scholarly journals Cross-sectional survey for canine leptospirosis in an Atlantic Rainforest area of the semiarid of Paraíba state, Northeastern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria G.S. Bernardino ◽  
Diego F. Costa ◽  
Denise B. Nogueira ◽  
Maria L.C.R. Silva ◽  
Edijanio G. Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Leptospira Spp

ABSTRACT: Leptospirosis is a worldwide zoonosis caused by the bacteria Leptospira spp. that affects humans, domestic and wild animals. The present work aimed to conduct a cross-sectional survey for leptospirosis in the canine population of the Brejo Paraibano microregion, semiarid of Northeastern Brazil. From May to October 2017, blood samples from 414 dogs were collected in the counties of Alagoa Grande (n=100), Areia (n=79), Bananeiras (n=72), Alagoa Nova (n=73), Serrraria (n=25), Pilões (n=25), Borborema (n=20) and Matinhas (n=20). The tutors of the sampled dogs answered an epidemiological questionnaire, obtaining information about the animals, owner, residence and breeding of the dogs. Subsequently, the serum samples were subjected to the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), using a collection of 23 serovar pathogenic antigens and using the 1:50 dilution as the cutoff point. Of the 414 dogs analyzed 52 were seroreactive, resulting in an apparent prevalence of 12.6% and a real prevalence of 12.2%. Seroreactive dogs were found in the eight counties. Dogs were reactive for the serogroups Icterohaemorrhagiae (76.9%), Autumnalis (13.55%), Pomona (3.8%), Grippotyphosa (3.8%) and Serjoe (1.9%) Antibody titers ranged from 50 to 800. The statistical analysis (robust Poisson regression) detected six factors associated with seropositivity, including the rainy season (prevalence ratio; PR=1.94, P=0.013), male dogs (PR=2.10, P=0.005), animals with age greater than five years (PR=4.21, P=0.012), consumption of untreated water (PR=1.87, P=0.043), free access of dogs to street (PR=2.15, P=0.011) and contact with wildlife (PR=3.54, P=0.050). The serogroup Icterohaemorrhagiae has a high zoonotic potential and was the most frequent in seropositive animals. The high real prevalence of Leptospira spp. in a transmission region of the semiarid region of Paraíba and the occurrence of seroreactive animals in all the counties suggest wide distribution of the infection and reinforce the need for preventive measures to avoid infection in pets and, consequently, to humans. The analysis of factors associated with the prevalence suggest greater manegment cares with the dogs.

scholarly journals Epidemiological characterization and risk factors associated with leptospirosis and brucellosis in small ruminants sold at animal fair in the Sertão Region of Pernambuco State, a semiarid Region of Northeastern Brazil

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 1933 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Romero Alexandre Alves ◽  
Geilson Manoel de Souza Lima ◽  
José Dêvede da Silva ◽  
Diego Figueiredo da Costa ◽  
Fabrine Alexandre dos Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Management System ◽  
Small Ruminants ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Intensive Management ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Leptospira Spp

The transit of infected animals may be a route for the introduction and dispersal of diseases, which necessitates protocols for the controlled entry of infected animals into herds. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anti-Leptospira and anti-Brucella ovis antibodies in small ruminants sold at an animal fair in the Sertão region of the Pernambuco State, Northeastern Brazil, and to identify the possible risk factors associated with seropositivity. Serum samples were collected from 233 goats and 119 sheep, belonging to twelve different owners from November 2014 to June 2015. Diagnosis of Leptospira spp. infection was established using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT); for B. ovis infection, the agar gel immuno-diffusion (AGID) test was conducted. A total of 16/233 (6.87%; 95% CI = 4.27% – 10.83%) goats and 16/119 (13.45%; 95% CI = 8.67% – 21.24%) sheep were identified as seropositive for Leptospira spp. The most frequent serotype was Icterohaemorrhagiae. In goats, intensive management system (odds ratio = 15.8; p < 0.001) and consorted rearing of equines and goats (odds ratio = 7.3; p = 0.005) were identified as risk factors. There were no risk factors identified for sheep. Seven (5.88%; 95% CI = 2.88% – 11.65%) sheep were seropositive for B. ovis, and the intensive management system was identified as the risk factor (odds ratio = 11.5; p = 0.005). This suggests that Leptospira spp. and B. ovis infections occur in small ruminants commercialized in the Sertão region of the Pernambuco State. Thus, improvements to the sanitary conditions of the facilities and the control of synanthropic rodents are recommended.

scholarly journals Risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii seroprevalence in goats in the State of Paraíba, Brazil

2012 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 399-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina de Sousa Américo Batista Santos ◽  
Sérgio Santos de Azevedo ◽  
Herbert Sousa Soares ◽  
Severino Silvano dos Santos Higino ◽  
Hilda Fátima de Jesus Pena ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Toxoplasma Gondii ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Dairy Goat ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Dairy Goats ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Seropositive Animal

A cross-sectional study based on planned sampling was carried out to determine flock-level risk factors associated with Toxoplasma gondii antibody prevalence in dairy goat flocks in a semiarid region of northeastern Brazil. Serum samples from 975 adult dairy goats from 110 flocks were examined by indirect immonufluorescent antibody test (IFAT), using cut-off point at 1:64 dilution. From the 110 flocks, 77 presented at least one seropositive animal, corresponding to a prevalence of 70% (95% CI: 60.5-78.4%). Out of the 975 animals, 177 (18.1%; 95% CI = 15.8-20.7%) tested positive. The presence of toxic plants (OR = 5.11; P = 0.045) and the fact that goat breeding is not the main activity on the farm (OR = 3.34; P = 0.014) were identified as risk factors. The results of the present study showed evidence of the presence of T. gondii infection in dairy goats from a semiarid region of northeastern Brazil using planned sampling. Further studies are needed to elucidate the importance of the identified risk factors in the epidemiology of the infection.

scholarly journals HBV and HCV serological markers in patients with the hepatosplenic form of mansonic schistosomiasis

2011 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jéfferson Luis de Almeida Silva ◽  
Veridiana Sales Barbosa de Souza ◽  
Tatiana Aguiar Santos Vilella ◽  
Ana Lúcia C. Domingues ◽  
Maria Rosângela Cunha Duarte Coêlho
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Univariate Analysis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Serological Markers ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated

CONTEXT: Blood transfusion is one of the major risk factors for the transmission of the hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) viruses. However, there are no reports describing the endoscopic transmission of these viruses in patients with the hepatosplenic form of schistosomiasis. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of serological markers of HBV and HCV in patients with the hepatosplenic form of schistosomiasis and evaluate the possible risk factors associated with these infections. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 230 patients with hepatosplenic form of schistosomiasis who attended a university hospital in Recife, Northeastern Brazil, from February to August 2008. The patients answered a standardized questionnaire about risk factors. Serum samples were analyzed for anti-HBc total, anti-HBs, HBsAg, and anti-HCV using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Univariate analysis and multiple logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: The prevalence was 30% for anti-HBc total and/or HBsAg and 7.4% for anti-HCV. There was a higher frequency of the serological markers in females and in patients aged .50 years. A significant association was detected between the presence of anti-HCV and the receipt of six or more blood transfusions. There was no association of history and number of digestive endoscopies with the serological markers analyzed. CONCLUSIONS: We observed a higher prevalence of serological markers for HBV and a lower prevalence of anti-HCV. Our results indicate that females and patients of an advanced age are the most affected categories and that patients that received multiple transfusions are at a higher probability of HCV infection.

scholarly journals Sero-prevalence of anti-Leptospira antibodies and associated risk factors in rural Rwanda: A cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. e0009708
Author(s):  
Etienne Ntabanganyimana ◽  
Robert Giraneza ◽  
Vincent Dusabejambo ◽  
Appolinaire Bizimana ◽  
Camila Hamond ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Infection ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Associated Risk Factors ◽  
Asymptomatic Subjects ◽  
Crop Farmer

Background Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease transmitted through the urine of wild and domestic animals, and is responsible for over 50,000 deaths each year. In East Africa, prevalence varies greatly, from as low as 7% in Kenya to 37% in Somalia. Transmission epidemiology also varies around the world, with research in Nicaragua showing that rodents are the most clinically important, while studies in Egypt and Chile suggest that dogs may play a more important role. There are no published studies of leptospirosis in Rwanda. Methods & findings We performed a cross-sectional survey of asymptomatic adults recruited from five occupational categories. Serum samples were tested using ELISA and Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT). We found that 40.1% (151/377) of asymptomatic adults had been exposed to Leptospira spp. Almost 36.3% of positive subjects reported contact with rats (137/377) which represent 90.7% among positive leptospira serology compared with 48.2% of negative subjects (182/377) which represent 80.5% among negative leptospira serology (OR 2.37, CI 1.25–4.49) and 1.7 fold on prevalence ratio and 2.37 of odd ratio. Furthermore, being a crop farmer was significantly associated with leptospirosis (OR 2.06, CI 1.29–3.28). We identified 6 asymptomatic subjects (1.6%) who met criteria for acute infection. Conclusions This study demonstrates a high prevalence of leptospiral antibodies infection among asymptomatic adults in rural Rwanda, particularly relative to neighboring countries. Although positive subjects were more likely to report rat contact, we found no independent association between rats and leptospirosis infection. Nonetheless, exposure was high among crop farmers, which is supportive of the hypothesis that rats together with domestic livestock might contribute to the transmission. Further studies are needed to understand infecting Leptospira servers and elucidate the transmission epidemiology in Rwanda and identify means of host transmitters.

scholarly journals Cross-sectional survey for toxoplasmosis in free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) from the Atlantic Forest area in Alagoas state, Northeastern Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Beatriz Maria de Almeida Braz ◽  
Bruna Catarina de Oliveira Feitosa ◽  
Elton Amorim Romão ◽  
Edson Moura da Silva ◽  
José Wilton Pinheiro Júnior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Seropositive Animal

Abstract Toxoplasmosis is a parasitic disease, which is prevalent across the world and has a strong environmental component in its transmission chain. The present study determined the seroprevalence and factors related to Toxoplasma gondii infection among free-range chickens from an Atlantic Forest area in Northeastern Brazil. A total of 550 free-range chickens were tested for T. gondii antibodies usingthe indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT, cut-off point 1:16), and 269 (48.9%; 95% CI = 44.7-53.1%) were positive. Among the 61 properties 57 (93.4%) had at least one seropositive animal. The robust Poisson regression model showed that the variables/categories associated with the seroprevalence of T. gondii were: region of origin of the animals/urban area (prevalence ratio [PR] = 2.346; P<0.001), management system/use of cages (PR = 1.591; P = 0.019), presence of rodents/yes (PR = 1.295; P = 0.035), and the type of food/use of food scraps (PR = 1.603; P = 0.009). The high prevalence found suggest that this scenario demands careful management, mainly regarding the use of scraps of undercooked or raw food, adequate environmental hygiene and frequent rodentcontrol.

scholarly journals Missed opportunities in tuberculosis investigation and associated factors at public health facilities in Uganda

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Keith Twirire Kakame ◽  
Noel Namuhani ◽  
Andrew Kazibwe ◽  
Felix Bongomin ◽  
Joseph Baruch Baluku ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Missed Opportunities ◽  
Public Health Facilities ◽  
Factors Associated

Abstract Background The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is high in Uganda; yet, TB case detection is low. The population-based survey on the prevalence of TB in Uganda revealed that only 16% of presumptive TB patients seeking care at health facilities were offered sputum microscopy or chest-X ray (CXR). This study aimed to determine the magnitude of, and patient factors associated with missed opportunities in TB investigation at public health facilities of Wakiso District in Uganda. Methods A facility-based cross-sectional survey was conducted at 10 high volume public health facilities offering comprehensive TB services in Wakiso, Uganda, among adults (≥18 years) with at least one symptom suggestive of TB predefined according to the World Health Organisation criteria. Using exit interviews, data on demographics, TB symptoms, and clinical data relevant to TB diagnosis were collected. A missed opportunity in TB investigation was defined as a patient with symptoms suggestive of TB who did not have sputum and/or CXR evaluation to rule out TB. Poisson regression analysis was performed to determine factors associated with missed opportunities in TB investigation. Results Two hundred forty-seven (247) patients with presumptive TB exiting at antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinics (n = 132) or general outpatient clinics (n = 115) at public health facilities were recruited into this study. Majority of participants were female (161/247, 65.2%) with a mean + SD age of 35.1 + 11.5 years. Overall, 138 (55.9%) patients with symptoms suggestive of TB disease did not have sputum and/or CXR examinations. Patients who did not inform health workers about their TB related symptoms were more likely to miss a TB investigation (adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR): 1.68, 95%CI; 1.36–2.08, P < 0.001). However, patients who reported duration of cough of 2 weeks or more were less likely to be missed for TB screening (aPR; 0.69, 95%CI; 0.56–0.86, p < 0.001). Conclusion There are substantial missed opportunities for TB diagnosis in Wakiso District. While it is important that patients should be empowered to report symptoms, health workers need to proactively implement the WHO TB symptom screen tool and complete the subsequent steps in the TB diagnostic cascade.

Clinicoepidemiological profile and risk factors associated with mortality in traumatized cats admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital in Brazil

2021 ◽  
pp. 1098612X2110280
Author(s):  
Débora C Nascimento ◽  
João M Costa Neto ◽  
Manuela S Solcà ◽  
Alessandra Estrela-Lima ◽  
Vivian F Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Scale Score ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Chest Trauma ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Emergency Procedures

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate possible risk factors for death in traumatized cats based on the clinicoepidemiological profile, the Animal Trauma Triage (ATT) scale score and the Modified Glasgow Coma Scale (MGCS) score at the time of presentation to the hospital. Methods This was a cross-sectional study involving cats admitted to the emergency sector (ES) and the surgical clinic sector (SCS) of a veterinary teaching hospital (VTH) in northeastern Brazil over a 12-month period (2018–2019). Probable risk factors associated with non-survival after trauma were analyzed by calculating the prevalence ratio. The prediction of non-survival was evaluated by analyzing the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve employing the ATT scale score, MGCS score and rectal temperature. Results In 1 year, 89 traumatized cats were admitted to the VTH, of which 90% (n = 80) were young, 54% (n = 48) were male, 79% (n = 70) were intact, 59% (n = 53) were indoor cats and 92% (n = 82) were considered as mixed breed. Blunt trauma was the most prevalent cause of injuries, reported in 76% (n = 68) of the cats. Accidents involving falls (30%; n = 27) that affected the pelvic limbs (50.6%) were the most commonly reported. The prevalence of death among cats admitted to the ES was 9.44 times higher than that of animals treated at the SCS. Trauma as result of being run over and chest trauma were associated with a higher probability of death. Most of the animals that died had a lower rectal temperature than those that survived. The ATT scale score, MGCS score and rectal temperature were predictive of mortality. Conclusions and relevance Rectal temperature, ATT scale score and MGCS score were effective predictors of an unfavorable prognosis and point to the need for emergency procedures. Hypothermia, being run over and chest trauma were associated with a higher risk of mortality. Our findings highlight the importance of prompt and effective care for these conditions.

scholarly journals A Serological Survey of Akabane Virus Infection in Cattle in Sudan

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amira M. Elhassan ◽  
Mohammed E. A. Mansour ◽  
Awadia A. A. Shamon ◽  
A. M. El Hussein
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Prevalence Rate ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Akabane Virus ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated

A cross-sectional survey was carried out in ten states in Sudan to determine seroprevalence and to assess risk factors associated with Akabane virus (AKAV) infection in dairy herds. Serum samples were collected from a total of 361 dairy cattle and tested for antibodies against AKAV using ELISA. The prevalence rates of AKAV antibodies in cattle varied between 69.6% in Khartoum state and 3.3% in Sennar State with an overall prevalence rate of 29.4%. The prevalence rates of AKAV antibodies were significantly associated with breed being high in crossbred (39.9%; P<0.001); female sex (33%; P<0.001), and animals in the age group of 2-3 years old (45.3%; P<0.001). Akabane virus antibodies prevalence was also highly associated with locality (P<0.001); season being high in winter season (58.1%; P<0.001); and animals raised under intensive management system (37%; P<0.001). Among 68 cases suffering from reproductive (abortion and infertility) problems the prevalence rate of AKAV antibodies in animals with infertility problem (76.2%; P<0.03) was significantly higher than in animals with abortion (48.9%). The study revealed that AKAV infection is highly prevalent in dairy cattle in Sudan and this calls for control strategy to be implemented.

scholarly journals Zoonotic smooth and rough Brucella in dogs: seroprevalence and associated factors in an Atlantic Rainforest area of the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria das Graças da Silva Bernardino ◽  
Edijanio Galdino da Silva ◽  
Denise Batista Nogueira ◽  
Débora Ferreira dos Santos Angelo ◽  
Vanda Teixeira Jales Diniz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Wide Distribution ◽  
The State ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Atlantic Rainforest ◽  
Confirmatory Test ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Robust Poisson Regression

ABSTRACT: Canine brucellosisis an infectious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, with world wide distribution and zoonotic impact, and in humans and animals is a neglected disease. In the present study, the sero prevalence of B. canis and B. abortus were determined in a probabilistic sample of housed dogs from the Atlantic Rainforest area of the state of Paraíba, Brazil, and the factors associated with sero positivity. A total of 386 dogs over three months of age were used. For the search for anti-B.canis antibodies the agar gel immune diffusion test (IDGA) was used as a screening and IDGA+2ME as confirmatory test, and to search for anti-B. abortus antibodies the Rose Bengal test (RBT) test was used. Apparent and real prevalences were calculated, and robust Poisson regression was used to identify factors associated with prevalence. The real prevalence fB. Canis was 12.6% and of B. abortus was 22.8%. The factors associated with sero positivity for B. canis were age greater than 10 years (prevalence ratio; PR = 6.38; P = 0.024) and dogs reared in they ard (PR = 5.20; P = 0.035) and for B. abortus was no treplacement of water of animals everyday (PR = 1.48; P = 0.033). It can be concluded that the prevalence of B. canis and B. Abortus in the region is high, which warns to the adopting of control and prevention measures, as well as greater care in the management of animals, especially for elderly dogs.

Prevalence and determinant factors of exclusive breastfeeding practices among mothers in Marrakesh province, Morocco: A cross- sectional survey

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Soufiane El Moussaoui ◽  
Kamal Kaoutar ◽  
Ahmed Chetoui ◽  
Abdeslam El Kardoudi ◽  
Fatiha Chigr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Exclusive Breastfeeding ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Breastfeeding Practices ◽  
Survey Report ◽  
Duration Of Breastfeeding ◽  
Breastfeeding Practice

BACKGROUND: Exclusive breastfeeding is the best form of nutrition for infants during the first 6 months of life. Nevertheless, the practice of breastfeeding is currently declining throughout the world. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) practice and its associated factors among mothers living in Marrakesh province, Morocco. METHODS: The data were collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding practice. RESULTS: Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 50.2%. Mothers with age more than 30 years, residing in rural area, receiving counseling related breastfeeding during antenatal follow up and having knowledge about duration of breastfeeding were more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding than their counterparts. CONCLUSION: Although the prevalence of breastfeeding in Marrakesh was higher than the last national survey report but it is still insufficient. These findings have to stress authorities and deciders to sensitize mothers and future mothers to increase exclusive breastfeeding practice notably through the involvement of health professionals.

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