scholarly journals Fruit yield and bacterial wilt symptoms on eggplant genotypes grown in soil infested with Ralstonia solanacearum

2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 453-457 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivani T Oliveira ◽  
Carlos A Lopes ◽  
Andrea B Moura
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Soil Characteristics ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Infested Area ◽  
Leaf Chlorosis ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Tolerant Genotype

Fruit yield and bacterial wilt symptoms of eggplant genotypes CNPH006, CNPH171, CNPH658, CNPH778, CNPH783, and CNPH785 were quantified in soil naturally infested with Ralstonia solanacearum(race 1, biovar 3) in Brasília, Brazil.Exceptfor CNPH778, all genotypes developed at least one typical wiltedplant. Besides wilt,other symptoms considered for assessing levels of tolerance/resistance among genotypes wereplant death (CNPH006, CNPH171, CNPH658 and CNPH783), leaf chlorosis(CNPH785) and plant dwarfing (all genotypes). The occurrence of bacterial ooze on cut stems was observed in all plants grown in infested beds, including those that did not exhibit wilt symptoms. Plants grown simultaneouslyin noninfested beds of the same dimensions and soil characteristics allowed the comparison ofyield losses due to the pathogen. The genotypes were grouped according to their ability to maintain fruit production in the infested area. CNPH785 was the most tolerant genotype, with no significant loss due to the disease,followed by CNPH783, CNPH778 and CNPH171, with mean losses of 19.3%, 11.4%, and 10.1%, respectively. The genotypes CNPH658 and CNPH006 were the most susceptible, with average losses of 99.53 and 99.32%, respectively.

scholarly journals Screening Cultivated Eggplant and Wild Relatives for Resistance to Bacterial Wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum)

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namisy ◽  
Chen ◽  
Prohens ◽  
Metwally ◽  
Elmahrouk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Moderately Resistant ◽  
Phylotype I

Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is highly diverse and the identification of new sources of resistance for the incorporation of multiple and complementary resistance genes in the same cultivar is the best strategy for durable and stable resistance. The objective of this study was to screen seven accessions of cultivated eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) and 40 accessions from 12 wild relatives for resistance to two virulent R. solanacearum strains (Pss97 and Pss2016; phylotype I, race 1, biovar 3). The resistant or moderately resistant accessions were further evaluated with Pss97 in a second trial under high temperatures (and also with Pss2016 for S. anguivi accession VI050346). The resistant control EG203 was resistant to Pss97, but only moderately resistant to Pss2016. One accession of S. sisymbriifolium (SIS1) and two accessions of S. torvum (TOR2 and TOR3) were resistant or moderately resistant to Pss97 in both trials. Solanum anguivi VI050346, S. incanum accession MM577, and S. sisymbriifolium (SIS1 and SIS2) were resistant to Pss2016 in the first trial. However, S. anguivi VI050346 was susceptible in the second trial. These results are important for breeding resistant rootstocks and cultivars that can be used to manage this endemic disease.

scholarly journals Reaction of Capsicum peppers commercialized in the Federal District to bacterial wilt

2018 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurício Rossato ◽  
Thais R. Santiago ◽  
Carlos Alberto Lopes
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Capsicum Frutescens ◽  
Capsicum Baccatum ◽  
Main Species ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Resistant Group ◽  
Phylotype I

ABSTRACT In Brazil, the bacterial pathogens Ralstonia solanacearum and R. pseudosolanacearum cause substantial losses by inducing bacterial wilt on several solanaceous crops; R. pseudosolanacearum is the main species associated with peppers (Capsicum sp.). To verify the bacterial wilt reaction on Capsicum peppers commercialized in the Federal District (DF), fruits of several genotypes within this genus were collected from six different fairs distributed in the satellite cities of Gama, Sobradinho and Guará. Seedlings with four true leaves derived from seeds extracted from such fruits were root inoculated with 108 CFU/mL with a representative isolate of R. pseudosolanacearum (race 1, biovar 3, phylotype I, sequevar 18). The evaluated species were: Capsicum frutescens (‘pimenta-malagueta’), Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum (‘pimenta-dedo-de-moça’) and C. chinense (‘pimenta-de-bode’ red and yellow, ‘pimenta-cumarí-do-Pará’, ‘pimenta-biquinho’, ‘pimenta-habanero’ and ‘pimenta-de-cheiro’). Not all species were found in all six fairs. The reaction to bacterial wilt was variable and species-dependent. From 26 evaluated genotypes, none presented an immune-like response, 10 were considered resistant and 16 susceptible based on wilt incidence (Scott-Knott, 5%). Four Capsicum baccatum accesses were positioned in the resistant group, whereas 14 out of 18 of C. chinense were susceptible. Capsicum frutescens showed variable reactions. These results contribute to indicate cultivation of specific groups of pepper according to the presence of the pathogen in the soil.

scholarly journals Tomato grafting onto Solanaceae genotypes to control bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum Smith 1896)

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lívia Tálita da Silva Carvalho ◽  
Danilo Mesquita Melo ◽  
Pablo Forlan Vargas ◽  
Helane Cristina Aguiar Santos ◽  
Jessica Vasconcelos Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Productive Performance ◽  
Preventive Control ◽  
Tomato Production ◽  
Natural Infestation ◽  
Grafting Onto

ABSTRACT The tomato cultivation in the Amazon is not feasible mainly due to the natural infestation of Ralstonia solanacearum in the soil. Preventive control through grafting has been one of the main alternatives to manage this problem. This study aimed to evaluate the compatibility of Solanaceae genotypes as rootstocks for 'Santa Clara' tomato, aiming to control the bacterial wilt. Five rootstocks were evaluated: cubiu; red jurubeba; jurubebão; commercial hybrid tomato rootstock Guardião; and 'Santa Clara' tomato (self-grafting). In the seedling phase, characteristics of rootstock survival rate and compatibility were evaluated; while, in the field, that happened for survival rate, compatibility and fruit yield. In the seedling phase, Guardião and red jurubeba showed the best performances. In the field, red jurubeba presented a low compatibility, although it obtained the best productive performance among the wild rootstocks. Guardião obtained the best compatibility and yield among the studied rootstocks. Grafting is a viable technique for tomato production under soil-borne disease conditions.

scholarly journals Bacterial Wilt of Solanaceae Caused by Ralstonia solanacearum Race 1 Biovar 3 in Mali

Plant Disease ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. T. Thera ◽  
B. J. Jacobsen ◽  
O. T. Neher
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Solanum Tuberosum L ◽  
Solanum Melongena ◽  
Potato Seed ◽  
Relative Distribution ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Race 1

Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) Yabuuchi et al. causes bacterial wilt worldwide on a wide range of plant species. In Mali, the disease is commonly found on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum var. esculentum L.), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.), and peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Determination of race and biovar is critical for development of potato seed certification programs for management of the disease. Isolates (25) of R. solanacearum were obtained from wilting potato, pepper, eggplant, tobacco, and tomato plants collected from fields near Baguineda, Sonityeni, Sotuba, Sikasso, and Kolikoro. Isolations were made from bacterial streaming by dilution plating on triphenyl tetrazolium chloride medium (TZC) (2). Characteristic colonies were selected and identified by ELISA or Immunostrips (Pathoscreen Rs, Agdia Inc., Elkhart, IN). These isolates were used in host range studies and hypersensitivity (HR) tests on tobacco (cv. xanthi) (3) and tested for their ability to produce acids on Ayers basal media amended with disaccharide and hexose alcohol carbon sources (1). These isolates caused characteristic wilt 40 days postinoculation on greenhouse-grown tobacco (cv. Xanthi), peanut (cv. 4610), and tomato (cv. Roma VF) plants when stems of five plants of each host were syringe inoculated with 0.1 ml of a 1 × 109 CFU/ml of bacteria. Plants inoculated with sterile distilled water remained symptomless and R. solanacearum was reisolated from infected plants on TZC and identified with Immunostrips. All HR tests were negative. Infection of peanut, tobacco, and tomato and the results of the HR tests indicated that all isolates were Race 1 and no significant variation was noted between isolates. Acid was produced from the hexose alcohols: mannitol, sorbitol, and dulcitol; and the disaccharides: cellobiose, lactose, and maltose. This indicated that all isolates were biovar 3, the same as a known Race 1 strain from tobacco (MSU Plant Pathology teaching collection) (1). To assess relative distribution of R. solanacearum, 20 soil samples collected from potato fields in the vicinity of Baguineda, Kati, Koulikoro, and Sikasso were placed in pots (30 × 25 cm) under shade cloth at the IER Station in Sotuba and planted with 30-day-old tobacco plants. After 90 days, infected plants (35 to 100% infection) were found in all soils. Infected plants exhibited classical wilt symptoms and tested positive for R. solanacearum infections as confirmed by Immunostrip tests. Six of nine surface water samples taken near potato fields in Baguineda, Sikasso, Mopti, and Koulikoro tested positive for the presence of R. solanacearum by an Agdia Inc. enrichment kit and ELISA. A weed, Commelina forskalaei (Vahl), collected by Farako creek near Sikasso tested positive in the Immunostrip test even though no symptoms were obvious. No attempt was made to characterize the race, biovar, or phylotype of the soil, water, and weed isolates. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the race and biovar of R. solanacearum from Mali has been reported and the wide distribution of this pathogen in Malian soils and surface water has been demonstrated. It is significant that we did not detect Race 3 biovar 2, which is subject to quarantine and biosecurity regulations. References: (1) A. C. Hayward. J. Bacteriol. 27:265, 1964. (2) A. Kelman. Phytopathology 44:693, 1954. (3) J. Lozano and L. Sequeira. Phytopathology 60:833, 1970.

scholarly journals Performance of Solanum phureja-derived bacterial-wilt resistant potato clones in a field naturally infested with Ralstonia solanacearum in Central Brazil

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (4) ◽  
pp. 411-416
Author(s):  
Carlos A Lopes ◽  
Agnaldo DF Carvalho ◽  
Arione S Pereira ◽  
Fernanda Q Azevedo ◽  
Caroline M Castro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Sources Of Resistance ◽  
Central Brazil ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Tuber Traits ◽  
High Level

ABSTRACT Bacterial wilt (BW), or brown rot, caused by the soil and seed borne bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum, is one of the most devastating diseases of potatoes cultivated in warmer regions of the world. There are no potato cultivars with a desirable level of BW resistance, although it has been recognized that resistance can be an outstanding component for disease management. However, the sources of resistance available lack agronomic traits required by potato growers, therefore being of little interest to breeders. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of 11 clones selected for BW resistance and improved for tuber traits upon selection in the last two decades. The clones under test were compared with susceptible and resistant clones and cultivars, in a completely randomized blocks design with three replications of single lines of 10 plants, in a field naturally infested with race 1, biovar 1, phylotype II of R. solanacearum. BW incidence was assessed 60-70 days after planting and total tuber yield in each plot was recorded 110 days after planting. All the evaluated clones presented higher levels of resistance to BW compared with the commercial varieties, not differing from the resistant, not commercial, controls. In a next step, these clones will be characterized for other desirable traits and those which combine high level of resistance and commercial characteristics will be recommended for breeders for enriching the genotypic background in the search for commercial varieties. We also confirmed that the cultivar BRSIPR Bel displays an intermediate level of resistance, what makes it an interesting genitor for its good agronomic characteristics. The findings of this work demonstrate that the improved potato clones selected under tropical conditions in the Embrapa’s pre-breeding project possess high and stable levels of resistance to bacterial wilt, being a valuable resource for breeders.

Ralstonia solanacearum (bacterial wilt of potato).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebrahim Osdaghi
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Infected Plant ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Plant Materials ◽  
Weed Host ◽  
Race 1

Abstract Ralstonia solanacearum is included in the A2 (high risk) list of quarantine organisms by the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO). EPPO Code for R. solanacearum is RALSSO, while the phytosanitary categorization of the species in EPPO A2 list is no.58, EU: I/A2 (EPPO, 2018). Bacterial wilt disease was first reported in southern USA in the late nineteenth century on tomato plants (Smith, 1896). Infected plant materials (e.g. potato tubers) transmit the pathogen over long distances; hence, quarantine inspections and plant sanitary practices are the cornerstone of disease management (EPPO, 2018). R. solanacearum strains in the race 3 group are a select agent under the US Agricultural Bioterrorism Protection Act of 2002 (USDA, 2005). Peculiarly, the organism, if not yet already present in North America in pelargonium (Strider et al., 1981), was introduced with cuttings of this host by American companies producing these cuttings for their markets in countries like Kenya and Guatemala (Norman et al., 1999, 2009; Kim et al., 2002; Williamson et al., 2002; O'Hern, 2004). A similar situation led to introductions of the pathogen from Kenya into some northern European nurseries. Once the source (contaminated surface water) was recognized and proper control measures (use of deep soil water, disinfection of cutting producing premises and replacement of mother stock), the problem was solved and the disease in greenhouses eradicated (Janse et al., 2004). Similarly race 1 has been introduced into greenhouses with ornamental plants (rhizomes, cuttings or fully grown plants) such as Epipremnum, Anthurium, Curcuma spp. and Begonia eliator from tropical areas (Norman and Yuen, 1998, 1999; Janse et al., 2006; Janse, 2012). Introduction can and did occur from Costa Rica and the Caribbean, Indonesia, Thailand and South Africa. However, this idea of placing pathogens on bioterrorist list for unclear and perhaps industry-driven reasons and its effects, is strongly opposed in a recent publication from leading phytobacteriologists. This is because R. solanacearum is an endemic pathogen, causing endemic disease in most parts of its geographic occurrence, moreover normal quarantine regulations are already in place where the disease is not present or only sporadically and are thought to be more efficient and less damaging to trade and research than placing this pathogen on select agent lists and treating it as such (Young et al., 2008). Peculiarly, it has been used in the control of a real invasive species, the weed kahili ginger (Hedychium gardenarium) in tropical forests in Hawaii. This is not without risks because strains occurring on this weed host were thought to be non-virulent, but later appeared to be virulent on many edible and ornamental ginger species as well (Anderson and Gardner, 1999; Paret et al., 2008). Another threat for these countries could be strains belonging to race 1, biovar 1 (phylotype I) that have already been reported from field-grown potatoes in Portugal (Cruz et al., 2008).

scholarly journals Control of Bacterial Wilt of Geranium with Phosphorous Acid

Plant Disease ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 90 (6) ◽  
pp. 798-802 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Norman ◽  
J. Chen ◽  
J. M. F. Yuen ◽  
A. Mangravita-Novo ◽  
D. Byrne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Phosphorous Acid ◽  
Phosphorus Pentoxide ◽  
In Vitro Growth ◽  
Potassium Salts ◽  
Active Portion ◽  
Race 1

Various bactericides were screened for efficacy in protecting geranium plants (Pelargonium hortorum) from Ralstonia solanacearum infection. Many of these bactericides were found to slow the disease progress; however, they were not able to protect the plants from infection and subsequent death. Potassium salts of phosphorous acid were found to be effective in protecting plants from infection when applied as a drench. The active portion of the potassium salts was found to be phosphorous acid (H3PO3). Phosphorous acid was found to inhibit in vitro growth of R. solanacearum. It is thought to be protecting plants from infection by acting as a bacteriostatic compound in the soil. The plants, however, are not protected from aboveground infection on wounded surfaces. Phosphorous acid drenches were shown to protect geranium plants from infection by either race 1 or 3 of R. solanacearum. Other phosphorous-containing products commonly used in the industry, such as phosphorus pentoxide (P2O5) and phosphoric acid (H3PO4), were not able to protect plants from bacterial wilt infection.

scholarly journals Isolation, identification and molecular characterization of Ralstonia solanacerum isolates collected from Southern Karnataka

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 886-893
Author(s):  
Kalavati Teli ◽  
H. M. Shweta ◽  
M. K. Prasanna Kumar ◽  
Bharath Kunduru ◽  
B. S. Chandra Shekar
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Pcr Primers ◽  
Pathogenicity Test ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Specific Pcr ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Species Specific

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is the major threat to tomato cultivation in all tomato growing areas of Karnataka.  R. solanacearum was isolated from the infected host plants collected from different locations of southern Karnataka. The identity of the isolates was established using morphological, biochemical, and molecular analysis using species specific PCR primers. The race and biovar specificity of pathogen was determined through pathogenicity test on different host plants and the ability of isolates to use carbohydrates, respectively. Phylotype classification was done by phylotype specific multiplex PCR using phylotype specific primers. All the bacterial isolates showed the characteristic creamy white fluidal growth with pink centre on the Tetrazolium chloride medium. Further, the isolates amplified at 280 bp, which confirmed the identity of pathogen as Ralstonia solanacearum. Our results showed that all isolates belonged to Race 1 of the pathogen. Among different isolates obtained, four isolates each were identified to be Biovar III and Biovar IIIA, repectively, while two isolates were identified as Biovar IIIB. All the ten isolates were affiliated to Phylotype I of Ralstonia solanaceraum species complex. These findings may help in devising the management practices for bacterial wilt of tomato in southern Karnataka.

scholarly journals Evaluation of brinjal varieties for yield, genetic variability and disease reaction grown as late rabi season crop in Assam

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Gogoi ◽  
N. Mazumder ◽  
Juri Talukdar
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Local Cultivars ◽  
Resistant Reaction ◽  
Marketable Fruit ◽  
Wilt Incidence

Five hybrid brinjal varieties viz., Ketan, Vijay Kiron, Utkal Green, NV2035 Sarpan Bharata and two local cultivars viz., JC-1, Longai were evaluated at Horticultural Research Station, Kahikuchi, Guwahati as late rabi crop during 2014-16. Significant variation in plant growth parameters and fruit yield as well as on bacterial wilt incidence (Ralstonia solanacearum) were shown by all the varieties.Utkal Green recorded the highest per plant fruit yield (2.32 kg/plant) leading to the maximum total marketable yield (469.66 q/ha) and longer active fruiting duration (43.70 days).It also showed resistant reaction to bacterial wilt, recording only 12.44 per cent wilt incidence as compared to other varieties where it was in the range of 34.44 to 62.22 % at 55 days after transplanting. Although, Ketan and Vijay Kiron recorded moderately higher per plant fruit yield of 1.52 and 1.47 kg/plant,respectively but their total marketable fruit production reduced substantially due to high incidence of bacterial wilt (62.22 and 57.78%, respectively).The local cultivars, JC-1 and Longai exhibited moderately resistant reaction to bacterial wilt which registered 40.00 and 34.44 % , respectively.

scholarly journals First Report of Ralstonia solanacearum Race 3 Biovar 2A Infecting Potato and Weeds in Mauritius

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (9) ◽  
pp. 1200-1200 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. H. R. Khoodoo ◽  
E. S. Ganoo ◽  
S. Saumtally
Keyword(s):  
Seed Potato ◽  
Bacterial Wilt ◽  
Ralstonia Solanacearum ◽  
Brown Rot ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Specific Primers ◽  
Bacterial Wilt Disease ◽  
Ecological Aspects ◽  
Race 1 ◽  
Specific Band

In October 2005 and September 2006, two outbreaks of bacterial wilt occurred in the south and north (90 and 95 m above sea level, respectively) of Mauritius, respectively, on different potato cultivars in seed potato fields. Symptoms were reported at harvest when profuse creamy exudates were observed oozing from the eyes of tubers. The brown appearance of the vascular rings, which was accompanied by extensive maceration, suggested potato brown rot. Severe symptoms with complete rotting of vascular tissues and oozing from heel ends of tubers were commonly observed. Ralstonia solanacearum has been regularly encountered for decades around the island, but before October 2005, all isolates belonged to Race 1 biovar 3. The pathogen was isolated from samples collected from the two outbreaks by plating on Kelman's medium amended with 100 ppm of polymixin B sulfate. Thirty-three isolates were obtained from stems and tubers of potato cvs. Spunta, Delaware, Atlantic, and Belle Isle, from soil samples, and weed hosts Solanum americanum, Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium, and Oxalis latifolia. These weeds, however, did not show symptoms of wilting or vascular browning, although oozing was observed when the stems were cut and placed in water. When reinoculated in tomato bioassays, 17 tested isolates caused wilting and were successfully reisolated, confirming Koch's postulates. All colonies were positive for Ralstonia by the Spot√Check LF test (Adgen, Ayr, UK) and by indirect plate-trapped antigen-ELISA (Agden) using monoclonal antibodies raised against Race 3 strains. Isolate biovar was determined by performing standard biochemical tests (1). All 33 isolates metabolized maltose, lactose, and cellobiose but not trehalose and the hexose alcohols dulcitol, mannitol, and sorbitol, thereby showing that they all belong to biovar 2 of Andean phenotype 2A. The final identification was performed by a PCR test using Race 1 specific primers PSIF and PSIR (4) and Race 3 specific primers 630 and 631 (3). The Race 3 specific band was amplified from all isolates while the Race 1 specific band was not. Assignment to biovar 2 was independently confirmed by CABI Identification Service, UK. R. solanacearum R3bv2 is distributed worldwide, occurring in temperate regions, subtropical areas, and at higher altitudes in the tropics, reportedly because of its lower temperature optimum. Brown rot is often disseminated by seed potato tubers that are latently infected by the pathogen (2). Seed potato fields typically undergo a 7-year crop rotation with sugar cane in Mauritius, so it is unlikely that the pathogen was present in these fields for a long time. The infection of weeds in these same fields was probably due to the movement of water contaminated by tuber exudates. Epidemiological results suggest that R. solanacearum R3bv 2A was recently introduced into Mauritius, although its origin is not known. Generally, R3bv2 strains around the world appear to be clonal and seem to be spreading rapidly into previously uninfested areas such as Mauritius. Stronger standards for seed potato testing may be needed to prevent a wide dissemination of R3bv2. References: (1) A. C. Hayward. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 27:265, 1964. (2) A. C. Hayward et al. Page 420 in: Bacterial Wilt Disease: Molecular and Ecological Aspects. P. Prior et al., eds. Springer, Berlin, 1998. (3) M. Fegan et al. Page 19 in: Bacterial Wilt Disease: Molecular and Ecological Aspects. P. Prior et al., eds. Springer, Berlin, 1998. (4) Y.-A. Lee et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67:3943, 2001.

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