Characterization of residues from plant biomass for use in energy generation

The use of plant residues for energy purposes is already a reality, yet in order to ensure suitability and recommend a given material as being a good energy generator, it is necessary to characterize the material through chemical analysis and determine its calorific value. This research aimed to analyze different residues from plant biomass, characterizing them as potential sources for energy production. For the accomplishment of this study, the following residues were used: wood processing residue (sawdust and planer shavings); coffee bean parchment and coffee plant stem; bean stem and pod; soybean stem and pod; rice husk; corn leaf, stem, straw and cob; and sugar cane straw and bagasse. For residue characterization the following analyses were done: chemical analysis, immediate chemical analysis, calorific value and elemental analysis. All procedures were conducted at the Laboratory of Forest Biomass Energy of the Federal University of Lavras. In general, all residues showed potential for energetic use. Rice husk was found to have higher lignin content, which is an interesting attribute as far as energy production is concerned. Its high ash content, however, led to a reduction in calorific value and fixed carbon. The remaining residues were found to have similar energetic characteristics, with corn cob showing greater calorific value, followed by coffee plant stem, both also containing higher levels of carbon and fixed carbon. A high correlation was found of higher calorific value with volatile materials, carbon and hydrogen contents.

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THERMAL DEGRADATION OF THE AGROINDUSTRIAL RESIDUES BY THERMOGRAVIMETRY AND CALORIMETRY

ENERGIA NA AGRICULTURA ◽

10.17224/energagric.2019v34n3p341-349 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 34 (3) ◽

pp. 341-349

Author(s):

Luana Elís de Ramos e Paula ◽

Paulo Fernando Trugilho ◽

Raphael Nogueira Rezende ◽

Pedro Castro Neto ◽

Vássia Carvalho Soares

Keyword(s):

Thermal Analysis ◽

Energy Production ◽

Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Minas Gerais ◽

Differential Scanning Calorimetric ◽

Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Coffee Bean ◽

Wood Processing ◽

Coconut Husk ◽

Plant Stem

LUANA ELÍS DE RAMOS E PAULA1, PAULO FERNANDO TRUGILHO2, RAPHAEL NOGUEIRA REZENDE3, PEDRO CASTRO NETO4, VÁSSIA CARVALHO SOARES5 1Departamento de Engenharia, UFLA, Praça Prof. Edmir Sá Santos, S/N, Campus Universitário, CEP:37200-900, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil, [email protected]. 2Departamento de Engenharia Florestal, UFLA, Praça Prof. Edmir Sá Santos, S/N, Campus Universitário, CEP:37200-900, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil, [email protected]. 3Câmpus Muzambinho, IFSULDEMINAS, Estrada de Muzambinho, S/N, Bairro - Morro Preto, Muzambinho, CEP: 37890-000, Minas Gerais, Brasil, [email protected]. 4Departamento de Engenharia Agrícola, UFLA, Praça Prof. Edmir Sá Santos, S/N, Campus Universitário, CEP:37200-900, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brasil, [email protected]. 5Câmpus Bambuí, IFMG, Rodovia Bambuí/Medeiros, Fazenda Varginha – km 05, CEP: 38900-000, Bambuí, Minas Gerais, Brasil, [email protected]. ABSTRACT: Vegetal residues, in general, have variable characteristics and caloric values, difficulty in combustion control and relatively fast burning. Thus, indicating certain materials for energy production, there is a need for thermal analysis studies. The aim of this work was evaluating by thermal analysis the behavior of agro industrial residues for energy production. Coffee bean parchment and coffee plant stem residues; bean stem and pod; soybean stem and pod; rice husk; corn leaf, stem, straw and cob; sugar cane straw and bagasse; wood processing (planer shavings and sawdust); elephant grass stem and leaf; and coconut husk were submitted to thermo gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetric. The results indicated that the presented residues has potential for energy production; the highest energy peaks occurring around 350 °C; the temperature range of greatest mass loss was 250-350 °C and coconut husk was more resistant to thermal decomposition. Keywords: energy, biomass, lignocellulosic residues. DEGRADAÇÃO TÉRMICA DE RESÍDUOS AGROINDUSTRIAIS POR MEIO DE TERMOGRAVIMETRIA E CALORIMETRIA RESUMO: Os resíduos vegetais, em geral, possuem características e valores calóricos variáveis, dificuldade no controle da combustão e queima relativamente rápida. Assim, para indicar certos materiais para produção de energia, é necessário estudar sua análise térmica. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de resíduos agroindustriais mediante análise térmica visando à produção de energia. Os resíduos pergaminho do grão e caule do cafeeiro; caule e vagem do feijão; caule e vagem da soja; casca de arroz; folha, caule, palha e sabugo de milho; palha e bagaço da cana-de-açúcar; resíduos do processamento da madeira (serragem e maravalha); caule e folha do capim-elefante e casca do coco-da-baía foram submetidos à análise termogravimétrica e de calorimetria exploratória diferencial. Com os resultados pode-se concluir que os resíduos apresentaram potencial para produção energética; os maiores picos de energia ocorrem por volta de 350 °C; a faixa de temperatura de maior perda de massa foi 250 - 350 °C e a casca de coco foi o material de maior resistência à decomposição térmica. Palavras-chaves: energia, biomassa, resíduos lignocelulósicos.

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Hasil Pengujian Proksimasi Dan Gas Buang Pada Briket Campuran Limbah Serutan Kayu, Sekam Padi Dan Bulu Ayam

Jurnal Teknik Mesin ◽

10.30630/jtm.14.1.489 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (1) ◽

pp. 33-39

Author(s):

Muhamad Rizky Adipratama ◽

Reza Setiawan ◽

Najmudin Fauji

Keyword(s):

Moisture Content ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Alternative Energy ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Ash Content ◽

Biomass Energy ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Wood Shavings

Biomass energy is one that can be used as an alternative energy as a substitute for fossil fuels and can also be useful for reducing environmental pollution due to increasing waste or waste. The manufacture of briquettes from chicken feather waste, wood shavings and rice husk waste aims to help deal with the problem of waste and use it as an alternative fuel. The making of briquettes is carried out by the process of drying the ingredients, charcoal, milling, sieving, kneading, printing, drying, proximate testing and measuring emissions on the briquettes. In this study, the composition of a mixture of chicken feathers (30%, 40%, 50%), wood shavings and rice husk (35%, 30%, 25%) was treated as well as particle sizes of 30 mesh and 60 mesh. The results of this study indicate that the lowest moisture content is in sample B2 of 4.5%. The lowest levels of volatile matters were in sample A1 of 37.4%. The lowest ash content was found in sample B3 at 10.8%. The highest fixed carbon was found in sample A3 at 45.1%. The highest calorific value (Gross Calorific Value) is found in the B3 sample of 5594 Kcal / Kg. And it has the highest CO, CO2, and HC emissions produced from the briquettes, namely 0.24%, 0.8%, 46 ppm. The properties of briquettes that have met SNI standards are moisture content, calorific value (except for sample A1), and the resulting emissions. And those that have not met SNI standards are the levels of volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon. The resulting briquette can be used because the calorific value obtained is quiet high, which is above the specified standard of ≥ 5000 Kcal/Kg.

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The Use of Plant Biomass Pellets for Energy Production by Combustion in Dedicated Furnaces

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13020463 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (2) ◽

pp. 463 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Andrzej Greinert ◽

Maria Mrówczyńska ◽

Radosław Grech ◽

Wojciech Szefner

Keyword(s):

Energy Production ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Combustion Process ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Biomass Combustion ◽

Optimum Material

Biomass combustion is technologically difficult. It is also problematic because of the necessity to manage the ash that is generated in the process. The combustion of biomass pellets is optimum when their moisture is 6–8%. The calorific value of pellets made from straw and willow wood (4:1) was 17.3–20.1 MJ∙kg−1. There were serious problems with burning this material caused by the accumulation and melting of bottom ash on the grate, which damaged the furnace. These problems with optimizing the biomass combustion process resulted in increased CO emissions into the atmosphere. It was shown that pelletization could also be used to consolidate the ash generated during the combustion process, which would eliminate secondary dust during transport to the utilization site. For this purpose, it was suggested to add binding substances such as bentonite and bran. The analysis showed that an optimum material for pelletization should contain, on average, 880 g of ash, 120 g of bentonite, 108 g of bran, and 130 g of water.

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THE POTENTIALITY OF THE ENERGY GENERATION FROM SLAUGHTERHOUSE SLUDGE AND WOOD SAWDUST

Periódico Tchê Química ◽

10.52571/ptq.v16.n33.2019.155_periodico33_pgs_140_147.pdf ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (33) ◽

pp. 140-147

Author(s):

K. M. da S. MENEZES ◽

C. P. PRADOS ◽

K. S. L. de FIGUEREDO

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Energy Production ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Energy Potential ◽

Wood Sawdust ◽

Urban Solid Waste ◽

Immediate Analysis ◽

Calorific Power ◽

The City

The use of waste for energy production through processes like pyrolysis, combustion and oil extraction is a sustainable solution to serious environmental problems like centralization of the energy matrix in nonrenewable materials and pollutants and the volume of urban solid waste. In this context, this work aimed to analyze the energy potential of two solid waste biomasses: municipal slaughter sludge and wood sawdust generated in the city of Gurupi –TO. Were evaluated the contents of humidity, volatile content, ash, fixed carbon through the immediate analysis and upper (PCS) and lower (PCI) calorific value were evaluated for all samples collected. In the immediate analysis it was found that the sludge sample had higher ash content than the sawdust and both had high volatile contents. The sawdust presented higher calorific power (4882 cal kg-1) than the sludge (3952.5 cal kg-1), but the process of obtaining energy from the sludge requires less heat. It can also be concluded that both materials present viable alternatives for obtaining energy.

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QUALITY OF CHARCOAL FROM THREE SPECIES OF THE Eucalyptus AND THE Corymbia citriodora SPECIES PLANTED IN THE SOUTH OF TOCANTINS

FLORESTA ◽

10.5380/rf.v50i3.65303 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 50 (3) ◽

pp. 1643

Author(s):

Raquel Marchesan ◽

Danyelly Nunes de Oliveira ◽

Renata Carvalho da Silva ◽

Lorrainy Azevedo de Carvalho ◽

Rone Tavares Gomes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Chemical Analysis ◽

Energy Production ◽

Eucalyptus Grandis ◽

Basic Density ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Eucalyptus Urophylla ◽

The South ◽

Heating Rates ◽

Corymbia Citriodora

We aimed to assess the quality of charcoal from three Eucalyptus and Corymbia citriodora species for energy production in the South of Tocantins state. A hybrid Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis, the species Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus camaldulensis, and Corymbia citriodora were selected for the study. In the preparation of the material, 20 specimens of each species with the dimensions of 2.0 x 2.0 x 5.0 cm were made, being ten repetitions for each carbonization gait with different final temperatures and heating rates. The basic wood density, total gravimetric yield, total yields in condensable and non-condensable gases, immediate chemical analysis, and higher calorific value were determined. Corymbia citriodora presented higher wood basic density (0.583 g/cm³) and charcoal apparent density (0.459 g/cm³). In immediate chemical analysis, Eucalyptus urophylla and Corymbia citriodora presented the best averages among all species. The calorific value ranged from 7235.97 to 7573.98 (kcal/kg), considered an acceptable value for energy production. The final carbonization temperature of 550°C is recommended, with Eucalyptus urophylla and Corymbia citriodora presenting the best averages.

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The Characterization of Oriza sativa Husk and Royal Ponciana pods Bricquettes

R E M (Rekayasa Energi Manufaktur) Jurnal ◽

10.21070/r.e.m.v5i2.1214 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 23-28

Author(s):

Edi Widodo ◽

Mohammad Dani Iswanto ◽

Prantasi Harmi Thahjanti ◽

Rachmat Firdaus

Keyword(s):

Rice Husk ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Ash Content ◽

Mass Reduction ◽

Rice Husks ◽

Thermal Measurement ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

A Value ◽

Oriza Sativa

Rice mills produce abundant husk waste. The husks are used as a mixing material for bricks because they are flammable and have capability to form hot coals with high calor. This potential is used to develop the husks into briquettes. This study used rice husks (oriza sativa) and flamboyant pods (Royal ponciana) as the main ingredients for forming briquettes. This pods was chosen because had not optimally used. The composition of rice husk briquettes and flamboyant fruit skins made of 16.7%: 83.3%, 33.4%: 66.6%, 50%: 50%, 66.6%: 33.4%, 83.3 %: 16.7%. The briquettes formed were measured the calorific value, mass reduction using the TGA (Thermogravimetric analysis) thermal measurement method, and measured the values of moisture, ash, volatile, and fixed carbon content. The results of the measurement of the lowest calorific value in rice husk briquettes were 83.3% with a value of 4,551 cal / gram, while the highest value was 5,945 cal / gram in rice husk briquettes percentage of 16.7%. The result of TGA measurement of the largest mass reduction was briquettes with a percentage of husk 83.3% having the highest mass reduction of 11.1 mg. The results of the measurement of water content obtained 7.04%, 24.70% volatile, 9.98% ash content, 58.28% fixed carbon

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Kajian Kualitas Briket Biomassa dari Sekam Padi dan Tempurung Kelapa

Jurnal Kimia VALENSI ◽

10.15408/jkv.v2i2.4054 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 136-142

Author(s):

Idzni Qistina ◽

Dede Sukandar ◽

Trilaksono Trilaksono

Keyword(s):

Compressive Strength ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Volatile Matter ◽

Strength Test ◽

Raw Material ◽

Coconut Shell ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Compressive Strength Test

Abstrak Biomassa seperti sekam padi dan tempurung kelapa dapat menjadi sumber bahan baku briket sebagai salah satu energi alternatif pengganti bahan bakar fosil (minyak bumi).Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji kualitas briket sekam padi dan tempurung kelapa melalui proses semi-karbonisasi pada temperatur antara 50-125 0C dengan durasi waktu proses 50-120 menit. Proses pembuatan briket meliputiproses semi-karbonisasi, pencampuran biomassa dengan perekat, pencetakan, pengeringan, dan uji kualitas briket. Pengujian kualitas briket meliputi analisis briket yaitu nilai kalor, kadar air, fixed carbon, volatile matter, abu, dan analisis ultimat. Disamping itu juga dilakukan uji kuat tekan, pengukuran emisi gas, dan uji termal briket yang dihasilkan.Hasilnya menunjukkan penurunan kadar air bahan baku briket sekam padi dan tempurung kelapa membutuhkan energi masing-masing 8.54% dan 4.97% dari proses karbonisasi murni yang menghasilkan semi arang. Nilai kalor briket sekam padi maupun tempurung kelapa mengalami penurunan masing-masing 9.72% dan 7.21% jika dibandingkan dengan bahan bakunya.Gas emisi dari briket sekam padi dan tempurung kelapa yaitu gas NOx, SOx, CO, dan hidrokarbon (HC) masih di bawah baku mutu yang dipersyaratkan. Hasil uji termal briket menunjukkan efisiensi termal briket sekam lebih baik dibandingkan briket tempurung kelapa dengan nilai efisiensi masing-masing sebesar 31.13% dan 22.28%. Kata kunci: Briket sekam padi, briket tempurung kelapa, semi karbonisasi, emisi gas, efisiensi termal. Abstract Biomass energy, among others, rice husk and coconut shell can be an alternative energy source to replace fossil fuels (petroleum). This study aims to assess the quality briquettes rice husk and coconut shell with raw materials through semi-carbonization process at a temperature between 50-125 0C with a duration of 50-120 minutes of processing time. Briquetting process meliputu semi-carbonization, refining raw materials and sieving made passes restrained 30 mesh and 30 detained 50 mesh. Then do the mixing biomass with adhesive, printed, dried and tested briquette quality test. Briquette quality testing consists of the analysis of the characteristics of briquettes are calorific value, moisture content, fixed carbon, volatile matter, ash, and the ultimate analysis. Besides, it also conducted compressive strength test, the measurement of gas emission, and thermal test briquettes were produced. The results show a decrease in raw material briquettes moisture content of rice husk and coconut shell on semi karbonization process requiring respectively 8.54% and 4.97% of the energy of pure carbonization process which produces semi charcoal. Calorific value briquettes rice husk and coconut shell fell respectively 9.72% and 7.21% when compared to the raw material. The quality of biomass briquettes is based on the results of the analysis of the characteristics and compressive strength test briquettes showed that coconut shell briquettes better quality than the rice husk briquettes. Briquettes gas emissions from rice husks and coconut shells are gas NOx, SOx, CO and hydrocarbons (HC) is still below the quality standards required. The test results demonstrate the thermal efficiency of thermal briquettes rice husk briquettes for 31.13% and better than coconut shell briquettes by 22.28%. Keywords: Briquette rice husk, coconut shell briquettes, semi-carbonization, gases,thermal efficiency DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v0i0.4054

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Parameters Influencing the Utilization of Composts for Energy Production

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.853.329 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 853 ◽

pp. 329-334 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Konstantin Raclavsky ◽

Ondrej Zajonc ◽

Lucia Kovalova ◽

Radim Kovarik

Keyword(s):

Czech Republic ◽

Elemental Composition ◽

Energy Production ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Point Of View ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Gross Calorific Value ◽

The Czech Republic

Ten composts produced by composting plants in the Moravosilesian Region (the Czech Republic) were studied from the point of view of their possible utilization for energy production. The parameters relevant for this possible application of low-quality composts were determined: elemental composition (C,H,O,N,S), volatile combustibles, fixed carbon, ash, gross calorific value, moisture, water leachable potassium and chlorine, alkali index, C/N.

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Gasification of Cup Plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) Biomass–Energy Recovery and Environmental Impacts

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13184960 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (18) ◽

pp. 4960

Author(s):

Adam Koniuszy ◽

Małgorzata Hawrot-Paw ◽

Cezary Podsiadło ◽

Paweł Sędłak ◽

Ewa Możdżer

Keyword(s):

Environmental Impacts ◽

Root Elongation ◽

Biomass Yield ◽

Plant Biomass ◽

Liquid Waste ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Biomass Energy ◽

Potential Hazard ◽

Gas Generator ◽

Phytotoxic Effect

Biomass from cup plant (Silphium perfoliatum L.) is considered a renewable energy source that can be converted into alternative fuel. Calorific syngas, a promising type of advanced fuel, can be produced through thermochemical biomass gasification. In this study, the suitability of cup plant biomass for gasification was assessed, including the process energy balance and environmental impacts of waste from syngas purification. Silphium perfoliatum L. was cultivated as a gasification feedstock in different conditions (irrigation, fertilization). The experiments were performed in a membrane gasifier. All obtained energy parameters were compared to the biomass yield per hectare. The toxic effects of liquid waste were assessed using tests analyzing germination/seed root elongation of Sinapsis alba. Leachates collected from condensation tanks of a gas generator were introduced to soil at the following doses: 100, 1000 and 10,000 mg kg−1 DM of soil. The usefulness of Silphium perfoliatum L. for gasification was confirmed. The factors of plant cultivation affected the biomass yield, the volume and calorific value of syngas and the amount of biochar. It was determined that the components found in condensates demonstrate a phytotoxic effect, restricting or inhibiting germination and root elongation of Sinapsis alba. Due to this potential hazard, the possibility of its release to the environment should be limited. Most of the biomass is only used for heating purposes, but the syngas obtained from the cup plant can be used to power cogeneration systems, which, apart from heat, also generate electricity.

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Assessment of Cow Dung Pellets as a Renewable Solid Fuel in Direct Combustion Technologies

Energies ◽

10.3390/en14041192 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 1192

Author(s):

Aneta Szymajda ◽

Grażyna Łaska ◽

Magdalena Joka

Keyword(s):

Renewable Energy ◽

Calorific Value ◽

Cow Dung ◽

Fixed Carbon ◽

Direct Combustion ◽

Potential Source ◽

Novel Approach ◽

Combustion Tests ◽

Promising Source ◽

Compaction Properties

Recently, biomass application as a renewable energy source is increasing worldwide. However, its availability differs in dependence on the location and climate, therefore, agricultural residues as cow dung (CD) are being considered to supply heat and/or power installation. This paper aims at a wide evaluation of CD fuel properties and its prospect to apply in the form of pellets to direct combustion installations. Therefore, the proximate, ultimate composition and calorific value were analyzed, then pelletization and combustion tests were performed, and the ash characteristics were tested. It was found that CD is a promising source of bioenergy in terms of LHV (16.34 MJ·kg−1), carbon (44.24%), and fixed carbon (18.33%) content. During pelletization, CD showed high compaction properties and at a moisture content of 18%,and the received pellets’ bulk density reached ca. 470 kg·m−3 with kinetic durability of 98.7%. While combustion, in a fixed grate 25 kW boiler, high emissions of CO, SO2, NO, and HCl were observed. The future energy sector might be based on biomass and this work shows a novel approach of CD pellets as a potential source of renewable energy available wherever cattle production is located.

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