scholarly journals Glutamine use in feeding juvenile pirarucu, Arapaima gigas (Schinz, 1822)

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (5) ◽  
pp. 1789-1796
Author(s):  
A.P.S. Ramos ◽  
J.R. Luz ◽  
J.F.B. Melo ◽  
L.G.T. Braga
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Glutamine Supplementation ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Fish Nutrition ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Anterior Portion ◽  
Intestinal Villi ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Arapaima Gigas

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate glutamine supplementation effects on variables of growth performance, body composition, intestinal morphology and enzymatic aspects of juvenile Arapaima gigas. Research was conducted at the Fish Nutrition and Feeding Laboratory, where 60 examples of pirarucu (initial average weight of 82.12g) were distributed over 15 polyethylene tanks (310L), in a completely randomized design, with five treatments and three repetitions (four fish per experimental unit). Experimental diets were prepared containing five inclusion levels of the amino acid glutamine (0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0%), supplied three times a day for 45 days. Quadratic effect was observed for the variables of growth performance, weight gain, food consumption, food conversion, and specific growth and protein efficiency rates. A significant effect was observed on intestinal villi at the height of the anterior portion and on activity of the enzyme’s alkaline proteases, lipase, amylase and aspartate aminotransferase. However, glutamine supplementation had no significant effect on survival rate. Inclusion of 1.02% of glutamine in the diets of juvenile pirarucu improved growth performance and influenced intestinal villi height and activity of important digestive enzymes, favoring nutrient digestion and absorption.

scholarly journals Alternatives to antibiotics in diets of weaned piglets

2017 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Soraia Viana Ferreira ◽  
Lívia Maria dos Reis Barbosa ◽  
Marcos Henrique Soares ◽  
Camila Schultz Marcolla ◽  
Débora Muratori Holanda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Acids ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Intestinal Morphology ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Design

ABSTRACT: This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of growth promoter additives an alternative to antibiotics on performance, intestinal morphology and on microbiota of 21-to-35-day-old piglets. A total of 160 commercial crossbred piglets (males and females) with initial weight of 6.10±0.709kg were allotted in a completely randomized design with five treatments: Basal diet - Negative Control (NC); Basal diet + antibiotic (PC); Basal diet + mannanoligosaccharides (MOS); Basal diet + organic acids (OA), Basal diet + mannanoligosacharides + organic acids (MOS+OA), eight replicates and four piglets per experimental unit. The inclusion of additives in the diets had no effect (P>0.05) on the final average weight of piglets. Similarly, no effects (P<0.05) were observed on average daily feed intake and on average daily weight gain. The feed conversion improved (P<0.01) with the inclusion of additives in the diets compared to piglets fed with the NC. There was no effect (P>0.05) of the dietary additives on intestinal morphology and microbiota composition (enterobacteria and lactobacilli). Use of antibiotics, prebiotics, organic acids or prebiotics associated with organic acids in the diet improves feed conversion of piglets from 21 to 35 days of age. The additives have no major effects on piglets’ intestinal morphology and microbiota.

scholarly journals Interaction of dietary protein and energy-protein ratio on growth performance of snakehead Channa striata

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 70-79
Author(s):  
Hani Wijianti ◽  
Muhammad Agus Suprayudi ◽  
Nur Bambang Priyo Utomo ◽  
Dedi Jusadi
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Protein Ratio ◽  
Dietary Level ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Excellent Growth ◽  
Channa Striata

ABSTRACTThe study proposed to discover the optimum protein content and energy-protein ratio in practical diet for snakehead, Channa striata. The experiment applied complete randomized design, consisted of six treatments with four replications on each treatment. The treatments were: A (32.5%; 11.82 kcal GE/g), B (32.5%; 13.32 kcal GE/g), C (37.17%; 10.64 kcal GE/g), D (37.33%; 12.07 kcal GE/g), E (43.08%; 10.02 kcal GE/g), and F (42.88%; 10.66 kcal GE/g). Snakehead with average weight of 6.21 ± 0.03 g were reared for 8 weeks. The treatments showed significant results. Increased protein dietary level had increased the growth rate and treatment with high energy-protein ratio at the same protein dietary level provided better growth performance. However, increased energy-protein ratio at E and F treatments caused a decline in growth performance. The improvement of energy-protein dietary ratio had positive correlation with the level of lipid and protein content in fish body. Similar finding was found in liver and muscle glycogen. The results also showed that the increament of energy-protein dietary ratio was significantly and positively correlated with cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL, glucose, and albumin, yet it had no significant effect on LDL. It can be concluded that excellent growth performance was achieved by protein dietary level of 37.33% and energy-protein ratio of 12.07 kcal GE/g.Keywords: energy-protein ratio, growth, snakehead ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh kadar protein dan rasio energi-protein pakan buatan yang optimum bagi performa pertumbuhan ikan gabus. Penelitian ini mengaplikasikan rancangan acak lengkap dengan 6 perlakuan, yaitu: A (32,78%;11,82  kkal GE/g), B (32,56%;13,32 kkal GE/g), C (37,17%:10,64 kkal GE/g), D (37,33%:12,07 kkal GE/g), E (43,08%:10,02 kkal GE/g), dan F (42,88%:10,66 kkal GE/g) dan masing-masing terdiri 4 ulangan. Bobot rata-rata ikan gabus yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu 6,21 ± 0,03 g dan dipelihara selama 8 minggu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan kadar protein pakan meningkatkan laju pertumbuhan, dan perlakuan dengan rasio energi-protein tinggi pada level protein pakan yang sama memberikan kinerja pertumbuhan yang lebih baik. Namun demikian, pada perlakuan E dan F, peningkatan rasio energi-protein menyebabkan penurunan kinerja pertumbuhan. Peningkatan rasio energi-protein pakan berkorelasi positif terhadap kadar lemak dan protein tubuh ikan. Hal yang sama juga terjadi pada glikogen hati dan otot. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa peningkatan rasio energi-protein pakan berpengaruh nyata (P<0,05) dan  berkorelasi positif terhadap kolesterol, trigliserida, HDL, dan albumin, tetapi tidak berpengaruh nyata terhadap LDL  (P>0.05). Kesimpulan yang didapat adalah kinerja pertumbuhan optimal dihasilkan oleh kadar protein pakan 37,33% dan rasio energi protein pakan 12,07 kkal GE/g.Kata kunci: albumin, energi, ikan gabus, pertumbuhan, protein 

scholarly journals Pengembangan pemakaian hasil samping agroindustri berbahan dasar jagung sebagai alternatif bahan baku pakan ikan kerapu tikus Cromileptes altivelis

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 116
Author(s):  
Muhammad Agus Suprayudi ◽  
Dedy Yaniharto ◽  
Hasan Abidin ◽  
Nur Bambang Priyo Utomo ◽  
Dedi Jusadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Performance Indicator ◽  
Stocking Density ◽  
Protein Digestibility ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feed Formulation ◽  
Randomized Design

<p>ABSTRACT</p><p><br />This experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of by product of corn ethanol industry, DDGS (distiller dried grain with soluble) and hominy as feed raw material on digestibility and the growth performance of humpback grouper Cromileptes altivelis juvenile. Three experimental diets containing isoprotein (48%) but different in DDGS contain were used. Diet A containing 0% of DDGS and hominy while diet B and C containing 10.13% (6.13% of DDGS and 4% of hominy) and 19.05% (15.05% of DDGS and 4% of hominy). Reduce of fish meal level in the diet was happen as a consequence of balancing amino acid. For digestibility experiment and Cr2O3 at level of 0.05% was used as a tracer. The feces were daily collected 30‒60 minutes after feeding for 14 days. Dry matter and protein were used as digestibility parameters. Completely randomized design with three treatments and two replicates was used in this experiment. Humpback grouper with an average weight of 11‒14 g were reared at floating net cages (FNG) of 3×2×1.5 m3. The stocking density for each cage was 167 fish/FNG and reared for six months. For digestibility measurement 30 fish were held in cylindrical fiber tank filled with 800 L of sea water. Fish were fed three times daily at satiation level. For maintaining net in a clean condition net was changed in every ten days. Feed consumption, digestibility of protein and total, growth performance indicator i,e specific growth rate, feed efficiency protein and lipid retention were used as evaluating parameters. The results showed that the fish fed with diet containing DDGS (6.13%) dan hominy (4%), at the level of 10.13% (diet B), shows similar growth performance indicators with the fish fed diet A (0% of DDGS and hominy) and the growth performance indicator was higher when being compared to those fish fed diet C (containing 19.05% of DDGS (15.05%) and hominy (4%)) (p&lt;0.05). More over the inclusion of DDGS and hominy at the level of 10,13% give no negatif impact to feed palatability (shown by total feed consumption value) and digestibility of protein. The increasing level of DDGS and hominy more than 10% reduced palatability and protein digestibility. Based on this research, DDGS and hominy can be used up to 10% in the feed formulation of humpback grouper</p><p><br />Keywords: digestibility, growth performance, DDGS, hominy, humpback grouper, Cromileptes altivelis</p><p><br />ABSTRAK</p><p><br />Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi pemanfaatan limbah jagung dari industri etanol dalam bentuk distillate dried grain with soluble (DDGS) dan homini sebagai bahan baku pakan terhadap kinerja pertumbuhan ikan kerapu bebek Cromiliptes altivelis. Ikan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah juvenil ikan kerapu bebek berukuran 11‒14 g. Ikan dipelihara dalam karamba jaring apung yang berukuran 3×1,5×2 m3 dengan kepadatan 167 ekor/jaring. Ikan diberi pakan sampai kenyang sebanyak dua kali sehari. Untuk menjaga agar jaring tetap bersih maka dilakukan pergantian jaring setiap satu sampai dua minggu sekali. Ikan dipelihara selama lima bulan dan setiap bulan dilakukan sampling. Tiga macam pakan digunakan dalam penelitian ini dengan kadar protein 47% dan rasio energi protein 10 kkal/g protein. Pakan A adalah pakan yang tidak mengandung DDGS dan homini, pakan B mengandung DDGS 6,13% dan 4% (total 10,13%), dan pakan C mengandung DDGS 15,05% dan Homini 4% (total 19,5%). Untuk mengevaluasi ketercernaan nutrien maka kromium oksida (Cr2O3) digunakan sebagai penelusur. Penelitian ketercernaan dilakukan di laboratorium dengan menggunakan fiber dengan volume 800 L. Rancangan acak lengkap dengan tiga perlakuan dan dua ulangan digunakan dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai ketercernaan nutrien tidak berbeda sampai total kadar DDGS dan homini 10,13% (pakan B) dan peningkatan DDGS serta homini sampai 19,05% (pakan C) menurunkan nilai ketercernaan. Ikan yang diberi pakan dengan DDGS sebesar 10,13% (pakan B) memiliki nilai efisiensi pakan, sintasan, laju pertumbuhan spesifik, konsumsi pakan dan retensi protein yang sama dengan pakan tanpa DDGS (pakan A), akan tetapi nilai-nilai tersebut lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan ikan yang diberi pakan B (p&lt;0,05). Retensi lemak ikan yang diberi pakan B memiliki nilai yang lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan ikan yang diberi pakan A dan C. Dari penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa DDGS dan homini dapat digunakan sebagai bahan baku pakan ikan kerapu bebek sampai level 10,13% (DDGS 6,13% dan homini 4%).<br /><br />Kata kunci: pertumbuhan, ketercernaan, DDGS, homini, ikan kerapu bebek, Cromileptes altivelis</p>

scholarly journals Effect of duckweed meal dietary inclusion on growth performance and survival of African catfish fingerlings

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 84-104
Author(s):  
Yuniel Méndez ◽  
Yenny Torres ◽  
Yilian Pérez ◽  
Misleidi Romás ◽  
Edilmar Cortés
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Absolute Growth ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Lemna Perpusilla

Currently, the use of unconventional food sources in the inclusion of fish diets is cause of great interest. The growth performance of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) was evaluated, with the inclusion of duckweed meal (Lemna perpusilla) in four levels (0, 6, 12 and 18 %) in the diet. African catfish with an average weight of 1.27 ± 0.03 g, were distributed in a completely randomized design, with 16 experimental cages (four replicates/treatment). The fingerlings were fed for 48 days of experimentation. An analysis of variance and a Duncan´s test were performed. No significant differences were found (p< 0.05) for the first two levels evaluated, but with the rest there were differences, as the percentage of inclusion of the duckweed meal in the ration increased. Final weight was decreasing, as well as absolute growth rate, increase in daily weight, feed conversion ratio and food efficiency. Survival throughout the experiment was between 72 y 65 % in all treatments. The inclusion of duckweed meal in the diet did not affect the parameters of water quality. It was concluded that the L. perpusillase meal can be included up to 12 % in diets for African catfish fingerlings, without affecting the growth performance.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary glutamine supplementation associated with threonine levels in the intestinal mucosa of broilers challenged with Eimeria sp. from 22 to 42 days of age

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 1239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jovanir Inês Müller Fernandes ◽  
Alice Eiko Murakami ◽  
Anete Rorig ◽  
Heloísa Laís Fialkowski Bordignon ◽  
Mayra Vissotto Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Glutamine Supplementation ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Ileal Mucosa ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Reduced Crude Protein ◽  
Completely Randomized Design ◽  
Mucosal Morphology

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of glutamine and threonine supplementation on the ileal mucosa of broilers aged 21-42 days. Six-hundred and forty-one-day old chicks of the Cobb Slow lineage were utilized in this study. From 1 to 21 days of age, the chicks received a commercial diet; and after 22 days, the broilers were distributed in a completely randomized design in a 2 ? 4 factorial scheme (challenge and diet), with 4 replications and 20 chicks per experimental unit. At 22 days of age, the challenged broilers received a commercial vaccine against coccidiosis. A commercial diet was utilized as control and three other diets were formulated with reduced crude protein (-3%), and were corrected with the addition of glutamine (Gln) and glutamic acid (Glu) as non-specific nitrogen sources, and finally supplemented with L-Threonine (Thr) at 0.70, 0.80, and 0.85% digestible threonine, respectively. At 28 days of age, diets with Gln/Glu + Thr resulted in greater ileal villi lengths. Challenge with Eimeria sp. reduced the number of goblet cells and increased the duodenal and jejunal crypt depths. At 42 days of age, an interaction was observed between diet and challenge in relation to ileal villi length; better results were observed in the challenged broilers that received 0.85% Gln/Glu + Thr. The mucosal morphology in the ileal villi extremities was preserved in the challenged broilers that received higher Thr levels in their diets. The results suggested that the inclusion of glutamine and threonine affected the morphometry and mucosa of the ileum, thereby improving the mucosal quality.

scholarly journals The Suitability of Moringa oleifera Leaf Meal Supplementation to Commercial Diets on the Growth and Survival of Oreochromis niloticus Fry

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Romeo D. Caturao ◽  
Michel R. Atilano ◽  
Rexie B. Urbina
Keyword(s):  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Fish Nutrition ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Commercial Diet ◽  
Leaf Meal ◽  
Commercial Diets ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Significant Difference

Proper fish nutrition and adequate feeding are necessary for high fish production. The study was conducted to determine the suitability of M. oleifera leaf meal supplementation to commercial diets on the growth performance of Oreochromis niloticus fry until fingerling size. Seven experimental diets were used with three replicates each arranged in a complete randomized design. Treatments 1, 3 and 5 were given commercial diets only, treatments 2, 4, and 6 with 10% M. oleifera leaves and 90% commercial diets. Treatment 7 was the control with rice bran. Each treatment was stocked with 50 fry with an average weight of 1.76+0.112 and an average length of 47.65+1.78 and feed for two months. Data gathered were analyzed using the One-Way ANOVA to determine significant difference among treatments. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to determine the significant difference between treatment means. All test used 0.05 level of significance. Results showed significant differences among treatments. Treatment 4 had the highest average weight of 6.83+0.145 g, an average length of 65.97+0.251 mm, and survival rate of 86.0+2.646% after eight weeks of culture. Growth and survival of Oreochromis niloticus could be enhanced by adding 10% dried M. oleifera leaf meal supplementation to commercial diet.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PEMBERIAN BERBAGAI POLLARD TEROLAH TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN ORGAN PENCERNAAN AYAM BROILER UMUR 7 MINGGU

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 101-110
Author(s):  
Cahya Setya Utama ◽  
Bambang Sulistiyanto ◽  
T. A. Wicaksono
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Digestive Organs ◽  
Research Material ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Completely Randomized Design

The study aimed to examine the effect of using pollard in rations on the growth of proventricular, ventricular, duodenal, jejunal and ileal organs in 7-week-old broiler chickens. The research material used 200 broiler chickens aged 7 weeks with an average weight of 859 ± 59 g with each experimental unit consisting of 8 - 9 tails. The design used was a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 3 replications. Treatment is given (T0 = Comersial feeds, T1 = Feed with pollard without processing, T2 = Feed with pollard treated physically, T3 = Feed with pollard treated physically and biologically, and T4 = Feed with pollard treated physically and biology 60%) and 3 replications. Based on the results of the study it can be concluded that the administration of pollard treated physically and biologically has not been able to increase all the relative weights of the digestive organs of broiler chickens aged 7 weeks. In the proventriculus organ, the treatment can increase the relative weight of broiler digestive organs, but the relative weight of the proventriculus produced is still relatively normal. Measurement of broiler chicken organ weight needs to be done per week to determine the rate of increase in the relative weight of the optimal digestive organs, so that the maximum data on the growth of broiler organs are obtained optimally

scholarly journals Evaluación De Tres Niveles De Mananos Oligosacáridos (Sacharomices Cerevisae) En Los Parámetros Productivos Y Salud Intestinal En Pollos De Engorde En El Cantón Babahoyo, Provincia De Los Ríos, Ecuador

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Ricardo Zambrano Moreira ◽  
Juan Carlos Gómez Villalva ◽  
Johns Rodríguez Álava ◽  
Hugo Alvarado Álvarez ◽  
Luis Quezada Gallardo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Intestinal Villi ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Statistical Program ◽  
The Mean

The objective of this research was to evaluate different levels of mannans oligosaccharides (MOs) in productive parameters and intestinal health in broilers. Two hundred and forty one-day-old broiler chickens (Ross 308 line) were used during a 6-week experimental period. A completely randomized design with four treatments and six replicates was used. The evaluated levels were 0.0 kg t-1 (T0); 0.5 kg t-1 (T 1); 1 kg t-1 (T2) and 1.5 kg t-1 (T3). For the mean comparisons, a Tukey test (P≤0.05) was used. The source of oligosaccharide mannans derived from the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and it was added to the commercial balanced feed. Productive parameters, intestinal villi and economic performance (costbenefit) were evaluated. The data was analyzed with the statistical program SAS V9 (2012). At 42 days of the test, T2 reached the highest average weight of 2455.48 g. For feed consumption, the mean average for T0, T1, T3 and T2 were 4342.63 g, 4304.5 g, 4254.32 g and 4216.80 g respectively. T2 had higher weight gain compare to the control group, 535.70 and 388.84 g, respectively. Feed conversion was higher for T2 (1.71) compared to the control group (1.85). T1 obtained had a carcass yield of 75.89%. Mortality did not show significant differences (P≥ 0.05). Length and width (μm) of the intestinal villi were different (P≤0.05) among treatments, at 21 days of, T3 showed the longest (1939.74 μm) and widest (326.03 μm) measures at the duodenum site. The economic analysis, all the treatments were profitable results, although T1 had the highest cost-benefits ($ 1.30).

scholarly journals Pengaruh kepadatan kandang dan pembatasan ransum terhadap performans produksi dan tingkat cekaman pada Ayam Broiler

Cassowary ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-208
Author(s):  
Paskalis Robinson ◽  
Muh. Affan Mu’in ◽  
Irba Unggul Warsono
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Experimental Unit ◽  
Average Weight ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feed Cost ◽  
Randomized Design ◽  
Commercial Feed ◽  
Density Factor ◽  
Chicken Farm

This study aims to determine the interaction between cage density with dietary restrictions on ration consumption, growth, feed conversion, carcass percentage, abdominal fat, heterophile-lymphocyte ratio and broiler chicken's Income Over Feed Cost. The research lasted for 2 months in the Cage of  Broiler Chicken Farm SMK Negeri I Nabire. The research material used was 135 DOC unsex Cobb strain (CP 707) with an average weight of 42.5 grams / head; commercial feed starter BR1 CP 511 B and finisher BR2 CP 512 B and 27 units of battery cages. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design factorial pattern (3 x 3). Factor I is enclosure density with 3 levels, namely K1 (3 animals / 0.5 m2), K2 (5 animals / 0.5 m2) and K3 (7 animals / 0.5 m2) and Factor II is restriction on ration with 3 levels namely R1 (100% according to ad libitum requirements), R2 (85%) and R3 (70%) given at 4-5 weeks of age. Each treatment combination was repeated 3 times to obtain 27 experimental unit units. The results showed there was no interaction between cage density factors with dietary limitation factors for all observational variables. But the cage density factor, significantly (P <0.05) shows that the denser the cage the lower the consumption of rations and the percentage of abdominal fat in broilers. Whereas the restriction factor of the ration, significantly (P <0.05) indicates that the higher the percentage of restriction ration the lower the ration consumed and the higher Income Over Feed Cost (the greater the business income of broiler chickens obtained) despite the indication of stress in broilers with a high average heterophyll-lymphocyte (H / L) ratio of  2.44.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document