Dengue infection in the nervous system: lessons learned for Zika and Chikungunya

ABSTRACT Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya are emerging arboviruses and important causes of acute febrile disease in tropical areas. Although dengue does not represent a new condition, a geographic expansion over time has occurred with the appearance of severe neurological complications. Neglect has allowed the propagation of the vector (Aedes spp), which is also responsible for the transmission of other infections such as Zika and Chikungunya throughout the world. The increased number of infected individuals has contributed to the rise of neurological manifestations including encephalitis, myelitis, meningitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome and congenital malformations such as microcephaly. In this narrative review, we characterize the impact of the geographic expansion of the vector on the appearance of neurological complications, and highlight the lack of highly accurate laboratory tests for nervous system infections. This represents a challenge for public health in the world, considering the high number of travelers and people living in endemic areas.

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SARS-CoV-2 and the Nervous System: From Clinical Features to Molecular Mechanisms

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms21155475 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (15) ◽

pp. 5475 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Manuela Pennisi ◽

Giuseppe Lanza ◽

Luca Falzone ◽

Francesco Fisicaro ◽

Raffaele Ferri ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

Neuronal Damage ◽

Neurological Complications ◽

Neurological Manifestations ◽

Wide Range ◽

Inflammatory State ◽

Acute Polyneuropathy ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Impact

Increasing evidence suggests that Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can also invade the central nervous system (CNS). However, findings available on its neurological manifestations and their pathogenic mechanisms have not yet been systematically addressed. A literature search on neurological complications reported in patients with COVID-19 until June 2020 produced a total of 23 studies. Overall, these papers report that patients may exhibit a wide range of neurological manifestations, including encephalopathy, encephalitis, seizures, cerebrovascular events, acute polyneuropathy, headache, hypogeusia, and hyposmia, as well as some non-specific symptoms. Whether these features can be an indirect and unspecific consequence of the pulmonary disease or a generalized inflammatory state on the CNS remains to be determined; also, they may rather reflect direct SARS-CoV-2-related neuronal damage. Hematogenous versus transsynaptic propagation, the role of the angiotensin II converting enzyme receptor-2, the spread across the blood-brain barrier, the impact of the hyperimmune response (the so-called “cytokine storm”), and the possibility of virus persistence within some CNS resident cells are still debated. The different levels and severity of neurotropism and neurovirulence in patients with COVID-19 might be explained by a combination of viral and host factors and by their interaction.

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The Significant Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Supply Chains

10.4018/978-1-7998-9140-6.ch009 ◽

2022 ◽

pp. 185-202

Author(s):

Ana Paula Lopes

Keyword(s):

Supply Chains ◽

Consumer Demand ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

The Other ◽

Operational Decisions ◽

Demand And Supply ◽

The World ◽

Containment Measures ◽

The Impact

As the COVID-19 pandemic has spread across the world, the existence of disruptions in demand and supply have become more severe, conducted by containment measures taken by countries and affecting different sectors around the world. Although businesses and workplaces are restarting activities in some countries, with containment measures gradually being lifted, overall consumer demand is expected to remain low, also determined by the loss of jobs and income. Therefore, the scale of the impact on supply chains exceeded anything most companies had anticipated. This study aims to understand how companies were affected and identify some lessons learned about their vulnerabilities and the possible ways to address them in the long term. On the other hand, it is intended to reveal some of the impacts of COVID-19 and make some practical suggestions that can help in political and operational decisions to strengthen and build additional resilience in supply chains in the future.

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Progress in Research on SARS-CoV-2 Infection Causing Neurological Diseases and Its Infection Mechanism

Frontiers in Neurology ◽

10.3389/fneur.2020.592888 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Lintao Wang ◽

Zhiguang Ren ◽

Li Ma ◽

Yanjie Han ◽

Wenqiang Wei ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Neurological Diseases ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Neurological Complications ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Impact ◽

Great Harm

COVID-19 has spread rapidly worldwide since its outbreak and has now become a major public health problem. More and more evidence indicates that SARS-CoV-2 may not only affect the respiratory system but also cause great harm to the central nervous system. Therefore, it is extremely important to explore in-depth the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the nervous system. In this paper, the possible mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 invading the central nervous system during COVID-19, and the neurological complications caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection were reviewed.

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COVID-19 and/with dengue infection: A curse in an overburdened healthcare system

Tropical Doctor ◽

10.1177/0049475520975945 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 004947552097594

Author(s):

Prateek Kumar Panda ◽

Indar Kumar Sharawat

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Health Care Services ◽

Emergency Services ◽

Dengue Infection ◽

History Taking ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Hospital Emergency ◽

Care Services ◽

The World ◽

The Impact

While the world battles to wrestle with the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, regions with endemic dengue fever are confronting the possibility of a double pandemic that could completely overpower health care services administrations. Simultaneous outbreaks of dengue and COVID-19, as well as probable cases of overlapping infections, have already started in Latin America and certain Asian countries. There, the healthcare framework is already overburdened and such a deadly duo may completely overwhelm hospital emergency services quite apart from a country’s economy. Precise epidemiological and contact history-taking joined with due attention to false-positive dengue serology and the chance of co-infections are key devices for frontline doctors to overcome this seemingly insurmountable challenge.

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Neurology of COVID-19

10.54103/milanoup.57 ◽

2021 ◽

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Neurological Disorders ◽

Neurological Complications ◽

Reference Book ◽

Direct Response ◽

New Developments ◽

Specific Subject ◽

International Experts ◽

The Impact ◽

Extensive Clinical Experience

The authors will present a comprehensive account of the neurological aspects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The aim is to provide a practical clinical book which will serve as a guide for clinicians from all specialties involved in the management of COVID-19 patients. The authors share the extensive clinical experience gained in major hospitals in Lombardy, the first European region to face the COVID-19 emergency in 2020. All are recognized international experts in their respective fields and have been involved in the management of COVID-19 cases from the very beginning of the Italian SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. The text begins with a description of pathobiological and pathophysiological aspects related to the involvement of the nervous system, moving on to the discussion of the neurological complications observed in COVID-19 patients; these range from central to peripheral symptoms, and can occur in the acute or post-acute phases of the disease. Further topics are: neuropathology, seizures and EEG, neuroimaging, delirium, encephalomyelitis, stroke, psychopathology and psychiatry, neuropsychology and cognitive impairment, neuromuscu-lar disorders, and the impact of COVID-19 on other pre-existing neurological disorders. In addi-tion, the book will discuss the new developments in teleneurology approaches, which have been a direct response to the ongoing pandemic. Finally, the possible neurological complications of the COVID-19 vaccines and the neurological complications in children will be considered.Each chapter will present a critical review of the existing literature concerning the specific subject matter, followed by practical clinical recommendations, as well as personal considerations based on the experience gained by each author during the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. Neurology of COVID-19 will be an original and innovative reference book for clinicians of all the specialties involved in the management of patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection

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Review Effect of Caffeine Overdose

RADS Journal of Biological Research & Applied Sciences ◽

10.37962/jbas.v11i2.266 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Zaheer Ahmed Chandio ◽

Aaisha Sidiqua ◽

Mazhar Iqbal Khaskheli ◽

Amrat Waghani ◽

Wazir Ali Metlo

Keyword(s):

Nervous System ◽

Physical Dependence ◽

Caffeine Intake ◽

Caffeine Withdrawal ◽

The World ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Impact ◽

Caffeine Overdose ◽

Methyl Xanthine

Background: Caffeine is from methyl xanthine class which mainly stimulates the central nervous system. Caffeine is one of the most widely used psychoactive drugs in the world. It is commonly found in beverages, chocolates, cocoa containing products and in medications. Caffeine is recognized as legal and its consumption is unregulated all over of the world. Objectives: The objective of this study is to summarize the impact of caffeine on behavioral and health alterations, in both controlled and overdose conditions. Moreover, the specifics of caffeine withdrawal and a number of guidelines on how to handle reducing or quitting caffeine intake altogether is also highlighted. Methodology: To compose this review, more than seventy research and review articles were overviewed that were published over a period of last twenty years, using Google Scholar search engines. Results: Caffeine regular use causes physical dependence which may become the caffeine withdrawal sign that can consequently harm normal working. The most important function of caffeine is that it can reversibly blocks the adenosine performance on its receptor and as a result which prevent the beginning of drowsiness encouraged by adenosine. Caffeine also stimulates certain portions of the autonomic nervous system symptom including fatigue, drowsiness, depressed mood, headache, difficulty concentrating, decreased energy, decreased contentedness, decreased alertness, irritability and unclear headed. Conclusion: It is concluded that utilization of caffeine in a prescribed dose can have good impact on health and may decrease addictive symptoms. Additionally, reducing caffeine dosage over a six week period guides to successful, long-term caffeine cessation with very few side effects.

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Dengue: a new challenge for neurology

Neurology International ◽

10.4081/ni.2012.e15 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 15 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

Marzia Puccioni-Sohler ◽

Marco Orsini ◽

Cristiane N. Soares

Keyword(s):

Dengue Infection ◽

Hemorrhagic Fever ◽

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis ◽

Neurological Complications ◽

Immunoglobulin M ◽

Neurological Manifestations ◽

Dengue Vaccine ◽

Autoimmune Reaction ◽

Viral Antigens ◽

The World

Dengue infection is a leading cause of illness and death in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Forty percent of the world’s population currently lives in these areas. The clinical picture resulting from dengue infection can range from relatively minor to catastrophic hemorrhagic fever. Recently, reports have increased of neurological manifestations. Neuropathogenesis seems to be related to direct nervous system viral invasion, autoimmune reaction, metabolic and hemorrhagic disturbance. Neurological manifestations include encephalitis, encephalopathy, meningitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, myelitis, acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, polyneuropathy, mononeuropathy, and cerebromeningeal hemorrhage. The development of neurological symptoms in patients with positive Immunoglobulin M (IgM) dengue serology suggests a means of diagnosing the neurological complications associated with dengue. Viral antigens, specific IgM antibodies, and the intrathecal synthesis of dengue antibodies have been successfully detected in cerebrospinal fluid. However, despite diagnostic advancements, the treatment of neurological dengue is problematic. The launch of a dengue vaccine is expected to be beneficial.

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Advances and new insights in the neuropathogenesis of dengue infection

Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria ◽

10.1590/0004-282x20150074 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 73 (8) ◽

pp. 698-703 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Marzia Puccioni-Sohler ◽

Carolina Rosadas

Keyword(s):

Animal Model ◽

Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽

Nervous System ◽

Dengue Virus ◽

Murine Model ◽

Vaccine Development ◽

Dengue Infection ◽

Neurological Complications ◽

Neurological Manifestations ◽

Viral Antigens

Dengue virus (DENV) infects approximately 390 million persons every year in more than 100 countries. Reports of neurological complications are more frequently. The objective of this narrative review is to bring up the advances in the dengue neuropathogenesis. DENV can access the nervous system through blood-brain barrier disturbance mediated by cytokine. The blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier seems to be also involved, considering the presence of the virus in the CSF of patients with neurological manifestations. As for neurotropism, several studies showed the presence of RNA and viral antigens in brain tissue and CSF in humans. In murine model, different virus mutations were associated to neurovirulence. Despite the advances in the dengue neuropathogenesis, it is still necessary to determine a more appropriate animal model and increase the number of cases of autopsy. The detection of neurovirulence markers may contribute to establish a prognosis, the disease control and vaccine development.

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COVID-19 Lockdown and Lifestyles – A Narrative Review

10.20944/preprints202011.0532.v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Sathyanarayanan Doraiswamy ◽

Sohaila Cheema ◽

Ahmad Al Mulla ◽

Ravinder Mamtani

Keyword(s):

Disease Transmission ◽

Social Connectedness ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Lifestyle Factors ◽

Primary Objective ◽

Lessons Learned ◽

Narrative Review ◽

World Health ◽

The World ◽

The Impact

Background: The primary objective worldwide during the COVID-19 pandemic has been controlling disease transmission. However, lockdown measures used to mitigate transmission have affected human behavior and altered lifestyles, with a likely impact on chronic non-communicable diseases. More than a year into the pandemic, substantial peer-reviewed literature has emerged on altered lifestyles following the varying lockdown measures imposed globally to control the virus spread. Objective: To explore the impact of lockdown measures on the six lifestyle factors, namely diet, physical activity, sleep, stress, social connectedness, and the use of tobacco, alcohol, or other harmful substances.Methods: We comprehensively searched PubMed and the World Health Organization’s global literature database on COVID-19 and retrieved 649 relevant articles for the narrative review. A critical interpretative synthesis of the articles was performed.Results: Most of the articles included in the review identified the negative effect of lockdown measures on each of the lifestyle factors in many parts of the world. Interestingly, encouraging lifestyle trends were also highlighted in a few articles. Such trends can positively influence the outcome of lifestyle-related chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes.Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic provides an opportunity to better understand the negative impact of strict lockdown measures on lifestyles. At the same time, it helps us identify and initiate positive behavioral changes, which, if consolidated, could improve chronic disease outcomes. It is up to governments, communities, and healthcare/academic entities to derive benefit from lessons learned from the pandemic, with the ultimate objective of better educating and promoting healthy lifestyles among communities.

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Neurological complications during HIV infection

10.37349/ent.2021.00004 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jose Martinez-Navio

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Hiv Infection ◽

Neurological Complications ◽

Factors Influencing ◽

Antiretroviral Therapies ◽

Immunodeficiency Virus ◽

The World ◽

Infection Mechanisms ◽

The Central Nervous System

Early in the course of infection, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is able to enter the central nervous system where it stablishes a permanent reservoir. Current antiretroviral therapies do not efficiently cross the blood-brain barrier and therefore do not reach the HIV located in the central nervous system. Consequently, HIV infection can often be associated with neurocognitive impairment and HIV-associated dementia. The purpose of this review is to brief the reader into the world of neurological complications arising from HIV infection. Mechanisms by which HIV directly or indirectly impairs the central nervous system are discussed, as well as other factors influencing or contributing to the impairment, and the animal models currently used to perform research on the topic.

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