scholarly journals Efficiency Evaluation of Functioning of Socio-Economic Systems Based on Production Functions: New Approach

2019 ◽  
pp. 71-82
Author(s):  
Roman Zhukov
Keyword(s):  
Technical Efficiency ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Statistical Dependence ◽  
Impact Factors ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Random Component ◽  
Regional Product ◽  
The Cost

The aim of the article is to substantiate the possibility of using the performance indicator designed according to the author’s methodology along with other indicators characterizing functioning of socio-economic systems. The performance indicator is defined as the ratio of normalized and standardized actual results to expected values which are calculated by the model of the relationship of effective signs and state and impact factors. The model is a production function, whose parameters can be defined by factor analysis of dependencies. To substantiate the presented indicator the author carries out a comparative analysis of its statistical dependence with the indicators of technical efficiency calculated using the stochastic boundary method. The paper considers 12 different variants which differ in the type of distributing the random component, which characterizes the inefficiency of the system; methods of calculating technical efficiency, as well as the presentation of data (pooled and panel data). As a basic model, the power multiplicative model in the form of Cobb-Douglas is used, which includes the volume of gross regional product, the cost of fixed assets, the average annual number of employees in economy and the cost of technological innovation taking into account inflation. The information base of the research is data on regions of the Central Federal district for 2007–2016. For the considered variants the relationships between the proposed performance indicator and other indicators considered were statistically significant, which gives reason to use it as a private indicator for analyzing functioning of socio-economic systems. The performance indicator can be used as a tool to analyze and compare functioning of socio-economic systems operating in different conditions.

ABOUT VALIDATION OF MODELS OF FUNCTIONING OF HIERARCHICAL SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 17-27
Author(s):  
Roman A. Zhukov ◽  
◽  
Maria A. Plinskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Optimization Problem ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Fixed Assets ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Range Of Values ◽  
Average Annual Number

The aim of the study is to test the hypothesis about the possibility of using models of the functioning of hierarchical socioeconomic systems for a shortterm forecast. The models of the power multiplicative form – production functions describing the dependence of the volume of the gross domestic product by region on the cost of fixed production assets, the average annual number of employees and investments in fixed assets for the section «Manufacturing» (NACE) are considered. Three types of models based on data for the regions of the Central Federal District for 2007–2018 were tested. The parameters of the first model used in calculating the standards for each of the regions were found using OLS for a combined sample for a set of regions. The parameters of the models of the second type were obtained from the data for each of the regions separately by solving the optimization problem taking into account the constraints on changes in the coefficients of the model of the first type with a 95% confidence probability. The parameters of the models of the third type were found from samples for each of the regions without taking into account constraints on the coefficients of the model using OLS. A comparative analysis of the calculated (according to three models) and actual values of the gross domestic product by region volume was carried out using the average relative error according to the 2019 data for each of the regions and the district as a whole. With the exception of the Moscow region, all values fall within the specified range of values predicted by the normative model. The hypothesis is partially confirmed.

Method for assessing the results of hierarchical socio-economic systems’ functioning based on the aggregated production function

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Roman Zhukov
Keyword(s):  
Production Function ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Distribution Density ◽  
Random Variable ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Aggregate Production Function ◽  
Formalized Description ◽  
Regional Product ◽  
Integral Indicator

  The article presents a method that develops a methodology for assessing the functioning of hierarchical socio-economic systems. The methodology includes formalized description of the object of research and the construction of partial and integral performance indicators. Performance indicators are calculated using production functions. The method is based on an algorithm for constructing an aggregated production function, which is used to calculate the normative (expected) value of the result of the functioning of the object of research. Using the example of the regions in Central Federal District and data for 2007–2016 testing and comparative analysis of four algorithms for estimating the parameters of the aggregate production function in the construction of the integral indicator are carried out. The gross regional product for the NACE sections (C, D and E) was chosen as effective indicators. The scientific novelty of the study is as follows. Three algorithms for constructing the distribution density of an aggregated random variable, which is a combination of residuals from econometric equations that describe the particular results of the functioning of elements of a hierarchical socio-economic system, are proposed and tested. The distribution density is used to find the parameters of the aggregated production function. For the two-dimensional case, analytical expression of the corresponding probability distribution density is obtained. The conclusion about the possibility of using the method to evaluate the results of the functioning of hierarchical socio-economic systems is substantiated.    

scholarly journals Development of a New KPI for the Economic Quantification of Six Big Losses and Its Implementation in a Cyber Physical System

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (24) ◽  
pp. 9154
Author(s):  
Paula Morella ◽  
María Pilar Lambán ◽  
Jesús Royo ◽  
Juan Carlos Sánchez ◽  
Jaime Latapia
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Physical System ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Cyber Physical System ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Real Time Data ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
The Cost

The purpose of this work is to develop a new Key Performance Indicator (KPI) that can quantify the cost of Six Big Losses developed by Nakajima and implements it in a Cyber Physical System (CPS), achieving a real-time monitorization of the KPI. This paper follows the methodology explained below. A cost model has been used to accurately develop this indicator together with the Six Big Losses description. At the same time, the machine tool has been integrated into a CPS, enhancing the real-time data acquisition, using the Industry 4.0 technologies. Once the KPI has been defined, we have developed the software that can turn these real-time data into relevant information (using Python) through the calculation of our indicator. Finally, we have carried out a case of study showing our new KPI results and comparing them to other indicators related with the Six Big Losses but in different dimensions. As a result, our research quantifies economically the Six Big Losses, enhances the detection of the bigger ones to improve them, and enlightens the importance of paying attention to different dimensions, mainly, the productive, sustainable, and economic at the same time.

The Global Software Industry Evaluating the Software Markets of the BRIC Nations

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
John McManus
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Software Industry ◽  
The United States ◽  
Emerging Countries ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Software Markets ◽  
Low Costs ◽  
The Cost ◽  
India And China

The world software industry and associated markets are estimated to be worth 1.1 trillion US Dollars, ninety percent of the world's exports in software is from the United States and Europe evidence would also suggest that outside the United States and Europe, the new and emerging countries within the software industry are Brazil, Russia, India and China (known as the BRIC Nations). The Software industry greatly affects the economic systems of these countries. Although figures vary these emerging markets account currently for around 6 per cent of global export markets. While “lower cost labour” is the most commonly cited reason for offshoring, intense global competition in an environment of slower growth and low inflation demands constant vigilance over costs. Due to low costs and high quality, using offshore resources in selected countries seems to make good economic sense. Beyond the cost incentive, global sourcing provides several other practical benefits including: the ability of multinational organisations to efficiently stage all year round operations; the opportunity to customize products and services to meet local needs; and the means of geographically deploying workers and facilities to succeed in globally dispersed, highly competitive markets. This paper examines some of the issues within these emerging countries within the wider global software industry.

scholarly journals MORBIDITY WITH TEMPORARY LOSS OF WORK CAPACITY IN WORKING POPULATION: FEDERAL AND REGIONAL INDICES AND TRENDS OVER 2005 - 2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (11) ◽  
pp. 1054-1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Lebedeva-Nesevrya ◽  
V. G. Kostarev ◽  
N. V. Nikiforova ◽  
M. Yu. Tsinker
Keyword(s):  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Work Capacity ◽  
Working Population ◽  
Managerial Decisions ◽  
Perm Krai ◽  
Federal Districts ◽  
High Incidence Rate ◽  
Regional Product

The article presents data on morbidity with temporary loss of work capacity (MTLWC) among working population in the whole of the Russian Federation and federal districts throughout the period from 2005 to 2014. According to official statistics, common number of losses of working days is shown to decline with a rate of about 1.1-1.3% per year mainly due to a reduction in the number of cases of diseases. The Urals and Privolzhsky Federal Districts are characterized by highest rates both of the incidence rate and the number of days of MTLWC. For the example, the Perm Krai (Privolzhsky Federal District) as a region with a typical MTLWC structure was shown to represent greatest losses of working days in the age groups of 25-29 and 50-54 years of workers of both genders. The consistent high incidence rate of injuries, poisoning and other effects of external influences in working men under the age of 24 years is of particular concern. The situation testifies the need to create targeted programs to prevent diseases in young workers, who in subsequent years will form the bulk of the country’s productive forces. At the regional level MTLWC is established to account for an annual loss of about 1.3-1.5% of the gross regional product. The adoption of effective managerial decisions to reduce MTLWC is shown to allow solve not only medical and demographic, but also economic problems in certain regions and the country as a whole.

scholarly journals POPULATION INCOME DYNAMICS AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN THE NORTH CAUCASIAN FEDERAL DISTRICT

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 113-123
Author(s):  
М.Р. КУЛОВА ◽  
Е.Ю. ИВАНОВА ◽  
Т.Ю. ИТАРОВА
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Household Income ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Strong Relationship ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Gross Regional Product ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Significant Discrepancy ◽  
The North ◽  
Regional Product

В статье рассматриваются особенности взаимосвязи, инертность и изменчивость динамики доходов населения и показателей валового регионального продукта в субъектах Северо-Кавказского федерального округа. В условиях стагнации российской экономики в последние годы проблема роста валового регионального продукта и доходов населения в депрессивных регионах Северного Кавказа приобретает особую значимость. Проведенный авторами корреляционный анализ доходов населения и валового регионального продукта за 2000-2018 гг. методом Пирсона выявил, что, в отличие от российских регионов в целом с их достаточно сильной связью между валовым региональным продуктом и доходами населения, в регионах Северного Кавказа наблюдалось очень значительное расхождение в коэффициентах корреляции. В частности, в Северной Осетии в течение 2011-2015 гг. экономический рост и доходы населения находились в состоянии слабой зависимости, а уже в 2015-2018 гг. эта связка стала почти идеальной, когда коэффициент корреляции достиг 0,99. Резкие скачки в тесноте связей ВРП и доходов населения имели место в Дагестане, Карачаево-Черкессии, в то время как относительно стабильная динамика коэффициентов корреляции ВРП с доходами была характерна для Ингушетии. В Кабардино-Балкарии и Ставропольском крае, где были отмечены низкие и отрицательные значения коэффициентов корреляции, в динамике доходов населения и экономическим ростом проявилась либо слабая связь, либо обратная связь, когда увеличение одной переменной приводит к уменьшению другой. В целом, разнонаправленность динамики показателей валового регионального продукта и доходов населения в регионах СКФО отражает неэффективность экономической политики и необходимость более дифференцированного подхода к отдельным территориям макрорегиона. The article discusses the features of the relationship, inertia and variability of the dynamics of household income and gross regional product indicators in the subjects of the North Caucasian Federal District. In the context of the stagnation of the Russian economy in recent years, the problem of the growth of GRP and income of the population in the depressed regions of the North Caucasus is of particular importance. The authors' correlation analysis of the population's income and the gross regional product for 2000-2018 according to Pearson method revealed that, in contrast to the Russian regions as a whole with their rather strong relationship between the gross regional product and the population's income, there was a very significant discrepancy in the correlation coefficients in the regions of the North Caucasus. In particular, in North Ossetia, during 2011-2015, economic growth and income of the population were in a state of weakened mutual dependence, and already in 2015-2018, this link became almost perfect, when the correlation coefficient reached 0.99. Sharp changes in the close relationship between GRP and income of the population occurred in Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia, while the relatively stable dynamics of the correlation coefficients of GRP with income was characteristic of Ingushetia. In Kabardino-Balkaria and Stavropol Krai, where low and negative values of correlation coefficients were noted, the dynamics of household income and economic growth showed either a weak relationship or an inverse relationship, when an increase in one variable leads to a decrease in the other. In general, the divergence of the dynamics of the gross regional product and income indicators in the regions of the NCFD reflects the inefficiency of economic policy and the need for a more differentiated approach to individual territories of the macroregion.

scholarly journals Stimulating Domestic Demand as a Key Factor of Economic Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-129
Author(s):  
Mikhail V. Ershov ◽  
Anna S. Tanasova ◽  
Elena Yu. Sokolova
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Domestic Demand ◽  
Social Aspect ◽  
Investment Efficiency ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Regional Product ◽  
The Right

World economy shows a high level of uncertainty. There are considerable risks of economic slowdown and stock market collapse. For many years, the Russian economy has been dependent on external factors. Recently, when anti-Russian sanctions are imposed, it is particularly important to find internal sources of growth, including domestic demand as the most significant factor. However, environment for the development of the Russian economy remains unfavourable due to high interest rates, volatile exchange rate, increasing tax rates, and ambiguous economic policy. Based on the analysis of regional statistics (including some regions of the Central Federal District), we confirmed the weak relationship between investments and gross regional product (GRP) revealed by other scientists. This may be the result of poor investment efficiency and its low multiplier effect. In this situation, the right choice of sectors with high multipliers and investment efficiency creates the potential for increasing domestic demand. Simultaneously, mechanisms for the expansion of resources ensuring regional economic growth play an important role. In this regard, we developed approaches aimed at the creation of conditions for the expansion of regional financial resources to support economic activity, domestic demand and economy in general, considering a social aspect of these processes. Some of the proposed mechanisms stimulate the participation of banks in financing economic processes, federal or regional bond issuance (the Bank of Russia would be the main buyer), etc. These proposals consider the experience of other countries in stimulating economic growth, including at the regional level. Financial regulators and relevant regional agencies can use the research results for developing economic policies.

Abstract 4680: Rapid Growth in Hospitalizations for Adults with Congenital Heart Disease in the United States

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander R Opotowsky ◽  
Omar Siddiqi ◽  
Gary D Webb
Keyword(s):  
Congenital Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Complex Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
Hospital Charges ◽  
Pediatric Care ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Diagnostic Code ◽  
The Cost

Background: Adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD) constitute a growing population due to advances in pediatric care and diagnostic testing. This study aimed to better define the growth in ACHD hospitalizations and to provide data on the cost of hospitalization for these patients. Methods: We utilized data from the 1998 –2005 Nationwide Inpatient Survey, the largest all-payer nationally representative hospital discharge database, to analyze trends in ACHD hospitalizations. We included all patients over 17 years of age with Clinical Classification Software diagnostic code 213 (Cardiac and Circulatory Anomalies). National estimates of hospitalizations and hospital charges by year for ACHD diagnoses were calculated, as were equivalent estimates for specific subsets of patients. Results: The number of ACHD hospitalizations increased 67% between 1998 and 2005, from 53,212 to 88,610 per year. Over this period, the annual number of admissions increased for both simple (44,781 to 75,911) and complex diagnoses (8,431 to 12,699)(Table ). Patients 55 years or older made up approximately 51% of all ACHD patients, and 40% of those with complex disease. Rates of hospitalization increased similarly for patients under and over 55 years old among all diagnostic categories. Inpatient mortality decreased from 2.6+/−0.2% to 1.7+/−0.1% for simple diagnoses, and 4.4+/−0.5% to 3.7+/−0.4% for complex diagnoses. Mean hospital charges per hospitalization increased 66% from $21,485 to $35,565, and the estimated total national charges for these hospitalizations increased from $1.1 billion to $3.1 billion in 2005 (all in 1998 dollars). In 1998, admissions for ACHD accounted for 0.31% of estimated total national charges for hospitalizations of patients 18 years or older, as compared with 0.47% in 2005. Conclusions: There has been a striking increase in hospitalizations for ACHD, and the cost of these admissions is rising out of proportion to overall hospital costs. Number of Adult Congenital Heart Disease Admissions per Year

On the assessment of production costs and profitability of agricultural organizations of the Orel region

2020 ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
L. Golovina ◽  
O. Logacheva
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Business Activity ◽  
Main Production ◽  
Systematic Development ◽  
Agricultural Organizations ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Average Annual Number

The trends of changes in the structure of production costs and profitability of agricultural organizations of the Orel region are studied. The ratio of income and expenses that develops in the course of business activity is analyzed. The share of the cost of purchased products in the composition of material costs in connection with its growth is highlighted. The emphasis is placed on ensuring the systematic development of agricultural production in the region. The fact of a decrease in the share of wages in the structure of costs for the main production and a reduction in the average annual number of employees is revealed. The study is supplemented by an analysis of vacancies in agriculture in Russia, highlighting the most popular and highly paid professions in the agricultural sector of the country.

DIGITAL PRODUCTION AND TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (11) ◽  
pp. 86-92
Author(s):  
O. A. DONICHEV ◽  
◽  
S. A. GRACHEV ◽  
M. L. BYKOVA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Significant Relationship ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Systems ◽  
Gross Regional Product ◽  
Suggested Approach ◽  
Digital Production ◽  
Regional Product

The article is devoted to the analysis of aspects of industrial and technological development of regions in the conditions of digitalization. The purpose of the study is to try to determine the conditions and assess the economic growth of regions depending on the state of digitalization of the industrial and economic entities located in them. The research methodology is based on the use of statistical, comparative, and economic-mathematical analysis methods to establish the existing dependencies. A significant relationship has been established between the state of digitalization of the region and the growth rates of the gross regional product in them. The suggested approach can be applied by representatives of government authorities, scientists, and businesses to continue the analysis.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document