Serum levels of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-α in patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: differences in pro- and anti-inflammatory balance

OBJECTIVE: Previous reports suggest that cytokines act as potential mediators of the interaction between the immune and neuroendocrine systems, and that a proinflammatory state may be associated with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. The aim is to compare cytokine levels in both disorders. METHOD: Twenty euthymic bipolar disorder patients, 53 chronic stabilized schizophrenia patients and 80 healthy controls were recruited. Subjects were all non-smokers and non-obese. Cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 were examined by sandwich ELISA. RESULTS: IL-6 levels were increased in schizophrenia patients when compared to controls (p < 0.0001) and euthymic bipolar disorder patients (p < 0.0001). IL-6 levels were no different in controls compared to euthymic bipolar disorder patients (p = 0.357). IL-10 was lower in controls compared to schizophrenia patients (p = 0.001) or to bipolar disorder patients (p = 0.004). There was no significant difference in TNF-α serum levels among the groups (p = 0.284). Gender-based classification did not significantly alter these findings, and no correlation was found between the antipsychotic dose administered and cytokine levels in patients with schizophrenia. DISCUSSION: These findings evidence a chronic immune activation in schizophrenia. Bipolar disorder seems to present an episode-related inflammatory syndrome. Increased anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia suggests different patterns of inflammatory balance between these two disorders. Results further support the need to investigate cytokines as possible biomarkers of disease activity or treatment response.

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Comparative Assessment of Cytokine Pattern in Early and Late Onset of Neonatal Sepsis

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2017/8601063 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2017 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Kh. S. Khaertynov ◽

S. V. Boichuk ◽

S. F. Khaiboullina ◽

V. A. Anokhin ◽

A. A. Andreeva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Proinflammatory Cytokines ◽

Neonatal Sepsis ◽

Late Onset ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Cytokine Pattern ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cytokine Levels ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Significant Health

Neonatal sepsis is a significant health issue associated with high mortality. Immune responses associated with neonatal sepsis, such as proinflammatory cytokine production, are believed to play a central role in the pathogenesis of this disease. In the present study, serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL1-β, and IL-6 and the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 were evaluated for 25 subjects with neonatal sepsis. We observed that subjects with late onset of sepsis (LOS), as well as those with early onset of sepsis (EOS), had a substantial increase in serum TNF-α. In contrast to EOS, subjects with LOS demonstrated a significant increase in serum levels IL-6 and IL-10. Additionally, we observed a significant difference in cytokine profiles between acute and postacute cases of neonatal sepsis. For instance, the level of proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, was elevated in the acute phase, whereas the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-10, became substantially upregulated during the postacute phase. Additionally, no correlation was observed between cytokine levels and CRP levels or lymphocyte counts. Thus, in contrast to CRP levels and lymphocyte counts, examination of the cytokine profile can provide valuable information when determining the most effective therapy for treating neonatal sepsis. This information may be useful to physicians when determining if anti-inflammatory or immune stimulatory therapy is warranted.

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Serum concentrations of TNF-α and its soluble receptors in Graves’ disease

Endocrine Connections ◽

10.1530/ec-20-0162 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (7) ◽

pp. 736-746

Author(s):

Qing Zhu ◽

Jianbin Su ◽

Xueqin Wang ◽

Mengjie Tang ◽

Yingying Gao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Sandwich Elisa ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Complement C3 ◽

Graves Disease ◽

Healthy Individuals ◽

Free Triiodothyronine ◽

Soluble Receptors ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Significant Difference

Graves’ disease (GD), an organ-specific autoimmune disease, is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) exhibits immunological and metabolic activities involved in the induction and maintenance of immune responses. We attempted to evaluate the relationship between GD and serum TNF-α and its soluble receptors (sTNFRs), soluble TNF receptor 1 and 2 (sTNF-R1 and sTNF-R2). A total of 72 GD patients and 72 matched healthy individuals were recruited for this study. Serum TNF-α and sTNFRs were measured by sandwich ELISA. In our study, no significant difference was observed in TNF-α, but sTNFRs were found to be significantly elevated in GD patients compared to healthy individuals. Serum sTNFR levels were positively correlated with free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4), and TNF-α was negatively correlated with thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in the GD group. It was also shown that thyrotropin receptor antibody (TRAb) was positively correlated with TNF-α and sTNFRs. Spearman’s correlation analysis showed that only sTNF-R1 was positively correlated with complement C3. Multiple linear regression analysis suggests that serum levels of sTNF-R1 and FT4 may play an important role in the serum level of FT3. According to the median value of FT3 level, GD patients were further divided into a high FT3 group and a low FT3 group. The serum levels of sTNF-R1 in the high FT3 GD group were significantly higher than those in the low FT3 GD group. In conclusion, sTNFRs may play an important role in anti-inflammatory and immune response in GD.

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Immunostimulatory and Anti-inflammatory Effect of Ganoderma Lucidum on Breast Cancer Patients

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Biology ◽

10.31557/apjcb.2018.3.2.51-57 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 51-57

Author(s):

Nidhal AK. Mohammed Ali ◽

Hakar Abdulkareem Saeed ◽

Ramadhan T. Othman

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Ganoderma Lucidum ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽

Immune Biomarkers ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Ifn Γ ◽

The Mean ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is the most common cancer among women. A key factor in tumour development is the evasion of immune detection, therefore; search for alternative medicines with the ability to improve the function of the immune system and targets tumours cells has received growing interest. Ganoderma lucidum (GL) has been demonstrated to possess anti-tumour and immunomodulatory activities. Little is known about the immunomodulatory effect of GL on BC patients when used with chemotherapeutic agents. We aim to investigate the level of immune biomarkers; interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumour necrotic factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and adiponectin in these patients.Material and Methods: Forty female patients with BC were included and divided equally into two groups: Group 1 received chemotherapy alone and Group 2 received chemotherapy plus GL capsules (1000 mg twice daily). Blood samples were obtained from all patients before and after 4 cycles of chemotherapy. These samples were analysed to identify the levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-8, and adiponectin.Results: After the treatment period, there was the significant increase in the level of IFN-γ (P=0.0024) and a significant decrease in the mean serum levels of TNF-α (P=0.0004) and IL-8 (P=0.019) in patients treated with concurrent GL and chemotherapy. A non-significant difference was found between pre and post-treatment in the mean serum levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-8 in patients receiving chemotherapy only. The mean serum levels of adiponectin in both groups did not show any significant difference when compared to pre-treatment levels. Conclusion: The present study showed that the use of GL in-combination with chemotherapy could have immune stimulatory, anti-inflammatory and anti-metastatic activity that can enhance the therapeutic responsiveness of BC patients to chemotherapy and improve their quality of life during treatment. More research is needed to confirm these results. In addition, clinical evaluation of benefit and outcome are ongoing

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CD19+ CD24hi CD38hi Regulatory B Cells and Memory B Cells in Periodontitis: Association with Pro-Inflammatory and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines

Vaccines ◽

10.3390/vaccines8020340 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 340

Author(s):

Helal F. Hetta ◽

Ibrahim M. Mwafey ◽

Gaber El-Saber Batiha ◽

Suliman Y. Alomar ◽

Nahed A. Mohamed ◽

...

Keyword(s):

B Cells ◽

Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Peripheral Tolerance ◽

Regulatory B Cells ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Cytokine Levels ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Regulatory B cells (Bregs) are unique subpopulations of B cells with immune-regulating or immune-suppressing properties and play a role in peripheral tolerance. Due to the current limitations of human Breg studies among periodontal diseases, in the present study, we tried to analyze the change in circulating Bregs, pro-inflammatory, and anti-inflammatory cytokines in patients with periodontitis. Peripheral blood from 55 patients with stage 2 periodontitis and 20 healthy controls was analyzed using flow cytometry to evaluate the frequency of CD19+CD24+CD38+ Breg cells. ELISA was used to assess the serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukins (IL)-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-10, IL-35, and TGF-β. Increased proportions of Breg cells were observed in patients with stage 2 periodontitis compared to controls. Serum levels of cytokines were significantly higher in patients with periodontitis compared to controls. A significant positive correlation was observed between the frequencies of Breg cells and IL35 levels, IL10 levels, and TGF-β. In conclusion, our results suggest that the increase in peripheral Breg cells and serum cytokine levels among periodontitis patients seems to be closely associated with disease progression, a possible link between periodontitis, and systemic inflammatory process.

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Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Garlic Consumption and Regular Exercise in Sedentary Overweight Individuals

hormozgan medical journal ◽

10.5812/hmj.103143 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Farhad Gholami ◽

Jabar Bashiri ◽

Naser Amanollahi

Keyword(s):

Exercise Intervention ◽

Experimental Period ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Regular Exercise ◽

Lifestyle Modifications ◽

Significance Level ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Hs Crp

Background: A sedentary lifestyle can result in chronic inflammation, which is a risk factor for Cardiovascular Disease (CVD). Lifestyle modifications, including physical activity and herbal supplements, may have health benefits. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of regular exercise and garlic consumption on some inflammatory biomarkers in sedentary overweight individuals. Methods: Forty-four sedentary overweight male participants (20 - 30 years) were randomized to the following groups: Exercise + garlic (ES), exercise + placebo (E), garlic (G), and placebo (P). The training protocol included 20 - 45 minutes of walking/running at 60 to 75% of the maximum heart rate, three sessions per week for eight weeks. Participants consumed two capsules containing 500 milligrams of garlic powder or placebo (starch) per day. Before and 48 h after the exercise intervention and supplement administration, blood samples were collected to assess the hs-CRP and TNF-α serum levels. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc tests were used to analyze the data at a significance level of P < 0.05. Results: A significant difference was observed between the groups regarding the hs-CRP and TNF-α levels after the experimental period (P < 0.05). There was a significant difference between EG and placebo groups (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Based on the findings, garlic consumption, along with exercise training could exert anti-inflammatory properties in overweight subjects.

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A study of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) serum levels in rats subjected to fecal peritonitis and treated with intraperitoneal ropivacaine

Acta Cirurgica Brasileira ◽

10.1590/s0102-86502012000700011 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 27 (7) ◽

pp. 494-498 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Marcos Célio Brocco ◽

Danilo Nagib Salomão Paulo ◽

Carlos Eduardo David de Almeida ◽

Antonio Roberto Carraretto ◽

Sigmar Aurea Cabral ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Peritoneal Lavage ◽

Abdominal Cavity ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Fecal Peritonitis ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Cytokine Levels ◽

Factor Alpha

PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to assess the cytokine serum levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in rats subjected to fecal peritonitis and treated with peritoneal lavage with 0.2% ropivacaine by peritoneal lavage. METHODS: We subjected 16 Wistar rats to laparotomy 6 hours after the induction of fecal peritonitis with autogenous stool and subsequently divided the rats randomly into 4 groups: I-control, no treatment; II- drying of the abdominal cavity; III- lavage of the abdominal cavity with 3 mL of 0.9% normal saline and drying; IV- lavage of the abdominal cavity with 3 mL of 0.2% ropivacaine and drying. Six hours following the laparotomy, the animals underwent cardiac puncture, and 1 mL of blood was collected for cytokine assessment before the animals were euthanized. RESULTS: The lavage with ropivacaine resulted in smaller TNF-α levels compared with those observed in the other treatment groups (p <0.05). Regarding IL-6, the ropivacaine group showed lower cytokine levels than those observed in groups I and II, but there was no significant difference (p> 0.05) between groups III and IV. CONCLUSION: Peritoneal lavage with 0.2% ropivacaine was shown to reduce plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the treatment of fecal peritonitis in rats.

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Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. Ethanol Extract Has Anti-Inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Effects In Vitro and In Vivo by Targeting the IRAK1/AP-1 Pathway

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules26092529 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 26 (9) ◽

pp. 2529

Author(s):

Haeyeop Kim ◽

Woo Seok Yang ◽

Khin Myo Htwe ◽

Mi-Nam Lee ◽

Young-Dong Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ethanol Extract ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Hepatoprotective Activity ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

Related Proteins ◽

Pro Inflammatory Cytokines ◽

Inflammatory Effect

Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. has been used traditionally as a remedy for many diseases, especially inflammation. Therefore, we analyzed and explored the mechanism of the anti-inflammatory effect of a Dipterocarpus tuberculatus Roxb. ethanol extract (Dt-EE). Dt-EE clearly and dose-dependently inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-1β in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 cells. Also, Dt-EE suppressed the activation of the MyD88/TRIF-mediated AP-1 pathway and the AP-1 pathway related proteins JNK2, MKK4/7, and TAK1, which occurred as a result of inhibiting the kinase activity of IRAK1 and IRAK4, the most upstream factors of the AP-1 pathway. Finally, Dt-EE displayed hepatoprotective activity in a mouse model of hepatitis induced with LPS/D-galactosamine (D-GalN) through decreasing the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and suppressing the activation of JNK and IRAK1. Therefore, our results strongly suggest that Dt-EE could be a candidate anti-inflammatory herbal medicine with IRAK1/AP-1 inhibitory and hepatoprotective properties.

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In Vitro Evaluation of the Anti-Inflammatory Effect of KMUP-1 and in Vivo Analysis of Its Therapeutic Potential in Osteoarthritis

Biomedicines ◽

10.3390/biomedicines9060615 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (6) ◽

pp. 615

Author(s):

Shang-En Huang ◽

Erna Sulistyowati ◽

Yu-Ying Chao ◽

Bin-Nan Wu ◽

Zen-Kong Dai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Articular Cartilage ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Serum Levels ◽

Gene Expressions ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Osteoarthritis is a degenerative arthropathy that is mainly characterized by dysregulation of inflammatory responses. KMUP-1, a derived chemical synthetic of xanthine, has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Here, we aimed to investigate the in vitro anti-inflammatory and in vivo anti-osteoarthritis effects of KMUP-1. Protein and gene expressions of inflammation markers were determined by ELISA, Western blotting and microarray, respectively. RAW264.7 mouse macrophages were cultured and pretreated with KMUP-1 (1, 5, 10 μM). The productions of TNF-α, IL-6, MMP-2 and MMP- 9 were reduced by KMUP-1 pretreatment in LPS-induced inflammation of RAW264.7 cells. The expressions of iNOS, TNF-α, COX-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 were also inhibited by KMUP-1 pretreatment. The gene expression levels of TNF and COX families were also downregulated. In addition, KMUP-1 suppressed the activations of ERK, JNK and p38 as well as phosphorylation of IκBα/NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, SIRT1 inhibitor attenuated the inhibitory effect of KMUP-1 in LPS-induced NF-κB activation. In vivo study showed that KMUP-1 reduced mechanical hyperalgesia in monoiodoacetic acid (MIA)-induced rats OA. Additionally, KMUP-1 pretreatment reduced the serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in MIA-injected rats. Moreover, macroscopic and histological observation showed that KMUP-1 reduced articular cartilage erosion in rats. Our results demonstrated that KMUP-1 inhibited the inflammatory responses and restored SIRT1 in vitro, alleviated joint-related pain and cartilage destruction in vivo. Taken together, KMUP-1 has the potential to improve MIA-induced articular cartilage degradation by inhibiting the levels and expression of inflammatory mediators suggesting that KMUP-1 might be a potential therapeutic agent for OA.

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AGGF1 is a novel anti-inflammatory factor associated with TNF-α-induced endothelial activation

Cellular Signalling ◽

10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.04.007 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 25 (8) ◽

pp. 1645-1653 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Fang-Yuan Hu ◽

Chong Wu ◽

Yang Li ◽

Ke Xu ◽

Wen-Jing Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Activation ◽

Inflammatory Factor ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Anti Inflammatory

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In Vivo Study of the Action of a Topical Anti-Inflammatory Drug In Rat Teeth Submitted To Dental Bleaching

Brazilian Dental Journal ◽

10.1590/0103-6440201802177 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 29 (6) ◽

pp. 555-561 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Francine Benetti ◽

André Luiz Fraga Briso ◽

Luciana Louzada Ferreira ◽

Marina Carminatti ◽

Larissa Álamo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Statistical Tests ◽

Control Groups ◽

Pulp Tissue ◽

Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽

Dental Bleaching ◽

Tnf Α ◽

Pulp Inflammation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Anti Inflammatory ◽

And Control

Abstract Bleaching gel containing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) cause damages in pulp tissue. This study investigated the action of a topical anti-inflammatory, the Otosporin®, in rats’ bleached teeth with the null hypothesis of which the Otosporin® is no able to minimize the pulp inflammation that bleaching gel generates. The rat’s molars were divided into groups: BLE: bleached (35% H2O2 concentration /single application of 30 min); BLE-O: bleached followed by Otosporin® (10 min); and control: placebo gel. In the second day after dental bleaching, the rats were killed, and the jaws were processed for hematoxylin-eosin and immunohistochemistry analysis for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-17. The data collected were subjected to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn statistical tests with at a 5% level of significance (p<0.05). The BLE group had moderate to strong inflammation in the occlusal third of the coronary pulp, with necrotic areas; and BLE-O, mild inflammation (p<0.05). There was a significant difference in the occlusal and middle thirds of the coronary pulp between the BLE with BLE-O and control groups (p<0.05). There was no difference in the cervical third (p>0.05). The BLE group had a high immunoexpression of TNF-α than BLE-O and control groups (p<0.05), with moderate and mild immunoexpression, respectively. Regarding IL-6 and IL-17, the BLE group had higher immunoexpression than control (p<0.05); the BLE-O was similar to the control (p>0.05). The topical anti-inflammatory Otosporin® can reduce pulp inflammation after dental bleaching in the rat teeth.

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