Outbreaks associated to bloodstream infections with Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp in premature neonates in a university hospital from Brazil

Background. Bloodstream infections are among the top causes of morbidity and mortality in people of all ages, especially in immunocompromised patients in sub-Saharan Africa. This study aimed at describing the epidemiology of bloodstream infections and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern over a nine-year period at St. Dominic Hospital, Akwatia, in the Eastern Region of Ghana. Method. This study retrospectively analysed data from 4,489 patients who were referred to the Laboratory Department for blood culture and sensitivity testing from January 2009 to December 2017. Sociodemographic data included age, gender, and patients’ department. Blood culture results were retrieved from archival records in the laboratory. The authorities of St. Dominic Hospital granted approval for the study. Results. The incidence of bloodstream infection over the 9 years was 51.4 positive cultures per 100,000 hospital attendance. Staphylococcus aureus was the leading causative agent of bacteraemia for the first two scalar years (2009–2011 (38.9%) and 2012–2014 (42.2%)) while coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) (50.5%) was predominant for the last scalar year (2015–2017), followed by Staphylococcus aureus (169/587 (28.8%)). The highest incidence of bloodstream infections was recorded in the wet seasons (months of May (8.9 per 10,000 persons) and October (10.1 per 10,000 persons)). The bacterial isolates demonstrated high resistance to tetracyclines (390/531 (73.4%)), penicillins (1282/1669 (76.8%)), and sulphonamides (450/499 (90.2%)). Conclusion. Bloodstream infection and antimicrobial resistance are high in patients seeking healthcare in Akwatia. This therefore calls for concerted efforts aimed at reducing the incidence in the study area.

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Antimicrobial Resistance in Pathogens Isolated from Blood Cultures: A Two-Year Multicenter Hospital Surveillance Study in Italy

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10010010 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 10

Author(s):

Francesca Licata ◽

Angela Quirino ◽

Davide Pepe ◽

Giovanni Matera ◽

Aida Bianco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Bloodstream Infections ◽

Electronic Record ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽

Surveillance Systems ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Medicine Today ◽

High Level

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most concerning issues in medicine today. The objectives of this study were to investigate the AMR distribution of the blood-borne pathogens isolated over a two-year period in an Italian region. Methods: A retrospective electronic record review of laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infections (BSIs) was done, and data from three major diagnostic laboratories were used. Twelve invasive clinically important bacteria species were included in the sample. Results: During the study period, 1228 positive BSIs were collected. The most common pathogens were Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (29.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (19.1%) and Escherichia coli (15.9%). With regard to the AMR pattern, 31.7% of CoNS and 28.1% of Staphylococcus aureus were oxacillin-resistant, and almost half of the Enterococci showed resistance to high-level gentamicin. Among Gram-negative species, 11.7% of Escherichia coli and 39.5% of Klebsiella pneumoniae were carbapenem-resistant. Among the non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria, the most frequently combined AMR pattern was aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones (48.4% in A. baumannii and 14.6% in P. aeruginosa). Conclusion: The results display an alarming prevalence of AMR among hospital isolated pathogens, consistently higher than the European average. Information from surveillance systems to better characterize the trend in the incidence of AMR at local and national levels is needed.

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A bacteriological study of septicemia in Hilla city

International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.26452/ijrps.v11i1.1878 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Rana S. Al-Taweel

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Immunosuppressive Treatment ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽

Bacteriological Study ◽

E Coli ◽

Causative Agents ◽

Life Threatening ◽

Antibiotics Sensitivity ◽

Intravascular Devices ◽

Staphylococcus Spp

Septicemia is a serious bloodstream infection; it can quickly become life-threatening. The current study aimed to isolate and identify the causative agents of septicemia cases with reference to the antibiogram test. 52 blood samples were collected from a number of incomings and those who lie in Hilla general hospital. After incubation and culturing on suitable media, 30 samples gave growth of one or two species of bacteria. A total of 33 bacterial isolates were obtained, most of them (16 isolates) were belong to coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., followed by E. coli (6 isolates), Pseudomonas sp. (5 isolates), Streptococcus sp. (2 isolates), and one isolate for each of Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumonia, Acinetobacter sp., and Listeria monocytogenes. When antibiotics sensitivity test was accomplished, most Staphylococcus spp. were sensitive for daptomycin and had high resistance to both of vancomycin and clindamycin, whereas Staphylococcus aureus was sensitive for most the used antibiotics. Half of E. coli isolates were sensitive, while the second half were resistant to the used antibiotics. Imipenem inhibited the growth of all Pseudomonas isolates, whereas 80% of them were resistant to amikacin. The epidemiology of bacteremia is altering with the aging of the population, shifts in healthcare, and progress in medicine, such as increased use of immunosuppressive treatment, intravascular devices, and invasive procedures.

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Comparison of Susceptibility Testing Methods withmecA Gene Analysis for Determining Oxacillin (Methicillin) Resistance in Clinical Isolates of Staphylococcus aureus and Coagulase-Negative Staphylococcus spp.

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.37.9.2952-2961.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 37 (9) ◽

pp. 2952-2961 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

P. Kohner ◽

J. Uhl ◽

C. Kolbert ◽

D. Persing ◽

F. Cockerill

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Methicillin Resistance ◽

Ambient Air ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽

Testing Methods ◽

Oxacillin Resistance ◽

Mueller Hinton ◽

Agar Dilution ◽

Staphylococcus Spp

Ninety-nine clinical staphylococcal isolates (58 coagulase-negativeStaphylococcus spp. [CoNS] and 41 Staphylococcus aureus isolates) were evaluated for susceptibility to oxacillin. The following susceptibility testing methods, media, and incubation conditions were studied: agar dilution by using Mueller-Hinton (MH) medium (Difco) supplemented with either 0, 2, or 4% NaCl and incubation at 30 or 35°C in ambient air for 24 or 48 h; disk diffusion by using commercially prepared MH medium (Difco) and MH II agar (BBL) and incubation at 35°C in ambient air for 24 or 48 h; and agar screen (spot or swab inoculation) by using commercially prepared agar (Remel) or MH agar (Difco) prepared in-house, each containing 4% NaCl and 6 μg of oxacillin/ml (0.6-μg/ml oxacillin was also studied with MH agar prepared in-house for the agar swab method and CoNS isolates) and incubation at 35°C in ambient air for 24 or 48 h for swab inoculation and at 30 or 35°C in ambient air for 24 or 48 h for spot inoculation. The results for these methods were compared to the results for mecA gene detection by a PCR method. Given the ability to support growth and the results for susceptibility testing (the breakpoint for susceptible isolates was ≤2 μg/ml), the best methods for CoNS isolates were (i) agar dilution by using MH medium supplemented with 4% NaCl and incubation at 35°C for 48 h (no growth failures were noted, and sensitivity was 97.6%) and (ii) agar screen (swab inoculation) by using MH medium prepared in-house supplemented with 4% NaCl and containing 0.6 μg oxacillin/ml and incubation at 35°C for 48 h (one isolate that did not carry the mecA gene did not grow, and the sensitivity was 100%). All but one (agar dilution without added NaCl and incubation at 30°C for 48 h) of the methods tested revealed all oxacillin-resistant S. aureus isolates, and no growth failures occurred with any method. If the breakpoint for susceptibility was lowered to ≤1 μg/ml for agar dilution methods, more CoNS isolates with oxacillin resistance related to the mecA gene were detected when 0 or 2% NaCl agar supplementation was used. Only one CoNS isolate with mecA gene-associated resistance was not detected by using agar dilution and MH medium supplemented with 4% NaCl with incubation for 48 h. When the breakpoint for susceptibility was decreased 10-fold (from 6.0 to 0.6 μg of oxacillin per ml) for the agar swab screen method, fully 100% of the CoNS isolates that carried the mecA gene were identified.

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Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections: clinical and microbiological characteristics and attributable mortality in a cohort of 252 hospitalized patients at the Nantes University Hospital France, 2005-2014

10.26226/morressier.56d6be73d462b80296c97420 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Didier Lepelletier

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Bloodstream Infections ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

University Hospital ◽

Attributable Mortality ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Microbiological Characteristics

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Bloodstream infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus in a university hospital in Turkey: clinical and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Clinical Microbiology and Infection ◽

10.1111/j.1198-743x.2004.00855.x ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 309-314 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

B. Aygen ◽

A. Yörük ◽

O. Yýldýz ◽

E. Alp ◽

S. Kocagöz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Molecular Epidemiology ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Bloodstream Infections ◽

University Hospital ◽

Methicillin Resistant

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High Prevalence of Isolates with Reduced Glycopeptide Susceptibility in Persistent or Recurrent Bloodstream Infections Due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.05808-11 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 1258-1264 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Ilker Uçkay ◽

Louis Bernard ◽

Marta Buzzi ◽

Stephan Harbarth ◽

Patrice François ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Bloodstream Infections ◽

Poor Response ◽

University Hospital ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Content Type ◽

Vancomycin Mics ◽

High Prevalence ◽

The University

ABSTRACTReduced susceptibility to glycopeptides in methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) clinical isolates is considered a risk factor for failure of glycopeptide therapy. We compared the prevalences of MRSA isolates with reduced glycopeptide susceptibility in patients with versus without persistent or recurrent MRSA bloodstream infections. A retrospective cohort study at the University Hospital of Geneva identified 27 patients with persistent or recurrent clonally related MRSA bacteremic episodes over an 8-year period, which included 208 consecutive nosocomial MRSA bacteremic episodes. Vancomycin and teicoplanin MICs were determined by a modified macrodilution assay allowing improved detection of glycopeptide-intermediate MRSA isolates (GISA), characterized by elevated teicoplanin or/and vancomycin MICs (≥4 μg/ml). For 16 patients (59%), their pretherapy and/or posttherapy MRSA isolates showed elevated teicoplanin MICs, among which 10 (37%) concomitantly displayed elevated vancomycin MICs. In contrast, 11 other patients (41%) were persistently or recurrently infected with non-GISA isolates. In comparison, only 39 (22%) of 181 single isolates from patients with no microbiological evidence of persistent or recurrent infections showed elevated teicoplanin MICs, among which 14 (8%) concomitantly displayed elevated vancomycin MICs. Clinical, microbiological, and pharmacokinetic variables for patients persistently or recurrently infected with GISA or non-GISA isolates were similar. Bacteremic patients with a poor response to glycopeptide therapy had a 2.8-fold- and 4.8-fold-higher rates of MRSA isolates displaying elevated teicoplanin and vancomycin MICs, respectively, than patients with single isolates (P< 0.0001). Detection of elevated teicoplanin MICs may help to predict a poor response to glycopeptide therapy in MRSA bacteremic patients.

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Antibacterial activity of propolis-based toothpastes for endodontic treatment

Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.1590/s1984-82502009000400025 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 795-800 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Fausto Rodrigo Victorino ◽

Clovis Monteiro Bramante ◽

Evandro Watanabe ◽

Izabel Yoko Ito ◽

Selma Luci Franco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Calcium Hydroxide ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Culture Medium ◽

Endodontic Treatment ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽

Staphylococcus Spp ◽

Coagulase Positive Staphylococcus

This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of propolis-based toothpastes used as intracanal medication in endodontic treatment. The propolis-based toothpastes were prepared using an extract established in previous studies (identified as A70D and D70D). Calcium hydroxide paste was used as a control. The bacteria employed were Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538), Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Kocuria rhizophila (ATCC 9341), Escherichia coli (ATCC 10538), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), Enterococcus hirae (ATCC 10541), Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175). Five field strains isolated from saliva were used: Staphylococcus spp. (23.1 - coagulase positive), Staphylococcus spp. (23.5 - coagulase negative), Staphylococcus spp. (26.1 - coagulase positive), Staphylococcus spp. (26.5 - coagulase negative) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (6epi). The diffusion-well method on double-layer agar was used in a culture medium of Tryptic Soy Agar. The plates were kept at room temperature for two hours to allow the diffusion of pastes in the culture medium, and then incubated at 35º C for twenty-four hours in aerobiosis and in microaerophilia (S. mutans). After this period, the total diameter of the inhibition halo was measured. The results were analyzed by ANOVA analysis of variance, followed by the Tukey test at p<0.05. The propolis-based toothpastes presented antibacterial activity against 83.3% of the analyzed bacteria. For 66.7% of these bacteria, the propolis-based toothpastes exhibited greater antibacterial activity than calcium hydroxide. The present results allow us to conclude that the experimental pastes A70D and D70D showed good activity against aerobic bacteria, proving more effective than calcium hydroxide.

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Trends of Antimicrobial Resistance of Sepsis Pathogens at a University Hospital in New Delhi, India

Drug Research ◽

10.1055/a-1213-2206 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 70 (10) ◽

pp. 463-471

Author(s):

Md Shamshir Alam ◽

Prem Kapur ◽

ParuKutty Pillai ◽

Krishna Kolappa Pillai

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

University Hospital ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Gram Positive ◽

Acinetobacter Species ◽

Gram Negative

AbstractKnowledge of the aetiological agents and its susceptibility to antimicrobial agents enables the clinician to initiate appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy and guides diagnostic procedures. The aims of the study were to identify prevalence of bacterial pathogens causing sepsis and observe their antimicrobial resistance trends in hospitalized patients. A prospective cohort study was conducted on patients of sepsis admitted at a university hospital over a period of six months. Pathogens were identified by morphological, biochemical and serological tests as per the American Society for Microbiology. Antibacterial sensitivity of bacterial strains isolated from clinically diagnosed sepsis was carried out by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and interpreted according Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 16.0 (SPSS 16.0, Chicago, IL, USA). Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (63.5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (23.1%) were the most frequently isolated Gram positive bacteria. Acinetobacter species (31%) and Salmonella typhi (24.1%) were the most frequently isolated Gram negative bacteria. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus showed significant resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. Acinetobacter species showed significant resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin and amoxiclav. Salmonella typhi showed significant resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime, netilmicin and, tetracycline. Escherichia coli showed significant resistance to ampicillin and netilmicin. All the stains of Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to amoxicillin. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus and Acinetobacter species were predominant Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, respectively, causing sepsis. Increasing rates of bacterial resistance to commonly use antimicrobial agents were observed.

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