scholarly journals Effect of moisture stress on physiological mechanisms in drought tolerance in selected genotypes of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 277-283
Author(s):  
H.Y. Patil ◽  
Pooja ◽  
V.P. Chimmad
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Physiological Mechanisms ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Pod Development ◽  
Spad Readings

Eight groundnut genotypes of including four released and pre-released genotypes were evaluated for moisture stress at pegging (M2) and pod development (M3) stage stress situations with control (M1) during post-rainy season (Nov-April), 2018-19 at University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad and Karnataka, India. The drought stress was imposed by with holding irrigation at 40-80 DAS (M2) and 80 DAS-harvest (M3). Observations were recorded for physiological parameters like leaf area, SPAD readings, chlorophyll content, stomatal frequency, photosynthetic rate and pod yield per plant. Among the selected genotypes, GPBD-4, Dh-257 and Dh-256 are considered as drought tolerant genotypes at both the stress levels based on lesser reduction in leaf area, optimum chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate, less leaf folding and by these adaptations recorded reduced reduction in pod yield over control. Genotypes, Dh-86 and TMV-2 affected severely by drought at both the stages. But higher effect was observed under pod developmental stage stress.

scholarly journals Evaluation of staygreen sunflower lines and their hybrids for yield under drought conditions

Helia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harshavardan J. Hilli ◽  
Shobha U. Immadi
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Stress Condition ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Inbred Lines ◽  
Root Characteristics ◽  
Stay Green ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Positive Heterosis ◽  
Hybridization Programme ◽  
Spad Readings

Abstract The experimental material for the present study comprised of 28 inbred lines (including two checks) which were developed by mutation and hybridization among the lines from AICRP trials MARS, UAS, Dharwad and on the basis of SPAD readings and stay green nature, they were considered as drought tolerant lines. These lines were used for the present experiment and were evaluated under both normal and moisture stress condition in rain out shelter to study their root characteristics. Among 28 inbreds evaluated, eight inbred lines i.e. DSR-13, DSR-19, DSR-23, DSR-24, DSR-37, DSR-66, DSR-107 and DSR-132 were identified as drought tolerant nature which exhibited least reduction in their yield under moisture stress condition. Simultaneously hybridization programme was also initiated during summer 2018 using these 28 inbred lines as testers (males) and 5 CMS lines as female lines in Line × Tester fashion. Among 140 hybrids developed, only 40 F1 hybrid combinations were further analyzed for heterosis and combining ability studies along with four checks RHA 6D-1, RHA 95C-1, KBSH-53 and Cauvery Champ. Most of the hybrid combinations showed significant negative heterosis for flowering indicating earliness, and also all the combinations showed a positive heterosis for plant height indicating tallness dominant over dwarf checks. The combinations CMS 7-1-1 A × DSR-37 (624 kg/ha), CMS-853A × DSR-19 (624 kg/ha), and CMS-853A × DSR-23 (619 kg/ha) exhibited significant maximum heterosis for seed yield (kg ha−1) over the checks KBSH-53 (496.50 kg/ha) and Cauvery Champ (486.50 kg/ha) showing maximum seed yield per hectare.

Effects of planting density on pod development and yield of peanuts under the pattern of precision planted peanuts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changxing Zhao ◽  
Changliang Shao ◽  
Zhenling Yang ◽  
Yuefu Wang ◽  
Xiaojun Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Dry Matter Accumulation ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Pod Development ◽  
Peanut Production ◽  
Sowing Seed ◽  
Growth Characters

Understanding the effects of different sowing patterns and densities on plant growth characters and yield of peanut is essential for the design and adjustment of management practices that allow improvement and stabilization of peanut production. In the present study, Arachis hypogaea L. cv. Luhua 11 was used to determine the effects of planting density on pod development and yield of peanuts under the mode of single seeded precision sowing through field experiments. The results showed that an appropriate precision sowing density of 195,000-225,000 per hectare leads to an optimal pod number to produce pods, with dry matter accumulation resulting in significantly increased pod yield and harvest index(HI). When the same area sowing seed number of 255,000 per hectare, the kernel yield, pod yield, and HI per plant of the single seeded precision sowing method were higher than those of the double seeded precision sowing method.

scholarly journals Effect of Watering Regimes on Yield and Agronomic Traits of Exotic Groundnut Genotypes in Tanzania

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Mashamba Philipo ◽  
Susan Nchimbi-Msolla
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Stress Conditions ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Screen House ◽  
Plot Design

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production in rain fed regions of Africa is mostly affected by intermittent drought of different duration and intensity. Improvement of groundnuts for drought tolerance could increase production in drought prone areas. Therefore, this study aimed at (i) determining the effect of Watering regimes on yield and agronomic traits of exotic Groundnut genotypes and (ii) identifying drought tolerant genotypes as source material for breeding and drought tolerant varieties. Thirty groundnut genotypes were evaluated for drought tolerance under well watered and water stress conditions in the screen house at Sokoine University of Agriculture (SUA), Tanzania. A split plot design with four replications was used whereby the watering regimes were the main plots with varieties planted as subplots Data were recorded on plant height, number of pod/plant and pod yield/plant. Results showed that drought significantly reduced pod yield, number of pods/plant and plant height. Eleven genotypes namely; ICG 2106, ICR 48, ICGS 44, ICG 3053, ICG 11088, ICGV-SM 87003, ICG 12235, ICG 13723, ICGV 02271, ICGV 97182 and ICGV 91114 gave better pod yield and number of pods/plants in water stress conditions and are recommended for use in breeding program as drought tolerant varieties and sources for breeding materials.

Relationship between visual colour rating and chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, and some growth characteristics in couchgrass (Cynodonspp. L.)

1983 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 221-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Chlorophyll Contents ◽  
Respiration Rates ◽  
Unit Leaf ◽  
Visual Colour

SUMMARYChlorophyll contents per unit leaf area and unit dry weight, chlorophylla:bratio, visual colour rating, specific leaf area, and leaf fresh weight: dry weight ratios were estimated for 12 couch (bermudagrass) varieties (Cynodonspp. L.) in winter (July) and spring (October). Net photosynthetic and dark respiration rates were estimated in winter only.The chlorophyll contents per unit leaf area were higher in all varieties in spring than in winter, but per unit weight were more variable. The varieties differed substantially in the net photosynthetic and dark respiration rates. The specific leaf areas were greater in winter than in spring in five varieties: in others it changed little. The fresh: dry weight ratios of the leaves were almost constant between varieties in the spring but varied greatly during the winter. Visual colour ratings were well correlated with chlorophyll contents per unit area but not with weight. The net photosynthetic rate was closely correlated with chlorophyll content (per unit area) but not so closely with colour rating.

EFFECT OF TEMPORARY N STARVATION IN MAIZE ON LEAF SENESCENCE

1985 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 819-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. GIRARDIN ◽  
A. DELTOUR ◽  
M. TOLLENAAR
Keyword(s):  
Zea Mays ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Leaf Senescence ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Deprivation Period ◽  
N Starvation ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Green Leaf Area

A prerequisite for an informed strategy regarding nitrogen application in maize (Zea mays L.) is a knowledge of the physiology of plant responses to nitrogen. This study consisted of two experiments on maize plants grown in pails. One experiment was conducted in controlled-environment growth rooms, the other was conducted in the field. N-deficient and control maize plants were evaluated for photosynthetic rate (P), chlorophyll content (CC), nitrogen content, and green leaf area; comparisons between these four parameters were made. During N starvation, rate of senescence (i.e. decrease in green leaf area) of the old leaves was higher in N-deprived plants than in control plants. P and CC of all leaves in the N-deficient treatment decreased during nitrogen withdrawal. After the deprivation period, when the plants were resupplied with N, senescence was delayed relative to control plants. The increase of CC in treatment plants was slower than the recovery of photosynthetic rate; in fact, CC was a poor indicator of photosynthetic activity. The delay in leaf senescence corresponded with regreening in leaves of N-deprived plants following N addition. This delay could be partly explained by an overcompensation in plant N requirement involving both a rapid increase in P, and a slower increase in CC. The effects of resupplying plants with nitrogen following a N-deprivation period lead us to believe that the observed leaf yellowing is actually a premature senescence which is reversible, and that a low N content is not the single causal factor of senescence.Key words: Chlorophyll content, leaf area, photosynthetic rate, Zea mays L.

scholarly journals Silicon-Mediated Physiological and Agronomic Responses of Maize to Drought Stress Imposed at the Vegetative and Reproductive Stages

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1136
Author(s):  
Dongfeng Ning ◽  
Anzhen Qin ◽  
Zhandong Liu ◽  
Aiwang Duan ◽  
Junfu Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Chlorophyll Content ◽  
Photosynthetic Rate ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Soil Column ◽  
Yield Reduction ◽  
Leaf Water Content ◽  
Maize Yields

Silicon (Si) enhances maize resistance to drought. While previous studies have mainly focused on the seedling stage, the mediation of drought stress by Si imposed at the vegetative and reproductive stages has been rarely investigated. A soil-column experiment was thus conducted under a rainproof shelter to quantify the effect s of Si application on the physiological and agronomic responses of maize to drought stress imposed at the 6-leaf (D-V6), 12-leaf (D-V12), and blister (D-R2) stages. The observed parameters included plant growth, photosynthesis, osmolytes, antioxidant activity, and grain yield. The results showed that drought stress strongly decreased the leaf area, leaf water content, photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, and antioxidant activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT)) and markedly increased lipid peroxidation. D-V6, D-V12, and D-R2 decreased grain yields by 12.9%, 28.9%, and 44.8%, respectively, compared to the well-watered treatment (CK). However, Si application markedly increased leaf area, chlorophyll content, photosynthetic rate, osmolyte content, and enzymatic antioxidant activities (SOD, POD, and CAT), and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide radical accumulation, ultimately improving maize yields by 12.4%, 69.8%, and 80.8%, respectively, compared to the non-Si treated plants under drought stress at the V6, V12, and R2 stages. Furthermore, maize yields had a significant positive correlation with chlorophyll content and SOD and POD activity during the three stages. Our findings suggest that Si-induced changes in chlorophyll content and antioxidant activity might constitute important mechanisms for mitigating drought stress. In conclusion, this study provides physico-biochemical evidence for the beneficial role of Si in alleviating drought-induced yield reduction in maize, particularly during the late vegetative or early reproductive stages. Thus, Si application constitutes an effective approach for improving maize yield in rain-fed agricultural systems.

scholarly journals Variability in Groundnut Genotypes for Tolerance to Drought

2013 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
SB Thakur ◽  
SK Ghimire ◽  
SM Shrestha ◽  
NK Chaudhary ◽  
B Mishra
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Arid Regions ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Commercial Agriculture ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Randomized Complete Block Design ◽  
Breeding Programmes

Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is one of the world’s most important legumes, both in subsistence and commercial agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. Global warming, an increasing threat, is expected to increase the water scarcity in the environment, affecting plant growth and metabolism. Groundnut yield in rain-fed areas has been limited by drought stress because pod yield and other growth parameters have been severely affected. Twenty five groundnut genotypes including four local checks (B-4, Rajashri, Baidehi and Jayanti) were composed and an experiment was conducted during 2010 and 2011at the National Oilseed Research Program (NORP), Nawalpur, Sarlahi, Nepal. The experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design in three replications. The objective of the study was to determine the genetic variability in different groundnut genotypes to drought tolerance. The analysis of variance indicated highly significant differences for most of plant the characters. Remarkable levels of variability have existed among the groundnut varieties that are essential in groundnut improvement. The genotypes ICGV-99171, ICGV-98089, ICGV-97100, Baidehi, ICGV-00440 and B-4 were observed better for drought tolerance with high pod yield. It is suggested that these genotypes could be grown under regions of limited rainfall and may be used as parents in breeding programmes for developing drought tolerant groundnut cultivars. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 1 (2013) 41-50 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i1.8877

scholarly journals Use of PNUTGRO model for optimization of sowing date and plant spacing to maximize yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

MAUSAM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 307-314
Author(s):  
R. P. SAMUI ◽  
R. BALASUBRAMANIAN ◽  
P. S. KULKARNI ◽  
A. M. SHEKH ◽  
PIARA SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Normal Spacing ◽  
Satisfactory Prediction

Lkkj & ihuVxzks ¼ih- ,u- ;w- Vh- th- vkj- vks-½ ekWMy dh izkekf.kdrk fl) djus ds fy, 1987 - 90 ds nkSjku vkuan] xqtjkr esa {ks=h; iz;ksx fd, x, gSaA bl ekWMy dk mi;ksx ew¡xQyh dh QhuksykWth] c<+ksrjh] fodkl vkSj iSnkokj dk iwokZuqeku yxkus ds fy, fd;k x;k gSSA ew¡xQyh ds izfr:fir iq"iu] isfxax] Qyh cuus vkSj Qyh idus dh frfFk;ksa] i.khZ {ks=Qy lwpdkad  ¼,y- ,- vkbZ-½ tSoHkkj] 'kSfyax dk izfr’kr rFkk iSnkokj dh rqyuk rhu i)fr;ksa uker% th- ,- ;w- th- 10] th- ,- ;w- th- 2 vkSj vkj- vk-sa - 33 - 1 ls izkIr gq, iszf{kr ekuksa ds lkFk dh xbZ gSA izfr:fir ?kVukØe ls iq"iu  ds fy, ,d fnu deh rFkk ik¡p fnu dh c<+r dk] isfxxa ds fy, 2 ls 6 fnuksa dh c<+r] Qyh cuus ds fy, 3 fnu dh deh rFkk 6   fnuksa dh c<+r dk vkSj Qyh idus ds fy, 6 fnu dh deh rFkk 5 fnu rd dh c<+r dk varj ik;k x;k gSA okLrfod ekuksa dh rqyuk esa bl ekWMy ls i.khZ {ks=Qy lwpdkad 91-8 ls 105-8 izfr’kr vkSj 'kSfyax dk izfr’kr 81-5 ls 109-8 ik;k x;k gSA bl ekWMy ls ew¡xQyh dh iSnkokj izsf{kr ekuksa dh rqyuk esa 88-5 ls 112-7 izfr’kr rd ikbZ xbZ gSA bl ekWMy ls izkIr ifj.kkeksa ds vk/kkj ij ij yxkrkj  pkj Qlyksa vkSj _rqvksa ds laca/k esa ew¡xQyh  dh QhuksYkWkth] c<+ksrjh] fodkl vkSj iSnkokj ds ckjs  esa iwokZuqeku larks"ktud ik;k x;k gSA ew¡xQyh dh izsf{kr vkSj izfr:fir iSnkokj ds chp 11 izfr’kr dh ?kVc<+ ikbZ xbZ gS ftlls irk pyrk gS fd ekWMy ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k iwokZuqeku larks"ktud gSA ,y- ,- vkbZ- dks NksMdj okLrfod ekuksa vkSj izsf{kr ekuksa esa varj ¼Mh-½ 0-03 vkSj 1-77 ds chp jgk gS ftlls ekWMy ds larks"ktud dk;Z djus dk irk pyrk gSA izfr:i.k v/;;uksa ds ifj.kkeksa ls irk pyrk gS fd tc vf/kd o"kkZ gksus dhs laHkkouk gks rks ew¡xQyh ds chtksa dh lkekU; nwjh rFkk cqokbZ ds lkekU; le; dh vis{kk chtksa dks vf/kd ikl&ikl cksdj rFkk cqokbZ yxHkx ,d lIrkg igys djds ew¡xQyh dh vf/kd iSnkokj  izkIr dh tk ldrh gSA  Field experiments were conducted at Anand, Gujarat during 1987-90 to validate the PNUTGRO model. The model was used to predict phenology, growth, development and yield of groundnut. The simulated flowering, pegging, pod formation and pod maturity dates, leaf area index (LAI), biomass, shelling % and pod yield of groundnut were compared with the observed values for three cultivars viz., GAUG 10, GAUG 2 and Ro-33-1. The simulated phenological events showed a deviation of –1 to +5 days for flowering, +2 to +6 days for peg formation, -3 to +6 days for pod formation and –6 to +5 days for pod maturity of the crop. The model estimated leaf area index within 91.8 to 105.8% and shelling percentage within 81.5 to 109.8% of the actual values. The model simulated the pod yields within 88.5 to 112.7% of the observed values. The results obtained with the model for the four consecutive crops and seasons revealed satisfactory prediction of phenology, growth, development and yield of groundnut. The percent error between observed and simulated pod yield was 11% which indicated satisfactory prediction by the model. The degree of agreement (d) ranged between 0.03 and 1.77 except for LAI indicating satisfactory performance of the model. Results of simulation studies indicated that when there is a possibility of high rainfall higher pod yield can be achieved by adopting closer spacing and early sowing (one week earlier than normal date of sowing) compared to normal spacing and date of sowing.

Foliar Fertilization of Virginia-Type Peanut with MnEDTA— Crop Grade, Pod Yield, and Value1

1996 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. L. Powell ◽  
C. W. Swann ◽  
D. C. Martens
Keyword(s):  
Crop Yields ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Yield Data ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Pod Yield ◽  
Initial Application ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Pod Development

Abstract Manganese is an essential plant micronutrient and has many functions in the plant. Deficient levels of manganese in the plant result in reduced crop yields. This study was conducted to determine the effects of foliar application of manganese salt of ethylenediamine tetra-acetate (MnEDTA) and the timing of application of the MnEDTA to the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) plant on crop grade, pod yield, and value. Field trials were conducted in Virginia during 1990 and 1991 to determine the optimum amounts of MnEDTA needed for production of the virginia-type peanut. The predominant soil type was Yemassee fine sandy loam (fine-loamy, siliceous, thermic Aeric Achroquults). Manganese treatments enhanced fancy pod development and increased the percentage of extra large kernels for NC-V 11 and NC7. Other grade factors were not influenced. Average pod yield increases over the control were 25 and 109% for NC-V 11 in two tests during 1990. In 1991 average pod yield increase for NC-V 11 and NC 7 above the control were 65 and 103%, respectively. Crop values paralleled the pod yield data in comparison to the control and standard treatments. MnEDTA treatments were comparable to the standard treatments especially at the higher rates. Amounts of Mn, as MnEDTA, needed for foliar application to peanut were 0.3 to 0.6 kg ha-1 per application. Results show that early initial application was needed (4 to 6 wk after planting) with at least three applications applied at 2-wk intervals.

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