race, religion, or skin complexion. These rights of children are guaranteed by the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, its reality indicates otherwise, as children are often the victims of exploitation. One of the worst such kinds of child exploitation is child marriage. This study aims to analyze the legal protection against child marriage in Indonesia. This research is conducted through the normative analysis of various written sources. This study concludes that the Indonesian Child's Act even has a provision that stipulates the obligation of parents to prevent early marriages. However, that the law is somewhat effective in Indonesia. Unfortunately, the fatal flaw is the low-threshold provision that enables parents to request dispensation for early marriage. This shatters all the efforts to eliminate child marriage. Thus far, the Indonesian Government also has shown its reluctance to ever amend discriminatory provisions in the Indonesian Marriage Act related to the practice of child marriage despite numerous recommendations from the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women.</p></td></tr></tbody></table></div>


2010 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-117 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jiyoung Song

AbstractFor the past decade, the author has examined North Korean primary public documents and concludes that there have been changes of identities and ideas in the public discourse of human rights in the DPRK: from strong post-colonialism to Marxism-Leninism, from there to the creation of Juche as the state ideology and finally 'our style' socialism. This paper explains the background to Kim Jong Il's 'our style' human rights in North Korea: his broader framework, 'our style' socialism, with its two supporting ideational mechanisms, named 'virtuous politics' and 'military-first politics'. It analyses how some of these characteristics have disappeared while others have been reinforced over time. Marxism has significantly withered away since the end of the Cold War, and communism was finally deleted from the latest 2009 amended Socialist Constitution, whereas the concept of sovereignty has been strengthened and the language of duties has been actively employed by the authority almost as a relapse to the feudal Confucian tradition. The paper also includes some first-hand accounts from North Korean defectors interviewed in South Korea in October–December 2008. They show the perception of ordinary North Koreans on the ideas of human rights.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanley Innes ◽  
Vicki Cope ◽  
Kenneth J Young

Abstract Background: Professional associations (PAs) are perceived to promote their professions and support their members. Despite these advantages, about 1 in 3 Australian chiropractors choose not to belong to either of the two PAs. Our study had three objectives: 1) to explore the views of non-member chiropractors about PAs in general; and 2) seek to understand the motivations of non-member Australian chiropractors about not joining a PA; and 3) to discover their reasons that might lead them to join a PA.Methods: This qualitative descriptive study utilised in-depth semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions for thematic analysis and was conducted from January to March 2020. Nine participants were interviewed before no new themes were being articulated. Participants had to be registered chiropractors who had not been members of a PA for at least three years or more. Recruitment was through a Facebook ad and snowball sampling. Interviews were transcribed and imported into NVivo qualitative analysis software, allowing identification of key concepts surrounding non-membership of chiropractic PAs.Results: Five themes were identified: A tarnished image; the profession has a poor standing in the eyes of the public and other health professionals, Not worth the money; the annual membership dues were not viewed as good value for money, Going it alone / what’s in it for me?; there was no direct benefit or anything deemed essential for practice, Two warring factions; not wanting to be seen to be part of the internal conflict between conservative and evidence-based practitioners, Lack of visibility; no visible presence or strong communication that clearly displayed the advantages of membership. Conclusions: Non-members are looking for PAs to enhance the respectability of the profession in a manner that ultimately results in increased patient volume and the provision of readily accessible day-to-day resources and information. These results can inform the construction of a survey for the broader chiropractic non-membership community to confirm and expand upon these findings and potentially improve PAs.


Pravni zapisi ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 620-644
Author(s):  
Tamás Korhecz

The right to peaceful enjoyment of property is a first-generation human right, protected by the international and domestic law of the highest rank. This is not an absolute right - the European standards of protecting property rights allow possible interferences prescribed by law. The interferences can be made in the public interest but only under the assumption that the proportionality between the public interest and property rights of individuals at stake is established. Forfeiture of undeclared cash the individuals are transferring across state borders, together with imposing fines for a misdemeanor, represent an interference with individuals' property rights. The EU Member States do not share an identical system of sanctions for this petty offense, but there is a tendency of unification related to the monitoring, registering, and sanctioning of undeclared, cross-border, individual cash transfer. The case-law of the European Court of Human Rights has established rather precise criteria for distinguishing permitted from unpermitted interferences in cases of undeclared cross-border cash transfers. The Serbian Constitutional Court has been faced with several constitutional complaints regarding alleged unconstitutionally of the imposed security measure amounting to the forfeiture of undeclared cash physically transferred across the state borders. The Constitutional Court has ruled inconsistently on the matter. Although it has regularly referred to the European Court of Human Rights' relevant decisions, it fails to be consistent in following the Strasbourg Court's rulings. In this article, the author has suggested that the legal certainty principle requires the Constitutional Court to consistently interpret the constitutional rights and be systematic in following Strasbourg. Only in this way, the Constitutional Court can help regular courts effectively to harmonize the interpretation and application of laws with the constitutional and international human rights standards regarding property rights.


2021 ◽  
pp. 70-94
Author(s):  
Nadiia BONDARENKO-ZELINSKA ◽  
Maryna BORYSLAVSKA ◽  
Oksana TRACH

The article explores certain problems of law enforcement practice in recognizing inheritance as escheat. The subject of scientific analysis is the subject composition of these procedural relations. Applicants in this category of cases can be conditionally divided into two groups: 1) persons obliged to submit an application to the court for recognition of the inheritance as escheat, and 2) persons who have the right to do so. The persons who are obliged to apply to the court for recognition of the inheritance as escheat are territorial communities. On the basis of an analysis of the legislation, it was established that in the case where a united territorial community was formed in a certain territory, it is authorized to apply to the court for recognition of the inheritance as escheat. On behalf of the local self-government body as a representative of the territorial community (united territorial community), a lawsuit may be initiated to recognize the inheritance as escheat: 1)by its headman or 2) another person authorized to do so according to the law, statute, regulation, employment contract. That is, there can be both self-representation and representation on the basis of a special assignment. It received additional justification for the ability of the prosecutor’s office to submit an application for recognition of the inheritance as escheat in the absence of a territorial community. In such a case, the public prosecutor's office shall represent the legitimate interests of the State in court, in accordance with article 56 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, as a body or person entitled to defend the rights, freedoms and interests of others (human rights defender). The possibility of participating not only as an applicant but also as a human rights defender is justified. The possibility of self-representation of local self-governments in cases of recognition of inheritance as escheat by a headman is proposed. It is further argued that such a possibility should be provided for in the Headman’s Regulations, which are approved by the relevant local councils. The peculiarities of initiation of production by subjects for whom the application to the court for recognition of the inheritance as escheat is a right, not an obligation (creditors of the testator, owners and/or users of adjacent land plots) are analyzed. If an applicant in cases of recognition of the inheritance as escheat is a creditor, documents confirming the existing obligations in relation to the debtor-testator should be attached to the application. Recommendations are made on a list of documents that can confirm the status of an applicant-related land user to apply to the court for recognition of the inheritance as escheat. It is proposed to amend Art. 335 CPC of Ukraine on the necessity to provide the originals of written evidence together with a statement on the recognition of the inheritance as escheat. The role of a notary in cases of recognition of inheritance as escheat has been investigated. It is proposed to provide in the legislation the right of a notary to submit to the court an application for recognition of the inheritance as escheat. It is proposed to improve the way of informing the public about the discovery of an inheritance that has no heirs.


2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-122
Author(s):  
Mohammad Yufi Al Izhar

Human Rights are basically universal and their rights cannot be taken and revoked by anyone. This is interpreted no matter how bad a person's behavior, a person will still be considered as human as they should be, and will continue to have their rights as human beings, which means that their human rights are inherent and will always be permanently attached to him. Human Rights (HAM) are believed to be the right of life naturally possessed by every human being without exception and a special human thing such as class, group, or social level. Human Rights have basically been championed by humans in all parts of the world throughout the ages. The book written by Prof. Dr. Rahayu, which is very intended for both Faculty of Law students and non-Faculty of Law students, provides an answer to the doubts of the public regarding Human Rights that actually occur in Indonesia and internationally. She also explained the meanings of the struggle of each country that issued their public opinion in the interest of the International, this meant that something that happened in the international arena was certainly a collection of perceptions of settlement within a country. Therefore, Human Rights Law cannot be separated from the main supporting factors which are the material of the countries that make the agreement.


Author(s):  
Ferran ARMENGOL FERRER

LABURPENA: Egonkortasuneko Mekanismo Europarrean (EME) baldintzapena nola aplikatzen den aztertuko dugu artikulu honetan, Europar Batasunaren esparruan aitortuta dauden oinarrizko eskubideen ikuspegitik. Horretarako, giza eskubideen alorrean nazioarteko hitzarmenak aplikatzearen alde egin duten jarrera doktrinalak hartu dira erreferentziatzat, Nazioarteko Diru Funtsak (NDF) eta nazioarteko beste finantza-erakunde batzuek garapen bidean diren herrialdeekiko operazioetan txertatu duten baldintzapenari muga jartzeko. Europar Batasunaren eremuan 2009-2010 urteetako zor publikoaren krisiari erantzuna emateko sortu diren organismoek eta, batez ere, EMEk (euro eremuan egonkortasuna ziurtatzeko organismoak,) ordea, egiturazko elementu gisa sartu dute baldintzapena haien operazioetan, NDFaren antzeko filosofia hartuta, hau da, zuhurtziaren bitartez lortu nahi dute hazkunde ekonomikoa, eta, horren ondorioz, oinarrizko eskubide batzuk ezin izan dira behar bezala gauzatu. Horrek mahai gainean jartzen du kontu bat, ea politika horiek bateragarri ote diren Europar Batasunaren helburu eta printzipioekin; hasiera batean «zuzenbidezko komunitatea» esamoldeaz definitu baitzuten EB, eta giza eskubideetan oinarrituta eraiki. Justizia Auzitegiak horri buruz idatzi zuen lehenengo epai —goiztiarrak— (Pringle epaiak), ordea, ez zuen zehaztu EMEren baldintzapenak Europar Batasunaren xede eta printzipioekin eta giza eskubideekiko errespetuarekin bat egiten ote duen. Hala ere, badirudi irizpide hori aldatzen ari dela, Ledra Advertising-en duela gutxi eman den epaiaren harira; izan ere, jabetzarako eskubideari dei egiteko atea ireki du, baldintzapena ezartzearen ondorioz eragindako kalteengatiko ordaina eskatzeari dagokionez. Hortaz, EME Europako Diru Funtsean eraldatuta bakarrik heldu ahalko zaie oinarrizko eskubideei, EME erkideko erakunde gisa eratzen bada, baldintzapenaren ondorio kaltegarriak geldiarazteari edo arintzeari begira. Are gehiago, Europako Diru Funtsean baldintzapena judizialki kontrolatzea erreferentea izan liteke nazioarteko beste finantza-erakunde batzuentzat. RESUMEN: El presente artículo analiza la aplicación de la condicionalidad en el Mecanismo Europeo de Estabilidad (MEDE) desde la perspectiva de los derechos fundamentales reconocidos en el ámbito de la Unión Europea. A tal efecto, se toman como referencia las posiciones doctrinales que han venido defendiendo la aplicación de los convenios internacionales en materia de derechos humanos como límite a la condicionalidad introducida por el FMI y otras instituciones financieras internacionales en sus operaciones con los países en desarrollo. Los organismos creados en el ámbito de la Unión Europea para dar respuesta a la crisis de la Deuda pública de 2009-10, y de modo singular el MEDE, organismo creado para garantizar la estabilidad de la zona euro, han introducido, sin embargo, la condicionalidad como un elemento estructural en sus operaciones, con una filosofía parecida a la del FMI, es decir, conseguir el crecimiento económico a partir de la austeridad, con lo que se ha visto perjudicado el ejercicio de diversos derechos fundamentales. Ello plantea la cuestión de la compatibilidad de tales políticas con los objetivos y principios de la Unión Europea, definida en su día como «Comunidad de Derecho» y fundada sobre los valores de los derechos humanos. La primera —y temprana— sentencia dictada al respecto por el Tribunal de Justicia (sentencia Pringle) dejó, sin embargo, en el aire la cuestión de la compatibilidad de la condicionalidad del MEDE con los objetivos y principios de la Unión Europea y el respeto de los derechos humanos. Parece, no obstante, que este criterio tiende a modificarse a partir del reciente fallo en Ledra Advertising, que ha abierto la puerta a invocar el derecho de propiedad para ser indemnizado por los daños causados por la aplicación de la condicionalidad. Con todo, será a partir de la transformación del MEDE en el Fondo Monetario Europeo, si éste se constituye como institución comunitaria, como puede hacerse efectiva la invocación de los derechos fundamentales para frenar o mitigar los efectos perjudiciales de la condicionalidad. Más aún, el control judicial de la condicionalidad en el FME podría servir como referente para otras instituciones financieras internacionales. ABSTRACT: This article analyses the application of conditionality within the European Stability Mechanism (ESM) from the perspective of the fundamental rights recognized within the EU. To this end, we take as a reference the doctrinal positions that have been defending the application of international conventions on human rights as a limit to the conditionality introduced by the IMF and another financial international institutions in their operations with developing countries. The public agencies created within the EU in order to meet the demands of the public debt crisis of 2009-10, and specifically the ESM, a body created to guarantee the Euro zone’s stability, have nonetheless introduced the conditionality as a structural element in their operations, with a philosophy comparable to that of the IMF, i.e. to achieve economic growth from austerity, thus impairing the exercise of several fundamental rights. That raises the question of compatibility of those policies with the objectives and principles of the EU, defined one day as a «community of law» and founded upon the values of fundamental rights. The first —and early— judgement delivered on this ground by the European Court of Justice (Pringle case) left nevertheless in the air the compatibility of the conditionality of ESM with the objectives and principles of the EU and with the respect to human rights. It seems however that this criteria tends to be modified by the recent judgment Ledra Advertising that opened the door to invoke the right to property in order to be compensated by damages caused as a consequence of conditionality. Even so, it will be after the transformation of the ESM into an European Monetary Fund, if this is constituted as a Community institution, that invoking fundamental rights shall be effective in order to stop or mitigate the adverse effects of conditionality. What is more, the judicial control over conditionality within the EMF might serve as a reference for other international financial institutions.


PEDIATRICS ◽  
1951 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 247-258
Author(s):  
JORGEN S. DICH

The subject of this talk concerns social medicine in the Scandinavian countries, not socialized medicine. The term socialized medicine has a political bias which is not in conformity with the conception of social medicine in Scandinavia. Every step in the development of the Scandinavian social medicine program has been adopted unanimously by all parties, irrespective of their attitudes toward socialism itself. Political parties have advocated liberalism and opposed socialism with the same ardor with which they have supported the expansion of social medicine. In Scandinavia, therefore, it is not necessary to advise us to "Keep politics out of this picture." Politics have always been omitted, even to the extent that a phrase corresponding to the American "socialized medicine" has never been used in Scandinavia. And if you were to try introducing it, it would not be understood. What is social medicine? It can be defined as an organization of the medical services according to a certain conception of individual or human rights and public obligations in a modern society. In all countries it is accepted that there are some basic needs which everyone has the right to satisfy, irrespective of income. Protection of personal freedom belongs to this group; so does education of the children.


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