scholarly journals IMMUNO-BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF VAGINAL DISCHARGE IN HEALTHY AND MYCOPLASMOSIS-INFECTED COWS

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 987-990
Author(s):  
R. M. Vasiliev ◽  
S. V. Vasilieva

Genital mycoplasmosis in cows is a disease accompanied by a latent course, which complicates its timely diagnosis and the appointment of adequate therapy. The nonspecific symptomatology of mycoplasmosis, combined with periods of asymptomatic course, leads to the development of functional and morphological changes in the organs of the reproductive system of cows, resulting in infertility. Monitoring studies of livestock farms in the North-West region of the Russian Federation have shown that infection of the genitals of cows with mycoplasmas can be from 20 to 40% of the livestock. Moreover, there is a clear relationship between the high infection rate of the livestock and low reproduction rates. In this regard, livestock enterprises incur significant economic damage. One of the important mechanisms preventing the introduction of various pathogens into the reproductive tract is the resistance of the vaginal mucosa. Among these factors, the most important role is assigned to vaginal autoflora, epithelial desquamation, phagocytosis, acidity of vaginal secretions, the content of immunoglobulins, lysozyme and a number of other nonspecific protective factors in it. We studied the changes in the immuno-biological characteristics of vaginal secretions in the subclinical course of genital mycoplasmosis. Healthy cows with a negative PCR test for Mycoplasma spp. were selected for the study. and infected with Mycoplasma spp., without clinical signs of vaginitis. In both groups of animals, the concentration of hydrogen ions, the activity of lysozyme and immunoglobulins of the classes IgG, IgM, IgA and sIgA were determined in the vaginal secretions. Despite the fact that the persistence of mycoplasmas in the vagina is not accompanied by pronounced clinical signs of vaginitis, but the state of protective factors the mucous membrane undergoes significant changes. The conducted studies made it possible to establish that the long-term presence of mycoplasmas in the vagina of cows is manifested by a significant increase in the concentration of hydrogen ions by 41% and a decrease in the lysozyme activity of vaginal secretions by 2 times, that is, inhibition of the main factors preventing the colonization of mucous pathogenic microflora is observed. In addition, there is a redistribution of classes of immunoglobulins in the vaginal secretion. This is manifested by a significant increase in the content of IgM and sIgA against the background of a tendency towards a decrease in IgA. The noted changes in aggregate create favorable conditions for the introduction of secondary microflora and the development of bacterial-mycoplasma vaginitis, aggravating morpho-functional changes in the reproductive tract and increasing the risk of infertility. 

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
pp. 06008
Author(s):  
Roman Vasiliev ◽  
Sergey Kovalev ◽  
Vyacheslav Trushkin ◽  
Alexey Prusakov ◽  
Vladimir Ponamarev

Genital mycoplasmosis in cows is a disease accompanied by a latent course, which complicates its timely diagnosis and the appointment of specific treatment. This disease may lead to infertility. An obstacle to the introduction of pathogens into the epithelium of the mucous membrane is a variety of defense mechanisms. A study of the state of the protective properties of the vaginal mucosa in healthy and mycoplasma-infected cows was carried out by determining the concentration of hydrogen ions and immunoglobulins in vaginal secretions. The results of the study showed a shift in the reaction of vaginal secretions towards neutrality in mycoplasmosis. Thus, the persistence of mycoplasmas in the mucous membrane of the vagina of cows causes a change in the protective properties of the vaginal secretion, as a result of which conditions are created that promote the activation of pathogenic microflora.


Author(s):  
P. Bagavandoss ◽  
JoAnne S. Richards ◽  
A. Rees Midgley

During follicular development in the mammalian ovary, several functional changes occur in the granulosa cells in response to steroid hormones and gonadotropins (1,2). In particular, marked changes in the content of membrane-associated receptors for the gonadotropins have been observed (1).We report here scanning electron microscope observations of morphological changes that occur on the granulosa cell surface in response to the administration of estradiol, human follicle stimulating hormone (hFSH), and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG).Immature female rats that were hypophysectcmized on day 24 of age were treated in the following manner. Group 1: control groups were injected once a day with 0.1 ml phosphate buffered saline (PBS) for 3 days; group 2: estradiol (1.5 mg/0.2 ml propylene glycol) once a day for 3 days; group 3: estradiol for 3 days followed by 2 days of hFSH (1 μg/0.1 ml) twice daily, group 4: same as in group 3; group 5: same as in group 3 with a final injection of hCG (5 IU/0.1 ml) on the fifth day.


Author(s):  
А.В. Бойко ◽  
Н.Д. Олтаржевская ◽  
В.И. Швец ◽  
Л.В. Демидова ◽  
Е.А. Дунаева ◽  
...  

Цель исследования. Разработка методов сопроводительной терапии для защиты нормальных органов и тканей, входящих в зону облучения. Методы. В исследование включено 112 больных раком шейки и тела матки после комбинированного или самостоятельного лучевого лечения с 2012 по 2016 гг. У 71 пациентки основной группы в качестве терапии сопровождения применяли гидрогель с деринатом и у 41 больной группы контроля - традиционные методы профилактики (масло оливковое, подсолнечное, метилурациловая мазь). Для профилактики эпителиита слизистой влагалища и шейки матки в основной группе использовали гидрогель в виде аппликаций с первого дня облучения. Для профилактики лучевого ректита гидрогель вводили в прямую кишку 1 раз в день с первого дня облучения. Инстилляции гидрогеля в мочевой пузырь начинали только при развитии первых признаков клинической картины цистита. Пациенткам контрольной группы для профилактики лучевых реакций проводились масляные, мазевые аппликации во влагалище, масляные микроклизмы в прямую кишку с первого дня облучения. Лечение лучевого цистита проводили с помощью растительных диуретиков, уросептиков. Результаты. Применение гидрогеля с деринатом позволило провести курс лучевой терапии без перерыва у 84,5% (60/71) больных, в контрольной группе - лишь у 48,8% (20/41). Лучевые циститы возникали в 2,5 раза реже (25,3% ± 3,3 против 63,4% ± 2,7, р<0,01). Анализ степени выраженности лучевого цистита по RTOG в двух группах показал, что у 75% больных основной группы наблюдалась I степень, у 25% - II степень, III и IV степени не отмечено, тогда как в контрольной группе лучевой цистит I степени развился у 44% пациенток, II - 40% и III - 16% больных. Применение гидрогеля снизило частоту лучевых ректитов в 2 раза (26,7% ± 3,3 против 53,7% ± 3,2 р<0,1).При использовании ежедневных аппликаций гидрогеля с деринатом со стороны слизистой оболочки влагалища и шейки матки преобладали эпителииты I степени (53,5%), II степень наблюдалась у 29,5% и III степень лучевой реакции - лишь в 16,9% случаев, IV степень реакции не отмечена. В контрольной группе эти показатели составили 26,8%, 24,3%, 31,7% и 17,2% соответственно. Разработаны цитологические критерии оценки течения лучевых реакций слизистой влагалища. Выделены три степени изменения цитограммы, которые коррелировали с клинической картиной. В основной группе лучевые изменения I степени зафиксированы в 4,5 раза чаще (52 ± 9,9% против 11,5 ± 6,3%, р<0,002), а III степень представлена в 3,8 раза реже, чем в контрольной группе (12 ± 6,5% против 46,1 ± 9,8%, р<0,003). Заключение. Применение гидрогелевого материала с деринатом в качестве препарата сопроводительной терапии во время курса облучения позволяет уменьшить частоту и степень выраженности лучевых повреждений со стороны слизистой влагалища, мочевого пузыря и прямой кишки, провести курс лучевой терапии без перерыва и улучшить качество жизни пациенток. Objective. Development of methods for accompanying therapy to protect normal organs and tissues in the irradiation zone. Method. The study included 112 patients with cervical and endometrial cancer after combined or independent radiotherapy from 2012 to 2016. In 71 female patients of the main group, Derinat with hydrogel was applied as a supportive therapy and in 41 patients of the control group, conventional prevention methods (olive oil, sunflower oil, methyluracyl ointment) were applied. For prevention of vaginal mucosal and cervical epitheliitis in the main group, hydrogel was used as applications from the first radiation day. For prevention of radiation proctitis, hydrogel was injected into the rectum once daily from the first radiation day. Hydrogel instillations into the bladder were started only with the first clinical signs of cystitis. For prevention of radiation reactions, vaginal oil and ointment and rectal oil micro-enema were administered to patients of the control group from the first day of irradiation. Radiation cystitis was treated with vegetable diuretics and uroseptic drugs. Results. Using the hydrogel with Derinat allowed to administer a course of radiotherapy without interruption in 84.5% (60/71) of patients and only in 48.8% (20/41) in the control group. Radiation cystitis occurred 60% less frequently (25.3% ± 3.3 versus 63.4% ± 2.7, p <0.01). Analysis of radiation cystitis severity in two groups (according to RTOG) showed that 75% of patients in the main group had grade I and 25% had grade II. Grade III and grade IV did not occur. At the same time, in the control group, grade I radiation cystitis developed in 44% of patients, grade II - in 40%, and grade III - in 16% of patients. The hydrogel treatment halved the frequency of radiation proctitis (26.7% ± 3.3 vs. 53.7% ± 3.2 p <0.1). With daily application of the hydrogel with Derinat, grade I epitheliitis (53.5%) predominated in vaginal and cervical mucosa, grade II was observed in 29.5%, and grade III radiation reaction - only in 16.9% of cases; grade IV reaction was not observed. In the control group, these proportions were 26.8%, 24.3%, 31.7%, and 17.2%, respectively. Cytological criteria were developed to evaluate the course of radiation reactions in the vaginal mucosa. Three degrees of change in the cytogram were identified, which correlated with clinical picture. In the main group, incidence of grade I radiation-induced changes was increased by more than 350% (52 ± 9.9% vs. 11.5 ± 6.3%, p <0.002), and incidence of grade III was decreased by more than 70% compared to the control group (12 ± 6.5% vs. 46.1 ± 9.8%, p <0.003). Conclusion. Using the hydrogel material with Derinat as an accompanying therapy during the course of irradiation allows to reduce frequency and severity of radiation injuries of the vaginal mucosa, bladder, and rectum, administer an uninterrupted course of radiotherapy, and improve the quality of life of patients.


2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annie Page-Karjian ◽  
Kathleen Rafferty ◽  
Clerson Xavier ◽  
Nicole I Stacy ◽  
Jon A Moore ◽  
...  

Abstract The gopher tortoise (Gopherus polyphemus), a keystone species, is declining throughout its geographic range. Lack of knowledge with respect to the potential infectious diseases present within wild populations creates a dilemma for wildlife biologists, conservationists and public policy makers. The objective of this study was to conduct a health assessment of two previously unstudied gopher tortoise aggregations located at two sites in southeastern FL. Samples were collected from 91 tortoises (48 adults, 35 juveniles, 8 hatchlings) captured at Florida Atlantic University’s Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, in Fort Pierce, FL, USA in 2019, and Loggerhead Park in Juno Beach, FL, USA, during 2018–2019. Samples of blood, nasal swabs and oral/cloacal swabs were analyzed for hematology, plasma protein electrophoretic profiles and infectious disease testing including Mycoplasma spp. serology and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for Ranavirus, Herpesvirus and Anaplasma spp. Hematological and plasma protein electrophoresis reference intervals are presented for adult and juvenile tortoises from both sites combined. Clinical signs consistent with upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) were observed in 18/91 (20%) tortoises, and antibodies to Mycoplasma agassizii were detected in 33/77 (42.9%) tortoises. Adult tortoises were significantly more likely than juveniles to have URTD clinical signs, and statistically significant, positive relationships were observed between the presence of antibodies to Mycoplasma spp. and carapace length, packed cell volume and plasma globulin concentrations. Anaplasma spp. inclusions were observed in 8/82 (10%) tortoises, but PCR detected Anaplasma sp. in 21/83 (25%) tortoises. Herpesvirus and Ranavirus were not detected in any blood or swab samples. This work contributes important baseline information on the health of gopher tortoises toward the southern end of the species’ range.


2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2122
Author(s):  
Magdalena Krajewska-Włodarczyk ◽  
Zbigniew Żuber ◽  
Agnieszka Owczarczyk-Saczonek

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of retinoid treatment on the morphological changes in the nail apparatus in patients with nail psoriasis. Material and methods: 41 patients aged 32 to 64 with nail psoriasis, without clinical signs of psoriatic arthritis, started on acitretin 0.6 to 0.8 mg kg b.w./d, for six months and 28 people in the control group were included in the study. Both groups had ultrasound examination of fingernails and digital extensor tendon in the distal interphalangeal joints. In psoriatic patients, US examination was conducted before starting the treatment and after six months. A total of 685 nails were examined. Results: After six months of treatment, there was a reduction in the thickness of the nail bed and nail matrix (p = 0.046 and p = 0.031, respectively). The thickness of the nail plates decreased, although it was statistically insignificant (p = 0.059) and it was higher than in the control group (p = 0.034). The reduced severity of clinical nail changes after six months of retinoid treatment did not correlate with the reduction in extensor tendon thickness in any group of patients. Conclusions: In patients with nail psoriasis, acitretin treatment resulted in a rapid decrease in the thickness of the nail bed and matrix, but it did not affect the thickness of the nail plate after six months. There was no effect of acitretin on the digital extensor tendon thickness or the increased blood supply to the tendon area. The results of the study may indicate the usefulness of ultrasound nail examinations in patients with nail psoriasis not only to assess the advancement of morphological changes and response to treatment, but also to choose the potential treatment.


2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Keiichiro Akeo ◽  
Shuhei Kameya ◽  
Kiyoko Gocho ◽  
Daiki Kubota ◽  
Kunihiko Yamaki ◽  
...  

Purpose. To report the morphological and functional changes associated with a regression of foveoschisis in a patient with X-linked retinoschisis (XLRS).Methods. A 42-year-old man with XLRS underwent genetic analysis and detailed ophthalmic examinations. Functional assessments included best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), full-field electroretinograms (ERGs), and multifocal ERGs (mfERGs). Morphological assessments included fundus photography, spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and adaptive optics (AO) fundus imaging. After the baseline clinical data were obtained, topical dorzolamide was applied to the patient. The patient was followed for 24 months.Results. A reportedRS1gene mutation was found (P203L) in the patient. At the baseline, his decimal BCVA was 0.15 in the right and 0.3 in the left eye. Fundus photographs showed bilateral spoke wheel-appearing maculopathy. SD-OCT confirmed the foveoschisis in the left eye. The AO images of the left eye showed spoke wheel retinal folds, and the folds were thinner than those in fundus photographs. During the follow-up period, the foveal thickness in the SD-OCT images and the number of retinal folds in the AO images were reduced.Conclusions. We have presented the detailed morphological changes of foveoschisis in a patient with XLRS detected by SD-OCT and AO fundus camera. However, the findings do not indicate whether the changes were influenced by topical dorzolamide or the natural history.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 273-273
Author(s):  
Julia V Busharova ◽  
Roman M Vasilev ◽  
Svetlana V Vasileva ◽  
Vyacheslav A Trushkin ◽  
Anastasia A Nikitina ◽  
...  

Abstract Maintaining reproductive health is an urgent task in intensive livestock farming. The study of the influence of pathogens of the Mycoplasmataceae family on the microecology and protective properties of the vagina is of particular interest. The studies were carried out on non-pregnant cows 3–4 years old. Was formed 2 groups of 8 animals each. The first group is healthy cows in which the PCR test for Mycoplasma spp. was negative. The second group - cows with a positive PCR test and serological identification of M. bovigenitalium, without pronounced clinical signs of vaginitis. In both groups of animals, vaginal secretions were collected from the vaginal wall using a special spoon. In secret, by the method of radial immunodiffusion in a gel according to Mancini, the content of immunoglobulins of classes Ig G, Ig M, Ig A and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) was determined, as well as the activity of lysozyme - by the nephelometric method. The study showed that the content of Ig G and the total content of immunoglobulins in the vaginal secretion in healthy cows and cows with mycoplasmosis did not have significant differences. The concentration of Ig A in cows with mycoplasmosis was 0.018±0.001 g/l, which was 25% less than in healthy cows, but it turned out to be insignificant (P &gt; 0.05). The content of Ig M and sIgA in secretion in healthy cows was 0.039±0.002 and 0.067±0.005 g/l, while in cows with mycoplasmosis it significantly increased by 38.5 and 43%, respectively. The activity of lysozyme in the secretion of healthy cows was 11.71±0.41%, while in infected cows it decreased by 2 times. With genital mycoplasmosis in cows, a quantitative redistribution of immunoglobulin classes and a decrease in lysozyme activity are observed in the vaginal secretion.


2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
A.D. Shkodina ◽  
R.M. Hrinko ◽  
I.I. Starchenko

The interaction between a body and an environment provides the main aspects of human life. The study of the functional structure of the olfactory analyzer plays an important role both in clinical and in experimental studies, but the question of its features in humans needs detailed research. The paper presents the modern data of the structural and functional organization of the olfactory analyzer. Particular attention is paid to the structural organization of olfactory bulbs as most complicated and least studied component of the olfactory analyzer. The morphological and functional changes of the olfactory analyzer are developing in some diseases and in action of adverse environmental factors are described while the accentuation is placed on the differences of the mechanism in the pathogenesis of damage to the olfactory analyzer, depending on the nature of the influence of pathogenic factors. In this way as the result of short-term intense effects of the pollutant, irreversible atrophic changes are primarily affected to the olfactory epithelium, thus, to some extent, preventing the spread of the toxin to other analyzer structures. Conversely, a long-term exposure to low doses usually retains the functional activity of the olfactory epithelium, while harmful substances penetrate the central unit of the olfactory analyzer. In such cases, the olfactory dysfunction can be diagnosed after a long time after the start of the cohort with certain pollutants. Currently, studies of the influence of exogenous toxins on various parts of the olfactory analyzer on animal experimental models are quite active. At the same time, the issue of functional and morphological changes in various structural components of the human olfactory analyzer under the influence of negative environmental factors remains poorly understood and requires further morphological and biochemical studies, in order to be able to further develop effective therapeutic and prophylactic means.


2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 70-80
Author(s):  
N. P. Ermakova ◽  
I. V. Merkulova ◽  
O. I. Konyaeva ◽  
N. Yu. Kulbachevskaya ◽  
T. V. Abramova ◽  
...  

Introduction.This article presents a fragment of a preclinical toxicological study of a new Russian anticancer drug derived from n-glycoside indolokarbazole LCS-1208 – study of cardiotoxicity, which is one of the specific complications of anticancer chemotherapy.Objective.Preclinical toxicological study of the effect of the drug LCS-1208 on the cardiovascular system of animals to assess its cardiotoxic effects.Materials and methods.Studies were conducted on 40 healthy non-harmless mongrel male rats and 4 dogs Beagle, male and female. The drug was administered daily 15 times to rats-intraperitoneal in total doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg; to dogs – intravenously in total doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg. The period of observation of rats was 30 days, for dogs was 60 days. Changes in electrocardiogram indices, macroscopic and histological picture of heart changes and changes in biochemical parameters of enzymes activity – lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase were evaluated.Results.In rats LCS-1208 throughout the period of observation caused functional changes in electrocardiogram: increase in PQ and QT intervals and cardiac rhythm disturbance (loss of R wave), which indicates a violation of electrical conductivity. Morphological changes in the heart muscle were detected on the 3rd day of observation in total doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, which remained until 30 days of observation only in animals receiving the drug in the total dose of 200 mg/kg. In some dogs for different periods of observation the drug caused functional changes in the electrical activity of the heart: an increase in the QRS interval, the inversion of the T wave, the appearance of a deep Q wave and an increase in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase and aspartate aminotransferase compared to back ground indicators. Morphological changes in the heart muscle were detected on the 3rd day of observation only in the total dose of 30 mg/kg, which persisted up to 60 days of observation.Conclusion.It was found that the new Russian anticancer drug LHC-1208, a derivative of indocarbazole N-glycoside, has a cardiotoxic effect, causing functional changes in the cardiovascular system of rats in all doses studied, and in dogs only in the maximum dose. Morphologically, cardiotoxicity is not confirmed in animals receiving a minimal dose of the drug, but only in animals receiving the maximum dose of the drug.


Author(s):  
Oleksiy Tkachenko ◽  
◽  
Olena Havrylina ◽  

The active spread of respiratory infections in pig farms raises the issue of differential pathomorphological diagnosis of diseases related to a single syndrome of respiratory pathologies. Pathological autopsy and histopathological examinations of organs from 72 carcasses of pigs during the fattening period were performed. Pathological autopsy of pigs was performed by complete evisceration. Histologically examined 360 lung samples with regional lymph nodes. The presence of bacterial and viral infections was confirmed by bacteriological and PCR studies. The aim of the study is to establish the characteristic differential features at the macro- and micro-level in the lungs of domestic pigs for viral and bacterial pathogens. The main tasks of the work are to determine the morphofunctional features and dynamics of pathomorphological changes in the parenchyma and immune formations of the lungs in respiratory pathology. As a result of complex pathomorphological studies of the lungs in respiratory infections of pigs found that structural and functional changes in the body have different localization, stage and nature of the pathological process, which depend on the direct action of the etiological factor. Acute catarrhal bronchopneumonia is registered in respiratory mycoplasmosis (enzootic pneumonia), which in a prolonged course turns into chronic catarrhal or catarrhal-purulent pneumonia. Hemorrhagic necrotizing pneumonia is a manifestation of actinobacillary pleuropneumonia. Interstitial (diffuse proliferative) pneumonia develops with viral pathogens - circovirus infection and reproductive and respiratory syndrome of pigs (PRRS). Serous fibrinous and fibrinous pleurisy develop in hemophilic polyserositis and actinobacillary pleuropneumonia. Pathomorphological changes of the lungs in the reproductive and respiratory syndrome of pigs are polymorphic and are manifested by the gradual progressive development of the inflammatory process from congestive hyperemia, acute catarrh to diffuse interstitial pneumonia. Pathomorphological changes of the lungs in mycoplasmosis (enzootic pleuropneumonia) of pigs are polymorphic and are manifested by the gradual progressive development of the inflammatory process, which is localized in the cranial, middle and peripheral parts of the diaphragmatic particles and is characterized by acute catarrhal bronchopneumonia. In actinobacillary pleuropneumonia pathohistological studies revealed a pronounced stage of morphological changes in the lungs and regional lymph nodes in actinobacillary pleuropneumonia. Depending on the form of the disease, serous-hemorrhagic exudation is exacerbated by fibrinogen exudation and increased migration of lymphocytes and mononuclear cells. In subacute and chronic forms of the disease, necrotic phenomena prevail in combination with areas of serous-fibrinous inflammation. In the future, further studies of immunohistochemical analysis to establish the tropism of the pathogen and the study of markers of lymphoid cells.


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