scholarly journals Discriminative Economic Policy of the Russian Government Towards the Catholic Nobility of Belarus (Second Half of the 19th Century – the Beginning of the 20th Century)

2021 ◽  
pp. 89-101
Author(s):  
Anatolij Zhitko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Upper Class ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Catholic Faith ◽  
Land Holdings ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire

Introduction. The upper class of Belarus within the Russian Empire attracted the attention of researchers. However, the restrictive economic policy of the Russian government towards the nobility of the Roman Catholic faith has not been the subject of special study. The aim of the article is to identify the main aspects of the discriminative policy of the autocracy against the Catholic nobility of Belarus in the second half of the 19th – early 20th centuries. Methodology. The study is based on the fundamental principles of historical knowledge – historicism, objectivity, value-based approach, and traditional general scientific and concrete historical methods were used to implement the research tasks. Results. In 1858 in the Belarusian provinces the hereditary nobility made up one third of the upper class of the European part of Russia. The implementation of the “parsing the shliahta” policy led to a sharp reduction in the Catholic nobility by 1865. The government sought to economically undermine the economic activities of the Catholic nobility and equalize Russian and Catholic land ownership in the Belarusian region. This was reflected in the preferential sale of sequestered and confiscated estates, the prohibition of land purchases by Catholics, all kinds of fines and especially through contribution fee and a tax to support the Orthodox clergy. Conclusion. The government’s discriminative policy towards Catholic nobility was aimed at curbing the economic activity of “the Poles” in Belarus. The main elements of its implementation were the sequestration and confiscation of the estates of Catholics who directly or indirectly participated in the uprising of 1863–1864, various fines, the prohibition of the purchase of land holdings, contribution fee, taxes on maintaining the Orthodox Church, etc. At the same time, this policy did not lead to the expected results. At the beginning of the 20th century the Catholic nobility outnumbered the Russian nobility in land ownership.

FOUNDER OF BESLAN CITY – BESLAN TULATOV

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
И.Т. Марзоев
Keyword(s):  
Land Ownership ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Xixth Century ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Privileged Class ◽  
North Ossetia

The process of integration of the Caucasian peoples into a single Russian judicial-administrative and socio-economic system of statehood was one of the most relevant in the Russian Empire in the first half and middle of the XIXth century. For its implementation, the government of the state was undertaking both administrative, socio-cultural and economic measures. An importantcomponent of this process was the sphere of economical and rational land use. Mountain feudal lords were endowed with land ownership on the foothill plain. In the first half of the XIXth century, many Ossetian feudal lords with their relatives and subservient peasants began to move from the mountains to the flat lands allocated to them by the Russian administration in the Caucasus. The formation of one of the large Ossetian villages on the plain is associated with the name of the Tagaur Aldar, Lieutenant Beslan-Hadji Surkhaovich Tulatov (17931864).This study examines the pedigree of Beslan Tulatov, who came from the privileged class of the Tagaur Society of North Ossetia - the Tagaur Aldar. His fate is inextricably linked with the Russian army. For his courage, zeal and participation in various kinds of expeditions, he was awarded several orders and medals, and in 1834 promoted to ensign, which gave him the rights of a hereditary nobleman. The data on the service and merits to the Russian government of other representatives of this branch of the Tulatovs family is also given. Particular attention is paid to marriages concluded by the Tulatovs with the Ossetian and Kabardian aristocracy.The materials of the article significantly supplement the history of North Ossetia in the first half of the XIXth century, and also contribute to deeper and more updated study of the genealogy of the privileged stratum of the Tagaur Society of North Ossetia of the Tagaur Aldars.

scholarly journals European Lightweight Parcels vs. Russian Trade in Persia in the Early 20th Century

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-640
Author(s):  
Gadilya Kornoukhova
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Government Officials ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Transit System ◽  
The North ◽  
Merchant Class ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
The Impact

The main issue the article considers is the transit of European goods through the territory of the Russian Empire to Persia in the form of lightweight postal parcels in the beginning of the 20th century. The main objectives of the research include defining the impact of existing practice on the Russian trade in Persia in conditions of high competition between Russian and foreign exporters; finding out how the government representatives and Russian entrepreneurs, sending goods to Middle-East market, saw the existing situation. The author showed that there were some disagreements on transit of European postal parcels to Persia between the government officials and Russian entrepreneurs. Starting from 1905, when the two states joined the international Washington Convention, the disagreements were the most obvious during the first years after the transit launch. Both sides regarded its impact on the Russian trade as negative. However, while government representatives related the situation to inactivity of the Russian merchant class, the latter pointed to existing drawbacks in the operation of transit system. By 1913, the Russian government acknowledged the necessity of limiting the flow of European parcels to Persia, but they did not make up their mind to stop the transit completely for restoring the monopoly of the Russian trade in the north of Persia.

THE SARATOV VOLGA REGION AND THE FAR EAST: THREE CENTURIES OF RELATIONS

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3/1) ◽  
pp. 93-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. G. PETROVICH ◽  
S. I. SAMSONOV
Keyword(s):  
Far East ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Migration Policy ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Far East ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Far Eastern

The article deals with the dynamics of the development of the Far  East with the help of labor migration in the period from the 1860s to  the present day. The authors analyze the intensity of migration  flows, the reasons for their decline or increase, talk about new settlements founded by immigrants from the Saratov Volga  region in the Amur and Primorye regions of the Russian Empire, and  trace the fate of these settlements to this day. The authors identify  the reasons for the lack of support for the resettlement movement in the Russian Empire by the state until the beginning of the  twentieth century, and the reasons that prompted  the government  to develop an effective resettlement program since 1906. Attention  is paid to the participation of Saratov in the Russian-Japanese war in  the Far East. The extensive statistical material contained in the  official publications following the results of the all-Russian population censuses of 1897, 2002 and 2010 is used. Internet sources,  websites of public organizations, official state bodies, mass media  are attracted. The migration policy of P.A. Stolypin, Prime Minister of  Imperial Russia and former Saratov Governor- General is analyzed.  In comparison with it, the project "far Eastern hectare" is  considered, which the modern Russian government considers as the  main tool for the inflow of population to the vast far Eastern territories. The authors prove the ineffectiveness of the  project due to the small amount of allocated land, their unsuitability  for agriculture or other socially significant activities, remoteness  from communications, the lack of benefits for immigrants on such a scale as it was a century ago. The conclusion to which the  researchers come: only taking into account the experience of  generations of Russians in the development of the Far East, the  traditional connection of the regions of Russia, proved by the  example of the Saratov  Volga region, providing immigrants with all  the necessary and benefits no worse than a century ago, it is  possible to ensure the priority development of the Far East.

scholarly journals Mortgage of land by nobles in the state noble land bank in the Kazan province in the late XIX – early XX centuries

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-265
Author(s):  
Eduard D. Bogatyrev
Keyword(s):  
Complex Analysis ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Land Ownership ◽  
Mortgage Lending ◽  
The State ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Major Player ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
Land Bank

Introduction. The abolition of serfdom confronted Russian landowner nobles with a new reality, when the possibility of using the resource potential of extremely cheap labor of serfs was firstly limited, and then completely disappeared. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the presence of a significant part of the nobleman’s debts, as a result of which almost a quarter of them did not receive redemption payments that went to pay off the debt. In these conditions, many nobles were in a situation of lack of funds. The main source of finding these funds for the local nobility were operations with the land, its sale or pledge. In this situation, the nobility was extremely interested in obtaining a long-term loan secured by land. This led to the emergence of land banks, the largest of which was the State Noble Land Bank, which carried out mortgage lending to nobles on favorable terms. His activity was of great importance for the development of the noble economy in the new conditions. Materials and Methods. The study is based on the analysis of mainly statistical materials reflecting the activities of the State Noble Land Bank. A study of the regional characteristics of his activities reveals the features of the main trends in the development of noble land ownership in certain areas of the Russian Empire. In the research process, comparative-historical, systemic, quantitative, statistical methods and complex analysis were used. Results. During the analysis of statistical data on the territory of the Kazan province, the reasons were identified that prompted the nobles to pledge their estates and caused the emergence of land banks, reflects the performance indicators of the State Noble Land Bank with the identification of train specifics. It was revealed that the preferential terms of credit provided to the nobles allowed him to become a major player in this area and receive the lion’s share of transactions on the issuance of loans secured by noble estates. Discussion and Conclusions. As a result, this led to the fact that by the beginning of the 20th century, the most of the land belonging to the nobility of the Kazan province was mortgaged precisely in the State Noble Land Bank. His activity allowed the nobles to less loss and to solve the problems arising in the new economic conditions. But, despite the measures taken by the government to support noble land ownership, a significant part of the nobles could not overcome them and was forced to sell their land. At the same time, in general, the Kazan province during the reviewed period had the lowest rate of reduction of noble land ownership.

scholarly journals Emigration of Jews from Odessa to Argentina in the Late 19th - Early 20th century

2020 ◽  
pp. 35-59
Author(s):  
Liliia Bilousova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Jewish State ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Educational Support ◽  
Current State ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Archives

The article deals with the history of emigration of Jews from the south of Ukraine to Argentina in the late 19th - early 20th century and the role of Odessa in the organizational, economic and educational support of the resettlement process. An analysis of the transformation of the idea of ​​the Argentine project from the beginning of compact settlements to the possibility of creating a Jewish state in Patagonia is given. There are provided such aspects as reasons, preconditions and motives of emigration, its stages and results, the exceptional contribution of the businessman and philanthropist Maurice de Hirsch to the foundation of Jewish settlements in Argentina. There are reflected a legislative aspect, in particular, the first attempt of Russian government to regulate migration abroad with the Regulations for activity in Russia of the Jewish Colonization Association founded in Great Britain; various forms and directions of the work of Odessa JCA committee; the activities of the Argentine Vice-Consulate (1906-1909) and the Consul General of Argentina in Odessa (1909-1917). There are also presented some valuable archival genealogical documents from the State Archives of the Odessa Region, namely the lists of immigrants on the steamer "Bosfor" in April 30, 1894. The article highlights the conditions in which the emigrants started their activities in Argentina in 1888, establishment of the first Jewish colony of Moisesville, the difficulties in economic arrangement and social adaptation, and the process of settlement development from the first unsuccessful attempts to cultivate virgin lands to the numerous farms and ranches with effective economic activities. An interesting social phenomenon of interethnic diffusion of indigenous and jewish cultures and the formation of a unique "Gaucho Jews" group of population is covered. It is provided information on the current state of Jewish settlements in Argentina and fixing their history in literature, music, cinema, documentary. It is emphasized that using historical research and direct contacts with the descendants of emigrants to Argentina could be very useful and actual for increasing the efficiency and development of Ukrainian-Argentine economic and cultural ties

Evaluation of Anti-crisis Measures Supporting the Real Sector of the Russian Economy (The Report of SU-HSE and IAC)

2009 ◽  
pp. 21-46
Author(s):  
SU-HSE Higher School of Economics ◽  
IAC Interdepartmental Analytical Center
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Real Sector ◽  
State University ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
The Real ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Analytical Center ◽  
Implementation Stage

This paper reflects the main results of the joint project conducted by the State University-Higher School of Economics and the Interdepartmental Analytical Center in order to develop and approbate the methodology for assessing anti-crisis measures of the Russian government. The report is based upon the analysis of about 100 separate anti-crisis measures aimed for the support of the real sector of the Russian economy that were initiated during the period of October 2008 - March 2009. The analysis reveals major beneficiaries of state support in terms of industries, firms size categories. The possible impact of the measures is being evaluated, both at the crisis stage and at the stage of the economy recovery. The report also describes the main risks and threats the government will have to deal with at the implementation stage as well as the contradictory consequences of the anti-crisis economic policy.

“Patriotc Work” of Yu.F. Samarin

2019 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 22-34
Author(s):  
Aleksandr A. Shirinyants
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
National Interests ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Government Change ◽  
Liberal Policy

The article is devoted to the outstanding Russian thinker and social figure of the conservative-protective (“khranitel”) ideology – Yuri F. Samarin (1819–1876). One of the aspects of his work was connected with raising the “Baltic issue” – the issue of “inner” Russophobia of Baltic Germans, who supported “centrifugal” aspirations of the Western outlying areas of the Russian Empire, as well as the issues of the situation with Russians, Russian language and Orthodox religion in the Baltic areas, oppression and Germanization of the local population by the Baltic barons, weakness of central authorities pursuing the “liberal” policy in the area that contradicted the national interests of Russia. Samarin’s views and statements caused government repressions against him as well as fierce Baltic-oriented media attacks. But M.N. Katkov, I.S. Aksakov and M.P. Pogodin supported Samarin. Their joint efforts made the government change its attitude to the Baltic issue, draw a perspective plan and start carrying out reforms in the area that were directed to full consolidation of the Baltic areas with Russia. But later events showed the realization of Samarin’s predictions, – in the 20th century the central authorities stopped paying due attention to the outlying areas and it marked the start of the country disintegration.

Jewish Pogroms in the Historical Context of the First Russian Revolution

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (47) ◽  
pp. 115-127
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Bezarov
Keyword(s):  
Historical Context ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Mass Murder ◽  
Russian Revolution ◽  
Jewish Question ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Cost

The article studies the place and role of Jewish pogroms in the Russian Empire in thehistorical context of the First Russian Revolution of 1905 – 1907. It was proved that Jewish pogroms were a trigger mechanism used by opposition and revolutionary groups in the Russian Empire and beyond, in order to provoke a political confrontation with the Russian government, which was postfactum declared to be the fault of the «mass murder of peaceful Jews». The corresponding propaganda of the «pogrom policy of autocracy» was supported by the opposition and revolutionary periodical press. According to the logic of the Russian opposition it should, firstly, destabilize the internal situation in the country, and, secondly, discredit the autocracy in the eyes of the world community. The confrontation was critical when both sides of the conflict began to resort to the method of pogroms provocation. If anti-government groups used this method at the beginning of the revolutionary events, the Russian authorities turned to the corresponding «services» of the monarchists and the Russian citizens loyal to the regime at the final stage of the revolution when the government demanded more determination in its suppression. The author believes that the First Russian Revolution failed to solve the Jewish question. Accordingly, Russian Jewry again turned into a hostage in the confrontation of the autocracy with the opposition political groups, and the territory of the Jewish Pale of Settlement remained a human capacity and source of energy in the development of the Russian revolutionary movement in subsequent years as well, because if the autocracy succeeded in breaking out the victory of the hands of Jewish revolutionaries in 1905 – 1907, it was only at the cost of victims of their own citizens. Keywords: Jewish pogroms 1905 ‒ 1907, First Russian Revolution, Bund, Jewish self-defence, Russianempire

scholarly journals Guardianship for Popular Sobriety in Russia at the Beginning of 20th Century: from Wine Monopoly to “Dry Law”

2021 ◽  
pp. 426-450
Author(s):  
I. A. Shevchenko ◽  
E. V. Chernykh
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Work Organization ◽  
The State ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Office Work ◽  
Excessive Alcohol Consumption ◽  
The Government ◽  
Low Efficiency ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the guardianship of popular sobriety — institutions created by the government of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century to organize the fight against excessive alcohol consumption at the provincial and district levels. The study describes the situation with the consumption of alcoholic beverages in Russia at the turn of the XIX—XX centuries, provides the main provisions of the state wine monopoly, introduced in 1895 with the direct participation of the Minister of Finance S. Yu. Witte. Based on the Charter of Guardianship of People’s Sobriety, the authors describe their powers, composition, and features of work organization. Based on the analysis of diverse sources (including unpublished archival sources), the article characterizes the diverse activities of guardianship in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, as well as its assessment by contemporaries. The conclusion is made about the relatively low efficiency of the work of sober institutions due to their bureaucracy and insufficient funding. The article describes the problem of reforming the guardianship, which was discussed with varying intensity in the 1900—1910s in the Ministry of Finance, the State Council, public and zemstvo circles. Special attention is paid to the analysis of the problems faced by the guardianship of popular sobriety during the First World War after the introduction of the “Prohibition”. The scientific novelty of the research lies in an attempt to analyze the entire set of issues related to the activities of guardianship in the period under review, starting from documents of a legal and office-work nature, statistical materials, periodicals, journalistic and memoir literature.

scholarly journals Distributed Management as a Solution of the “Goal-Tool” Principle of Economic Policy

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-19
Author(s):  
O. S. Sukharev
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Project Management ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Qualitative Assessment ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Distributed Management ◽  
Methods Development ◽  
Development Institutions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Controllable Systems

The study subject is the process of substantiation and implementation of measures of the state economic policy aimed at achieving the established priority goals of economic development from the standpoint of the “goal-tool” principle and its possible expansion. The purpose of the research is to substantiate the doctrine of so-called distributed management, which expands the use of the principle of “goal-tool” in relation to the developed and implemented economic policy, as well as to identify the main advantages, disadvantages, opportunities for its use for the public administration methods development. The content of the named doctrine comes down to identifying the structure of tools that affect the management object with a different and changing force, according to which the introduction of these tools is planned. The methodological basis was formed by the theory of management of large-scale systems, the economic policy of Tinbergen, the method of comparative analysis, and the formalization of the management process. The result boils down to identifying a significant advantage of distributed management for the formation of economic policy, since it allows to identify their correlation with the development factors, including an assessment of the strength of the applied instruments. This expands on the classic “goal-tool” principle of economic policy. Distributed management allows you to give a qualitative assessment of the institutional coordination of economic activities by the government. The use of distributed control will be most appropriate when deploying indicative planning procedures and constituting the content of the project management method, which involves the selection of a set of tools from alternative options. In the future, distributed management makes it possible to identify errors in copying managerial and organizational experience in terms of the applied development institutions, borrowed technologies, and the use of project management. A quantitative assessment of the strength of tools and its sensitivity of various goals, the application of this assessment to specific controllable systems of different levels of complexity constitutes the prospect of this theoretical study.

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