Poverty: socioeconomic characterization at tuberculosis

This study aimed to evaluate the epidemiological status of Tuberculosis regarding to the socioeconomic characteristics of São José do Rio Preto between 1998 and 2004. Indexes estimated for 432 urban census tracts from the demographic census of 2000, sorted systematically according to the values of socioeconomic factors and grouped into quartiles were taken into account. The socioeconomic characterization was outlined based on Schooling, Income, and Number of Residents. The incidence rates were considered for 1998, 1999, 2003, and 2004. The socioeconomic factor accounted for 87% of the total variation. The disease prevalence is higher in the poorest areas. The incidence rate and the risk of being infected by TB in the poorest areas declined in 2003 and 2004. The results confirm that TB is determined by the population's living conditions in the city studied. It strengthens the relevance of understanding the TB conditional social factors to transform the worrisome scenario in which this population is inserted.

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The Porto Alegre paradox: social determinants and tuberculosis incidence

Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia ◽

10.1590/1809-4503201400060008 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 17 (suppl 2) ◽

pp. 88-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Lisiane Morelia Weide Acosta ◽

Sérgio Luiz Bassanesi

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Pulmonary Tuberculosis ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

High Rate ◽

Socioeconomic Indicators ◽

Porto Alegre ◽

High Incidence ◽

The City

INTRODUCTION: The incidence of tuberculosis (TB) is strongly associated with social and economic factors. The city of Porto Alegre, in the South of Brazil, has one of the highest Human Development Index and Gross Domestic Product per capita of the country. One would expect that the incidence of tuberculosis in such a place were low. However, the city has very high rates of incidence, the highest among Brazilian capitals. This paradox prompted this work, whose objectives were to analyze the spatial distribution of the incidence rate of bacilliferous pulmonary tuberculosis throughout the neighborhoods of Porto Alegre and its association with socioeconomic indicators. METHODS: Ecological non-concurrent cohort study. The units of analysis were the neighborhoods of the city. The average annual incidence of bacilliferous pulmonary tuberculosis for the period 2000 to 2005 and seven socioeconomic variables were analyzed, with information obtained from the IBGE and the Mortality Information System. Spatial techniques and multivariate analyzes were used to check associations. Inequalities were also measured. RESULTS: The spatial distribution of the incidence rate of bacilliferous pulmonary tuberculosis is very similar, i.e., associated with the distribution of socioeconomic factors. The Relative Index of Inequality was 7.9, showing the great difference in the incidence rate between neighborhoods. CONCLUSION: Porto Alegre presents high incidence rates of bacilliferous pulmonary tuberculosis, which distribution through the neighborhoods of the city is associated with socioeconomic factors. The city's high rate is due to the extremely high incidence rates in its poorest neighborhoods. The authors raise hypotheses and suggest interventions.

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COVID-19 among the inhabitants of the slums in the city of Buenos Aires: a population-based study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2020-044592 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. e044592

Author(s):

Alejandro Macchia ◽

Daniel Ferrante ◽

Gabriel Battistella ◽

Javier Mariani ◽

Fernán González Bernaldo de Quirós

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rate ◽

Buenos Aires ◽

Reporting System ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Health Reporting ◽

Rt Pcr ◽

Slum Dwellers ◽

Integrated Health ◽

The Impact ◽

The City

ObjectiveTo summarise the unfolding of the COVID-19 epidemic among slum dwellers and different social strata in the city of Buenos Aires during the first 20 weeks after the first reported case.DesignObservational study using a time-series analysis. Natural experiment in a big city.SettingPopulation of the city of Buenos Aires and the integrated health reporting system records of positive RT-PCR for COVID-19 tests.ParticipantsRecords from the Argentine Integrated Health Reporting System for all persons with suspected and RT-PCR-confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 between 31 January and 14 July 2020.OutcomesTo estimate the effects of living in a slum on the standardised incidence rate of COVID-19, corrected Poisson regression models were used. Additionally, the impact of socioeconomic status was performed using an ecological analysis at the community level.ResultsA total of 114 052 people were tested for symptoms related with COVID-19. Of these, 39 039 (34.2%) were RT-PCR positive. The incidence rates for COVID-19 towards the end of the 20th week were 160 (155 to 165) per 100 000 people among the inhabitants who did not reside in the slums (n=2 841 997) and 708 (674 to 642) among slums dwellers (n=233 749). Compared with the better-off socioeconomic quintile (1.00), there was a linear gradient on incidence rates: 1.36 (1.25 to 1.46), 1.61 (1.49 to 1.74), 1.86 (1.72 to 2.01), 2.94 (2.74 to 3.16) from Q2 to Q5, respectively. Slum dwellers were associated with an incidence rate of 14.3 (13.4 to 15.4).ConclusionsThe distribution of the epidemic is socially conditioned. Slum dwellers are at a much higher risk than the rest of the community. Slum dwellers should not be considered just another risk category but an entirely different reality that requires policies tailored to their needs.

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AVALIAÇÃO DE DIFERENTES TÉCNICAS ESPACIAIS PARA ANÁLISE DA OCORRÊNCIA DE DENGUE EM RIO CLARO-SP

REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE BIOMETRIA ◽

10.28951/rbb.v37i1.337 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Jacqueline DOMINGUES ◽

José Sílvio GOVONE

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Dengue Fever ◽

Spatial Models ◽

Census Tracts ◽

Sar Model ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City ◽

Simultaneous Autoregressive ◽

Municipal Health

In this paper we have developed a study of dengue fever in Rio Claro, São Paulo - Brazil. The Municipal Health Foundation of Rio Claro provided data about reported cases of dengue fever in 2011. The main objective was to analyze both the spatial distribution of the disease in the city, by Census tracts, and the relationship of the disease with socioeconomic factors. Two types of spatial models were applied to the data: the SAR model ``- Simultaneous Autoregressive Models and SEM - Simultaneous Error Models. We also fitted the classic linear model, just for comparison to the two spatial models. The results showed that dengue is related to socioeconomic factors and, through the models it was possible to identify which one was statistically significant. Thematic maps have identified the areas that have the highest concentration of the disease.

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Association Between Socio-Environmental Factors, Coverage by Family Health Teams, and Rainfall in the Spatial Distribution of Zika Virus Infection in the City of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2015 and 2016

10.21203/rs.3.rs-147040/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Carlos Eduardo Raymundo ◽

Roberto de Andrade Medronho

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Environmental Factors ◽

Zika Virus ◽

Rio De Janeiro ◽

Family Health ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Spatial Error ◽

Environmental Diversity ◽

Census Tracts ◽

The City

Abstract Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) infection caused outbreak in Brazil, in 2015 and 2016. Disorganized urban growth, facilitates the concentration of numerous susceptible and infected individuals. It is useful to understand the mechanisms that can favor the increase in ZIKV incidence, such as areas with wide socioeconomic and environmental diversity. Therefore, the study analyzed the spatial distribution of ZIKV in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 2015 and 2016, and associations between the incidence per 1,000 inhabitants and socio-environmental factors. Methods: The census tracts were used as the analytical units reported ZIKV cases among the city’s inhabitants. Local Empirical Bayesian method was used to control the incidence rates’ instability effect. The spatial autocorrelation was verified with Moran’s Index and local indicators of spatial association (LISA). Spearman correlation matrix was used to indicate possible collinearity. The Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Spatial Lag Model (SAR), and Spatial Error Model (CAR) were used to analyze the relationship between ZIKV and socio-environmental factors.Results: The SAR model exhibited the best parameters: R2 = 0.44, Log-likelihood= -7482, Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) = 14980. In this model, mean income between 1 and 2 minimum wages was possible risk factors for Zika occurrence in the localities. Household conditions related to adequate water supply and the existence of public sewage disposal were associated with lower ZIKV incidence rates, suggesting possible protective factors against the occurrence of ZIKV in the localities. The presence of the Family Health Strategy in the census tracts was positively associated with the ZIKV incidence rate. However, the results show that mean income less than 1 minimum wage were negatively associated with higher ZIKV incidence rates. Discussion: The results demonstrate the importance of socio-environmental variables in the dynamics of ZIKV transmission and the relevance for the development of control strategies.

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Lip, oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers in the population of the city of Belgrade in the period 1999-2010

Vojnosanitetski pregled ◽

10.2298/vsp141112023v ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 73 (1) ◽

pp. 53-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Goran Videnovic ◽

Danijela Ilic ◽

Dragan Miljus ◽

Dragan Krasic ◽

Zoran Vlahovic ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Geographic Location ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Annual Percentage Change ◽

Joinpoint Regression ◽

Men And Women ◽

Joinpoint Regression Analysis ◽

The City ◽

Similar Risk

Background/Aim. Cancers of the lip, oral cavity and pharynx (LOCP) are frequently grouped together mainly because they have similar risk factors. The incidence rate of these cancers varies worldwide depending on the geographic location. The aim of this study was to determine trends in age-standardized incidence rates of LOCP cancers in the Belgrade population during a 12-year period, from 1999 to 2010. Methods. From The Serbian Cancer Registry (The Registry), we extracted all cases of LOCP cancers registered in Belgrade from January 1, 1999 to December 31, 2010. Joinpoint regression analysis was used to define trends and annual percentage change (APC). Results. A total number of 2,025 (1,509 in men and 516 in women) LOCP cancers were reported to the Registry during the study period. The age standardized rate (ASR) for the entire period and for all LOCP cancers, was 6.24 per 100,000 persons (10.35 for men and 2.86 for women). ASR for lip cancers decreased (p < 0.001) during the study period with APC of -8.4%. The ASR for oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers increased (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Our results show a significantly decreasing trend of the incidence rate for lip cancers in the population of the city of Belgrade between 1999 and 2010. On the contrary, the incidence of oral cavity and pharyngeal cancers increased for both men and women.

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How many AIDS epidemics can occur in São Paulo city?

Revista de Saúde Pública ◽

10.11606/s1518-8787.2018052000006 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 52 ◽

pp. 63 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Breno Souza de Aguiar ◽

Cassia Maria Buchalla ◽

Francisco Chiaravalloti Neto

Keyword(s):

Black Women ◽

High Risk ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Census Tract ◽

Central Area ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

São Paulo ◽

Female Population ◽

The City

OBJECTIVE: An ecological study describring the spatial characteristics of AIDS in São Paulo city between 2001 and 2010 according to the place of residence of reported cases in adults. METHODS: The AIDS reported cases (28,146), grouped by sex, were geocodified (25,969) and linked with a census tract database (18,953). Case and population at risk data supplied spatial cluster identification and relative risk estimate by the scan method, using the discrete Poisson model. Incidence rate and proportional distribution allowed comparing people living in the high-risk clusters areas to other locations by age, race/ethnicity, schooling and transmission category. RESULTS: The AIDS incidence rate decreased in both sexes except among young men and older people. The identification of spatial high-risk clusters showed that the decrease of AIDS did not occur in the same way in the city. Clusters located in the central area presented the highest AIDS incidence rates (245.7/100,000 men), especially among black women (RR = 7.9), men who have sex with men (66.2%) and injection drug users (10.7%) participation. In peripheral clusters, identified only in the female population, the epidemic can be related to the poverty of these women (22.5% low education level). Residents in the north and central-south areas of the city are generally black, with little schooling, and predominantly heterosexually infected. CONCLUSIONS: The study of spatial clusters using a census tract helps to determine epidemiological patterns inside the city and in specific populations. Spatial stratification and key population epidemiological patterns were identified in four regions in São Paulo city

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Opioid Overdose in Ohio: Comprehensive Analysis of Associated Socioeconomic Factors

10.1101/19005140 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Chihyun Park ◽

Sara Crawford ◽

Rocio Lopez ◽

Anna Seballos ◽

Jean R. Clemenceau ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Census Tract ◽

Rural Areas ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Death Rate ◽

Opioid Overdose ◽

Death Rates ◽

Census Tracts ◽

Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽

Census Tract Level

ABSTRACTObjectiveOur study focused on identifying socioeconomic factors associated with death by opioid overdose in Ohio communities at the census tract level.Materials and MethodsA large-scale vital statistic dataset from Ohio Department of Health (ODH) and U.S. Census datasets were used to obtain opioid-related death rate and socioeconomic characteristics for all census tracts in Ohio. Regression analysis was performed to identify the relationships between socioeconomic factors of census tracts and the opioid-related death rate for both urban and rural tracts.ResultsIn Ohio from 2010-2016, whites, males, and people aged 25-44 had the highest opioid-related death rates. At the census tract level, higher death rates were associated with certain socioeconomic characteristics (e.g. percentage of the census tract population living in urban areas, percentage divorced/separated, percentage of vacant housing units). Predominately rural areas had a different population composition than urban areas, and death rates in rural areas exhibited fewer associations with socioeconomic characteristics.DiscussionPredictive models of opioid-related death rates based on census tract-level characteristics held for urban areas more than rural ones, reflecting the recently observed rural-to-urban geographic shift in opioid-related deaths. Future research is needed to examine the geographic distribution of opioid abuse throughout Ohio and in other states.ConclusionRegression analysis identified associations between population characteristics and opioid-related death rates of Ohio census tracts. These analyses can help government officials and law official workers prevent, predict and combat opioid abuse at the community level.

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Association between Socioeconomic Factors and Postoperative Complications of Cholecystectomy

International Journal of Medical and Surgical Sciences ◽

10.32457/ijmss.v8i1.630 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-13

Author(s):

Herman Romero Ramírez ◽

Norma Muñoz Albán ◽

Consuelo Albán Meneses ◽

Alicia Escobar Torres

Keyword(s):

Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy ◽

Postoperative Complications ◽

Socioeconomic Factors ◽

Control Variable ◽

Laparoscopic Technique ◽

Safe Operation ◽

Conventional Surgery ◽

Socioeconomic Characteristics ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

Education Levels

The article´s goal isto determine if socioeconomic factors influence the postoperative complications of cholecystectomy. For this, the observational study was defined, analytical and quantitative study was conducted in 100 patients who underwent cholecystectomy. A logistic regression model was applied in which risk factors, socioeconomic characteristics, along with a control variable, were incorporated as variables. Three models were run with alternative dependent variables that are delimited by the type of postoperative complication recorded. The results found showed that women show a higher risk of presenting complications after cholecystectomy, the same occurs in older patients. Likewise, the risk is much lower in people with higher education levels and in patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy, they only have a 5% risk of presenting complications. Postoperative complications after cholecystectomy are minimized by using the laparoscopic technique and socioeconomic factors would influence the risk of suffering postoperative complications after said surgery, which makes laparoscopic cholecystectomy a safe operation with many other benefits and advantages over traditional or conventional surgery.

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Nationwide trends in the incidence of orbital lymphoma from 1999 to 2016 in South Korea

British Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.1136/bjophthalmol-2020-316796 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. bjophthalmol-2020-316796

Author(s):

Su Kyung Jung ◽

Jiwon Lim ◽

Suk Woo Yang ◽

Young-Joo Won

Keyword(s):

South Korea ◽

B Cell ◽

Incidence Rate ◽

Cell Lymphoma ◽

Survival Rates ◽

B Cell Lymphoma ◽

Population Based ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Annual Percent Change ◽

Orbital Lymphoma

Background/AimsLymphomas are the most frequent neoplasm of the orbit. However, the epidemiology of orbital lymphomas is not well reported. This study aimed to provide a population-based report on the epidemiology of orbital lymphomas and measure the trends in the incidence of orbital lymphoma cancer in South Korea.MethodsNationwide cancer incidence data from 1999 to 2016 were obtained from the Korea Central Cancer Registry. Age-standardised incidence rates and annual percent changes were calculated according to sex and histological types. The analysis according to the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results summary stage classifications was performed from 2006 to 2016. Survival rates were estimated for cases diagnosed from 1999 to 2016.ResultsA total of 630 patients (median age: 54 years) with orbital lymphoma in the orbital soft tissue were included in this study. The age-standardised incidence rates increased from 0.03 to 0.08 per 100 000 individuals between 1999 and 2016, with an annual percent change of 6.61%. The most common histopathological type of orbital lymphoma was extra marginal zone B cell lymphoma, accounting for 82.2% of all orbital lymphomas during 1999–2016, followed by diffuse large B cell lymphoma (9.2%). Five-year, 10-year and 15-year overall survival (OS) of orbital lymphoma was 90.8%, 83.8% and 75.8%, respectively. OS showed a significant decrease as age increased and no significant differences between men and women.ConclusionThe incidence rate of orbital lymphoma is very low in South Korea. However, the incidence rate has increased over the past years. Orbital lymphomas have a worse prognosis as age increases.

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Incidence of HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa, 2000–2015: The Interplay Between Social Determinants and Behavioral Risk Factors

AIDS and Behavior ◽

10.1007/s10461-021-03279-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Deepa Jahagirdar ◽

Magdalene Walters ◽

Avina Vongpradith ◽

Xiaochen Dai ◽

Amanda Novotney ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Incidence Rate ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Behavioral Risk ◽

Hiv Incidence ◽

Hiv Knowledge ◽

African Countries ◽

Final Model ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

Disease Study

AbstractHIV incidence in sub-Saharan Africa declined substantially between 2000 and 2015. In this analysis, we consider the relative associations of nine structural and individual determinants with this decline. A linear mixed effects model of logged HIV incidence rates versus determinants was used. The data were from mathematical modelling as part of the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study in 43 sub-Saharan African countries. We used forwards selection to determine a single final model of HIV incidence rate. The association of economic variables and HIV knowledge with incidence was found to be driven by education, while ART coverage had the largest impact on other determinants’ coefficients. In the final model, education years per capita contributed the most to explaining variation in HIV incidence rates; a 1-year increase in mean education years was associated with a 0.39 (− 0.56; − 0.2, t = − 4.48 p < 0.01) % decline in incidence rate while a unit increase in ART coverage was associated with a 0.81 (− 1.34; − 0.28, t = − 3.01, p < 0.01) % decline in incidence rate.

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