scholarly journals Phytotoxins eliminated by milk: a review

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 231-237
Author(s):  
José Radmácyo G. Lopes ◽  
Franklin Riet-Correa ◽  
Rosane M.T. Medeiros
Keyword(s):  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Storage Disease ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Indolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Toxic Plants ◽  
Repetitive Exposure ◽  
Skeletal Defects ◽  
Risk Of Exposure ◽  
Hepatic Lesions ◽  
Ipomoea Asarifolia

ABSTRACT: Milk is a complex emulsion of lipids suspended in aqueous protein solution that can be a carrier of various contaminants, but generally it is not an important route of toxic excretion. The main problem is chronic repetitive exposure, as it occurs with ingestion of toxic plants and its potential danger to animals that consume the milk. Previously reported hazardous phytotoxins eliminated by milk include: indolizidine alkaloids, causing oligosaccharide storage disease; piperidine alkaloids, causing acute poisoning or malformations; pyrrolizidine alkaloids, which cause hepatic lesions; quinolizidine alkaloids, as a cause of skeletal defects; glucosinolates, which cause changes in the thyroid; tremetol (or tremetone), which causes a disease characterized by tremors in animals and milk sickness in humans; sodium monofluoracetate, which causes the death of kids after ingestion of colostrum from goats that have ingested Amorimia septentrionalis during gestation; ptaquiloside, which induces carcinogenesis in animals that ingest milk or derivatives produced by animals that have ingested Pteridium spp. Ipomoea asarifolia, which contains indole diterpenes causing tremors in suckling pups. Chrysocoma ciliata causes alopecia in suckling pups, but its toxic compound is still unknown. Knowledge about the risk of exposure to these substances via milk and its dissemination are important for veterinary and human health.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Nine Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Senecio vulgaris L. Depending on Developmental Stage and Season

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jens Flade ◽  
Heidrun Beschow ◽  
Monika Wensch-Dorendorf ◽  
Andreas Plescher ◽  
Wim Wätjen
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Senecio Vulgaris ◽  
Horticultural Crops ◽  
Toxic Plants ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Noxious Weed

The contamination of phytopharmaceuticals and herbal teas with toxic plants is an increasing problem. Senecio vulgaris L. is a particularly noxious weed in agricultural and horticultural crops due to its content of toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs). Since some of these compounds are carcinogenic, the distribution of this plant should be monitored. The amount of PAs in S. vulgaris is affected by various factors. Therefore, we investigated the occurrence of PAs depending on the developmental stage and season. A systematic study using field-plot experiments (four seasons, five developmental stages of the plants: S1 to S5) was performed and the PA concentration was determined via LC-MS/MS analysis. The total amount of PAs in the plant increased with the plant development, however, the total PA concentrations in µg/g dry matter remained nearly unchanged, whilst trends for specific PAs were observed. The concentrations of PA-N-oxides (PANOs) were much higher than that of tertiary PAs. Maximal amounts of the PA total were 54.16 ± 4.38 mg/plant (spring, S5). The total amount of PAs increased strongly until later developmental stages. Therefore, even small numbers of S. vulgaris may become sufficient for relevant contaminations set out by the maximal permitted daily intake levels recommended by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).

A brief overview of acute poisoning in sheep

Livestock ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (6) ◽  
pp. 292-299
Author(s):  
Nicola Bates
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Death ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Therapeutic Index ◽  
Acute Poisoning ◽  
Narrow Therapeutic Index ◽  
Cardiac Effects ◽  
Vipera Berus ◽  
Toxic Plants ◽  
Quercus Spp ◽  
Plant Exposure

Acute poisoning in sheep can occur following ingestion of toxic plants, including plants that they may eat normally such as ivy (Hedera spp.) and plants they avoid unless other forage is unavailable. Poisoning with plants containing grayanotoxins (Pieris and Rhododendron spp.) is very common in sheep, particularly when the weather is poor and they are hungry. Oak (Quercus spp.) poisoning is also relatively common in sheep, particular in years with a heavy acorn crop. Numerous plants contain cardiac glycosides and are a potential risk to sheep. Sudden death is frequently the first signs of plant toxicosis in livestock. Bites from adders (Vipera berus berus) may also occur in sheep but are likely to be underreported as the actual biting event is not witnessed. Envenomation may result in swelling and haematological, renal, hepatic and cardiac effects. Overdosage of drugs with a narrow therapeutic index may also be a risk. One such example is closantel which can result in blindness. Management of acute poisoning in sheep is supportive including removal from exposure, and providing analgesia, rehydration and potentially a rumenotomy for plant exposure in valuable animals.

scholarly journals Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Adenostyles alliariae and A. glabra from the Austrian Alps

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1501000
Author(s):  
Remigius Chizzola
Keyword(s):  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Alkaloid Content ◽  
Main Compound ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
Austrian Alps ◽  
Toxic Plants ◽  
Alkaloid Fraction ◽  
Stems And Leaves ◽  
Alkaloid Contents

The alkaloid content of Adenostyles alliariae and A. glabra (Asteraceae) has been evaluated. Both species contain toxic macrocyclic unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids with seneciphylline as the main compound accounting for more than 90% of the alkaloid fraction in all above ground plant parts. Further alkaloids were spartioidine, acetyl-senciphylline and senecionine. Inflorescences showed the highest alkaloid contents with 21.1 and 13.4 mg/g in A. alliariae and A. glabra, respectively. Stems and leaves had 2–3 times lower contents. Therefore, these Adenostyles species must be considered as highly toxic plants.

scholarly journals Intoxication by Astragalus garbancillo var. garbancillo in llamas

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-470
Author(s):  
Raul E. Marin ◽  
Juan F Micheloud ◽  
Nilda D. Vignale ◽  
Eduardo J. Gimeno ◽  
Donal O’Toole ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Storage Disease ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Lysosomal Storage Diseases ◽  
Clinical History ◽  
Lysosomal Storage ◽  
Cell Degeneration ◽  
Nervous Disease ◽  
Indolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Axonal Spheroids

Lysosomal storage diseases are inherited and acquired disorders characterized by dysfunctional lysosomes. Intracytoplasmic accumulation of undegraded substrates leads to impaired cellular function and death. Several plant species are toxic to livestock because of the presence of indolizidine alkaloids, including swainsonine, which cause a storage disease. Swainsonine-induced nervous disease (i.e., locoism) of sheep and cattle is well recognized in several parts of the world, particularly in the western United States and in parts of Australia. Spontaneous intoxication by Astragalus garbancillo var. garbancillo was suspected in a group of 70 llamas ( Lama glama) in Jujuy Province, northwestern Argentina. The animals grazed an area dominated by stands of A. garbancillo var. garbancillo. Clinical signs were staggering, ataxia, hypermetria, and progressive weight loss. The clinical course in individual animals was ~50 d. The main microscopic changes were Purkinje cell degeneration, necrosis, and loss, associated with intracytoplasmic vacuolation, meganeurite formation, and Wallerian degeneration. Specific positive labeling for ubiquitin was observed in axonal spheroids. Composite leaf and stem samples of A. garbancillo var. garbancillo analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography contained 0.03% swainsonine. Based on the microscopic lesions, clinical history, and plant analysis, a diagnosis was made of storage disease caused by consumption of swainsonine-containing A. garbancillo var. garbancillo.

scholarly journals A survey of Senecio spp. affecting livestock in Uruguay and their associated pyrrolizidine alkaloid content

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Agustín García ◽  
Carmen García y Santos ◽  
Juan Rosas ◽  
Fernando Dutra ◽  
Dale Gardner
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factor ◽  
Species Identification ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids ◽  
Pyrrolizidine Alkaloid ◽  
Main Species ◽  
Toxic Plants ◽  
Grazing Cattle ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Grazing Livestock ◽  
Common Environmental Factor

ABSTRACT: In Eastern Uruguay there has been a significant increase of seneciosis in grazing livestock with most affected localities related to counties neighboring the Brazilian border. A survey in 28 farms associated with poisoning outbreaks in grazing cattle in Eastern Uruguay was carried out. Fifty populations of Senecio plants were collected for alkaloid analysis and species identification. Four species were identified: S. oxyphyllus DC, S. madagascariensis Poir, S. brasiliensis (Spreng.) Less., and S. selloi DC. Alkaloids were identified by a combination of GC-MS and HPLC-MS analysis and included: retrorsine in S. oxyphyllus; retrorsine, usaramine, and senecivernine/senecionine in S. selloi; retrorsine, senecivernine/senecionine, integerrimine, and usaramine in S. madagascariensis; and integerrimine, retrorsine and senecionine in S. brasiliensis. Total mean alkaloid concentration was reported to be highest in S. brasiliensis (17.6mg/g) followed by S. oxyphyllus (6.2mg/g), S. selloi (1.8mg/g) and S. madagascariensis (0.6mg/g). Alkaloid concentrations were also reported to be higher in 2015 vs. 2016 probably due to a common environmental factor. The species S. oxyphyllus and S. madagascariensis were not previously recognized as toxic plants in Eastern Uruguay. Particularly, S. oxyphyllus was present in 82% of the farms surveyed and occurred in high density with relative high concentrations of pyrrolizidine alkaloids suggesting S. oxyphyllus may be the main species involved in the reported outbreaks of seneciosis.

scholarly journals Toxic plants affecting the nervous system of ruminants and horses in Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 37 (12) ◽  
pp. 1357-1368 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franklin Riet-Correa ◽  
Rosane M.T. Medeiros ◽  
James A. Pfister ◽  
Fabio S. Mendonça
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Differential Diagnosis ◽  
Prosopis Juliflora ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Poisonous Plants ◽  
Neurologic Diseases ◽  
Northeastern Region ◽  
Toxic Plants ◽  
Marajó Island ◽  
Ipomoea Asarifolia

ABSTRACT: This review updates information about neurotoxic plants affecting ruminants and equidae in Brazil. Currently in the country, there are at least 131 toxic plants belonging to 79 genera. Thirty one of these poisonous plants affect the nervous system. Swainsonine-containing plants (Ipomoea spp., Turbina cordata and Sida carpinifolia) cause numerous outbreaks of poisoning, mainly in goats, but cattle and horses are occasionally affected. The poisoning by Ipomoea asarifolia, a tremorgenic plant, is very common in sheep, goats and cattle in the Northeastern region and in the Marajo island. Poisoning by the pods of Prosopis juliflora are frequent in cattle in Northeastern Brazil; occasionally this poisoning affects goats and more rarely sheep. Some poisonings by plants, such as Hybanthus calceolaria, Ipomoea marcellia and Talisia esculenta in ruminants and Indigofera lespedezioides in horses were recently described and needs to be accurately investigated about its occurrence and importance. Other plants poisonings causing nervous signs in ruminants and equidae are less important, but should be considered for the differential diagnosis of neurologic diseases.

Origin of Hepatic Nuclear Inclusion Bodies

1973 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 426-427
Author(s):  
F. G. Zaki ◽  
J. A. Greenlee ◽  
C. H. Keysser
Keyword(s):  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Storage Disease ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Nutritional Deficiencies ◽  
Nuclear Inclusion ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Human Liver Cells ◽  
Microscopic Studies ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Experimental Liver

Nuclear inclusion bodies seen in human liver cells may appear in light microscopy as deposits of fat or glycogen resulting from various diseases such as diabetes, hepatitis, cholestasis or glycogen storage disease. These deposits have been also encountered in experimental liver injury and in our animals subjected to nutritional deficiencies, drug intoxication and hepatocarcinogens. Sometimes these deposits fail to demonstrate the presence of fat or glycogen and show PAS negative reaction. Such deposits are considered as viral products.Electron microscopic studies of these nuclei revealed that such inclusion bodies were not products of the nucleus per se but were mere segments of endoplasmic reticulum trapped inside invaginating nuclei (Fig. 1-3).

The diagnosis of metabolic storage disease in skin biopsies (a light-, electronmicroscopic, and analytical study)

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 648-649
Author(s):  
W. Jurecka ◽  
W. Gebhart ◽  
H. Lassmann
Keyword(s):  
Storage Disease ◽  
Hunter Syndrome ◽  
Histochemical Demonstration ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Type I ◽  
Storage Material ◽  
Scheie Syndrome ◽  
Storage Products ◽  
Skin Biopsies ◽  
Type V

Diagnosis of metabolic storage disease can be established by the determination of enzymes or storage material in blood, urine, or several tissues or by clinical parameters. Identification of the accumulated storage products is possible by biochemical analysis of isolated material, by histochemical demonstration in sections, or by ultrastructural demonstration of typical inclusion bodies. In order to determine the significance of such inclusions in human skin biopsies several types of metabolic storage disease were investigated. The following results were obtained.In MPS type I (Pfaundler-Hurler-Syndrome), type II (Hunter-Syndrome), and type V (Ullrich-Scheie-Syndrome) mainly “empty” vacuoles were found in skin fibroblasts, in Schwann cells, keratinocytes and macrophages (Dorfmann and Matalon 1972). In addition, prominent vacuolisation was found in eccrine sweat glands. The storage material could be preserved in part by fixation with cetylpyridiniumchloride and was also present within fibroblasts grown in tissue culture.

Mitochondria microcrystals deposition in some inherited diseases of lipid metabolism.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-257
Author(s):  
S. Laoussadi ◽  
A. Kahan ◽  
G. Aubouy ◽  
F. Delbarre
Keyword(s):  
Synovial Tissue ◽  
Storage Disease ◽  
Metabolic Diseases ◽  
Uranyl Acetate ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Ii ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Lipid Storage Disease ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Mean Size

Several patients with Fabry's, Gaucher's diseases and hyperlipoproteinemia type II and with arthropatic manifestations were observed.As no histological explanation for these symptoms was available,an ultrastructural study of synovial tissue was done to establish an anatomoclinical relation.Material and Methods :synovial membrane samples were obtained by needle biopsies of the knee from three patients with arthropatic manifestations of each disease.They were fixed in 5% glutaraldehyde, postfixed in 1% osmium tetraoxyde and embedded in Epon 812. Thin sections coloured by uranyl acetate and lead citrate were observed with an Elmiskop I Siemens electron microscope.Two important phenomena were observed in synovial tissue:Specific patterns of each lipid storage disease,which are now well known.In all the three metabolic diseases, hydroxyapatite-like crystals were found. They are characterized by their intramitochondrial localization, without any relation with cristae,an anarchic disposition and a mean size of 550 A.Crystals may be found also free in the cytoplasm of synoviocytes Some micrographs suggest an evolution in four steps :a. mitochondria with only a few microcrystalsb. mitochondria stuffed with these structuresc. disruption of mitochondria membranesd. microcrystals appear free in the cytoplasm

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