scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance in Pathogens Isolated from Blood Cultures: A Two-Year Multicenter Hospital Surveillance Study in Italy

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Francesca Licata ◽  
Angela Quirino ◽  
Davide Pepe ◽  
Giovanni Matera ◽  
Aida Bianco ◽  
...  

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most concerning issues in medicine today. The objectives of this study were to investigate the AMR distribution of the blood-borne pathogens isolated over a two-year period in an Italian region. Methods: A retrospective electronic record review of laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infections (BSIs) was done, and data from three major diagnostic laboratories were used. Twelve invasive clinically important bacteria species were included in the sample. Results: During the study period, 1228 positive BSIs were collected. The most common pathogens were Coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (29.7%), Staphylococcus aureus (19.1%) and Escherichia coli (15.9%). With regard to the AMR pattern, 31.7% of CoNS and 28.1% of Staphylococcus aureus were oxacillin-resistant, and almost half of the Enterococci showed resistance to high-level gentamicin. Among Gram-negative species, 11.7% of Escherichia coli and 39.5% of Klebsiella pneumoniae were carbapenem-resistant. Among the non-fermentative Gram-negative bacteria, the most frequently combined AMR pattern was aminoglycosides and fluoroquinolones (48.4% in A. baumannii and 14.6% in P. aeruginosa). Conclusion: The results display an alarming prevalence of AMR among hospital isolated pathogens, consistently higher than the European average. Information from surveillance systems to better characterize the trend in the incidence of AMR at local and national levels is needed.

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney K Lawrence ◽  
Chris Sathianathan ◽  
Mauro Verrelli ◽  
Philippe Lagacé-Wiens ◽  
Robert Ariano ◽  
...  

Background: Given the morbidity and mortality associated with bloodstream infections in hemodialysis patients, understanding the microbiology is essential to optimizing treatment in this high-risk population.Objectives: To conduct a retrospective surveillance study of clinical blood isolates from adult hemodialysis patients, and to predict the microbiological coverage of empiric therapies for bloodstream infections in this population.Methods: Clinical blood isolate data were collected from the 4 main outpatient hemodialysis units in Winnipeg, Manitoba, from 2007 to 2014. The distribution of organisms and antimicrobial susceptibilities were characterized. When appropriate, changes over time were tested using time series analysis. Study data were used to predict and compare the microbiological coverage of various empiric therapies for bloodstream infections in hemodialysis patients.Results: The estimated annual number of patients receiving chronic hemodialysis increased steadily over the study period (p < 0.001), whereas the number of blood isolates increased initially, then decreased significantly, from 180 in 2011 to 93 in 2014 (p = 0.04). Gram-positive bacteria represented 72.6% (743/1024) of isolates, including Staphylococcus aureus (36.9%, 378/1024) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (23.1%, 237/1024). Only 26.1% (267/1024) of the isolates were gram-negative bacteria, the majority Enterobacteriaceae. The overall rate of methicillin resistance in S. aureus was 17.5%, and although annual rates were variable, there was a significant increase over time (p = 0.04). Antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria was relatively low, except in Escherichia coli, where 13.5% and 16.2% of isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Empiric therapy with vancomycin plus an agent for gram-negative coverage was predicted to cover 98.8% to 99.7% of blood isolates from hemodialysis patients, whereas cefazolin plus an agent for gram-negative coverage would cover only 67.5% to 68.4%.Conclusions: In an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, data such as these and ongoing surveillance are essential components of antimicrobial stewardship in the hemodialysis population.Keywords: hemodialysis, microbiology, surveillance, resistance, antimicrobial stewardshipRÉSUMÉ Contexte : Étant donné la morbidité et la mortalité associées aux infections du sang parmi les patients en hémodialyse, la compréhension de la microbiologie est essentielle à l’optimisation du traitement de cette population exposée à un risque élevé.Objectifs : Mener une étude de surveillance rétrospective des isolats de sang cliniques des patients adultes en hémodialyse et prédire la couverture microbiologique des thérapies empiriques contre les infections du sang dans cette population.Méthodes : Les données relatives aux isolats de sang cliniques ont été recueillies dans les quatre unités ambulatoires principales d’hémodialyse à Winnipeg (Manitoba), entre 2007 et 2014. La caractérisation a porté sur la distribution des organismes et les susceptibilités aux antimicrobiens. L’évolution dans le temps a été testée au besoin à l’aide d’une analyse chronologique. Les données de l’étude ont permis de prédire et de comparer la couverture microbiologique de diverses thérapies empiriques contre les infections du sang pour les patients en hémodialyse.Résultats : On estime que le nombre annuel de patients recevant une hémodialyse chronique a augmenté régulièrement au cours de la période de l’étude (p < 0,001); le nombre d’isolats de sang a tout d’abord augmenté, puis il a grandement diminué : de 180 en 2011, il est passé à 93 en 2014 (p = 0,04). Les bactéries à Gram positif représentaient 72,6 % (743/1024) des isolats, y compris les Staphylococcus aureus (36,9 %, 378/1024) et les staphylocoques à coagulase négative (23,1 %, 237/1024). Seulement 26,1 % (267/1024) des isolats étaient des bactéries à Gram négatif, la majorité desquelles étant des Enterobacteriaceae. Le taux général de résistance à la méticilline de S. aureus était de 17,5 %, et bien que les taux annuels étaient variables, une augmentation importante a été observée avec le temps (p = 0,04). La résistance aux antibiotiques des bactéries à Gram négatif était relativement faible, sauf Escherichia coli, où respectivement 13,5 % et 16,2 % des isolats étaient résistants à la ceftriaxone et à la ciprofloxacine. On prévoyait que la thérapie empirique à la vancomycine associée à un agent pour la couverture à Gram positif couvrirait de 98,8 % à 99,7 % des isolats de sang des patients en hémodialyse, tandis que la céfazoline associée à un agent de la couverture à Gram négatif ne couvrirait que 67,5 % à 68,4 %.Conclusions : À une époque qui se caractérise par une augmentation de la résistance aux antimicrobiens, des données comme celles-ci et celles portant sur la surveillance continue sont des composantes essentielles de la bonne gestion de l’utilisation des antimicrobiens pour les patients adultes en hémodialyse.Mots-clés : hémodialyse, microbiologie, surveillance, résistance, gestion de l’utilisation des antimicrobiens


2007 ◽  
Vol 104 (18) ◽  
pp. 7528-7533 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuno Cerca ◽  
Tomás Maira-Litrán ◽  
Kimberly K. Jefferson ◽  
Martha Grout ◽  
Donald A. Goldmann ◽  
...  

Poly-N-acetylglucosamine (PNAG) is a surface polysaccharide produced by Staphylococcus aureus and Staphyloccus epidermidis and is an effective target for opsonic and protective Ab for these two organisms. Recently, it has been found that Escherichia coli produces an exo-polysaccharide, designated polyglucosamine, that is biochemically indistinguishable from PNAG. We analyzed 30 E. coli strains isolated from urinary tract and neonatal bloodstream infections for the pga locus, PNAG antigen production, and susceptibility to opsonic killing and protection from lethal infection by Ab to PNAG. Twenty-six of 30 strains carried the pga locus, 25 of 30 expressed immunologically detectable PNAG, and 21 of 30 could be killed by rabbit IgG specific for the deacetylated form of the staphylococcal PNAG. Ab to staphylococcal PNAG protected mice against lethality from five different E. coli strains expressing PNAG. PNAG expression by both Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms could make this antigen a conserved vaccine target for multiple pathogenic species of bacteria.


Drug Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 463-471
Author(s):  
Md Shamshir Alam ◽  
Prem Kapur ◽  
ParuKutty Pillai ◽  
Krishna Kolappa Pillai

AbstractKnowledge of the aetiological agents and its susceptibility to antimicrobial agents enables the clinician to initiate appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy and guides diagnostic procedures. The aims of the study were to identify prevalence of bacterial pathogens causing sepsis and observe their antimicrobial resistance trends in hospitalized patients. A prospective cohort study was conducted on patients of sepsis admitted at a university hospital over a period of six months. Pathogens were identified by morphological, biochemical and serological tests as per the American Society for Microbiology. Antibacterial sensitivity of bacterial strains isolated from clinically diagnosed sepsis was carried out by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and interpreted according Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 16.0 (SPSS 16.0, Chicago, IL, USA). Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (63.5%) and Staphylococcus aureus (23.1%) were the most frequently isolated Gram positive bacteria. Acinetobacter species (31%) and Salmonella typhi (24.1%) were the most frequently isolated Gram negative bacteria. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus showed significant resistance to ciprofloxacin and tetracycline. Acinetobacter species showed significant resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin and amoxiclav. Salmonella typhi showed significant resistance to ampicillin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime, netilmicin and, tetracycline. Escherichia coli showed significant resistance to ampicillin and netilmicin. All the stains of Staphylococcus aureus were resistant to amoxicillin. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus and Acinetobacter species were predominant Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria, respectively, causing sepsis. Increasing rates of bacterial resistance to commonly use antimicrobial agents were observed.


2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (6) ◽  
pp. 1639-1644
Author(s):  
Anita J Campbell ◽  
Denise A Daley ◽  
Jan M Bell ◽  
Stanley Pang ◽  
Geoffrey W Coombs ◽  
...  

Abstract Background There is increasing knowledge of antimicrobial usage in children yet limited availability of nationally representative paediatric-specific data on antimicrobial resistance. Objectives Paediatric data from this national surveillance programme are presented to explore differences between childhood and adult bloodstream infections and antimicrobial resistance surveillance. Methods Using information collected from a prospective coordinated antimicrobial resistance surveillance programme, children ≤18 years and adults &gt;18 years with a positive blood culture for Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus spp. or Gram-negative spp. presenting to one of 34 Australian hospitals during 2013–16 were evaluated. Consistent methodologies for key sepsis pathogens were employed and a comparative analysis between children and adults was conducted. Results There are stark contrasts between children and adults in this national antimicrobial resistance (AMR) data set. Notable differences include lower rates of AMR, different clinical and molecular phenotypes and lower mortality amongst children. The burden of Gram-negative resistance is disproportionately experienced in children, with higher odds of death with an ESBL versus non-ESBL bacteraemia in comparison with adults. Conclusions These data support that children are not just ‘little adults’ in the AMR era, and analyses by age group are important to detect differences in antibiotic susceptibility, clinical phenotype and genetic virulence factors. Antimicrobial surveillance incorporated into routine laboratory practice is vital to inform an array of wider applications including antimicrobial guidelines, stewardship and direction for prioritization of novel antimicrobial development.


2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Loivukene ◽  
K Kermes ◽  
E Sepp ◽  
V Adamson ◽  
P Mitt ◽  
...  

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the needs for surveillance of invasive Gram-negative pathogens in Estonia. The antimicrobial susceptibility data of invasive isolates of Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae and enterococci were collected in accordance with EARSS (European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System) protocols. Despite the higher rate of Gram positive pathogens, their resistance to antimicrobials was low in contrast to the elevated resistance established for Gram negative pathogens. The higher resistance to antimicrobials was particularly associated with A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa. Also, the proportion of extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL)-producing strains was 23% among Klebsiella spp. and 3.6% among E. coli. The inclusion of invasive Gram negative pathogens in antimicrobial resistance surveillance provides useful information concerning local pathogen susceptibility, as well as for the empirical treatment of suspected infections.


Author(s):  
Rubal C Das ◽  
Rajib Banik ◽  
Robiul Hasan Bhuiyan ◽  
Md Golam Kabir

Macrophomina phaseolina is one of the pathogenic organisms of gummosis disease of orange tree (Citrus reticulata). The pathogen was identified from the observation of their colony size, shape, colour, mycelium, conidiophore, conidia, hyaline, spore, and appressoria in the PDA culture. The crude chloroform extracts from the organism showed antibacterial activity against a number of Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The crude chloroform extract also showed promising antifungal activity against three species of the genus Aspergillus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the crude chloroform extract from M. phaseolina against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Shigella sonnie were 128 ?gm, 256 ?gm, 128 ?gm and 64 ?gm/ml respectively. The LD50 (lethal dose) values of the cytotoxicity assay over brine shrimp of the crude chloroform extract from M. phaseolina was found to be 51.79 ?gm/ml. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cujbs.v5i1.13378 The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 5(1 &2):125-133, 2010


2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 665-679
Author(s):  
Alok K. Srivastava ◽  
Lokesh K. Pandey

Background: [1, 3, 4]oxadiazolenone core containing chalcones and nucleosides were synthesized by Claisen-Schmidt condensation of a variety of benzaldehyde derivatives, obtained from oxidation of substituted 5-(3/6 substituted-4-Methylphenyl)-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole-2(3H)-one and various substituted acetophenone. The resultant chalcones were coupled with penta-O-acetylglucopyranose followed by deacetylation to get [1, 3, 4] oxadiazolenone core containing chalcones and nucleosides. Various analytical techniques viz IR, NMR, LC-MS and elemental analysis were used to confirm the structure of the synthesised compounds.The compounds were targeted against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli for antibacterial activity and Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum for antifungal activity. Methods: A mixture of Acid hydrazides (3.0 mmol) and N, Nʹ- carbonyl diimidazole (3.3 mmol) in 15 mL of dioxane was refluxed to afford substituted [1, 3, 4]-oxadiazole-2(3H)-one. The resulted [1, 3, 4]- oxadiazole-2(3H)-one (1.42 mmol) was oxidized with Chromyl chloride (1.5 mL) in 20 mL of carbon tetra chloride and condensed with acetophenones (1.42 mmol) to get chalcones 4. The equimolar ratio of obtained chalcones 4 and β -D-1,2,3,4,6- penta-O-acetylglucopyranose in presence of iodine was refluxed to get nucleosides 5. The [1, 3, 4] oxadiazolenone core containing chalcones 4 and nucleosides 5 were tested to determined minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value with the experimental procedure of Benson using disc-diffusion method. All compounds were tested at concentration of 5 mg/mL, 2.5 mg/mL, 1.25 mg/mL, 0.62 mg/mL, 0.31 mg/mL and 0.15 mg/mL for antifungal activity against three strains of pathogenic fungi Aspergillus flavus (A. flavus), Aspergillus niger (A. niger) and Fusarium oxysporum (F. oxysporum) and for antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacterium: Escherichia coli (E. coli), and two Gram-positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Bacillus subtilis(B. subtilis). Result: The chalcones 4 and nucleosides 5 were screened for antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus and B. subtilis whereas antifungal activity against A. flavus, A. niger and F. oxysporum. Compounds 4a-t showed good antibacterial activity whereas compounds 5a-t containing glucose moiety showed better activity against fungi. The glucose moiety of compounds 5 helps to enter into the cell wall of fungi and control the cell growth. Conclusion: Chalcones 4 and nucleosides 5 incorporating [1, 3, 4] oxadiazolenone core were synthesized and characterized by various spectral techniques and elemental analysis. These compounds were evaluated for their antifungal activity against three fungi; viz. A. flavus, A. niger and F. oxysporum. In addition to this, synthesized compounds were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against gram negative bacteria E. Coli and gram positive bacteria S. aureus, B. subtilis. Compounds 4a-t showed good antibacterial activity whereas 5a-t showed better activity against fungi.


Vestnik ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 68-74
Author(s):  
М.Е. Рамазанов ◽  
В.Н. Сон ◽  
М.Р. Рысулы ◽  
С.Т. Турсуналиев ◽  
Е.Б. Еспенбетов

Представлены результаты проспективного обследования 80 больных ГКБ №7 с бактериемией с октября 2019 года по февраль 2021 года из различных отделений госпиталя. Производилась оценки показателей маркеров сепсиса - пресепсина, прокальцитонина и С-реактивного белка (СРБ) в крови больных в динамике эмпирической терапии антимикробными препаратами (АМП). Наибольшее число больных с выявленной бактериемией находилось в отделении ОАРИТ - 39 пациентов, у 25 из них был диагностирован сепсис по шкале СЕПСИС III, вызванный известными патогенами Staphylococcus aureus (46,6%) и Escherichia coli (36,6%). Для эмпирического лечения применялись различные антибиотики: ампенициллин, амикацин, меропенем, цефотаксим, метрид, ципрофлоксацин, ципрокс, цефлокс, цефазолин, цефтриаксон, левофлоксацин. Уровни прокальцитонина составляют для больных с клиническими изолятами E. coli 20,8±3,1нг/мл, а для изолятов St. aureus 15,7±1,8 нг/мл. После терапии АМП наблюдается значительное снижение показателей до 1,43±0,6 и 2,3±0,9 нг/мл., что позволяет признать эффективность эмпирической антибиотикотерапии при инфекциях кровотока. Высокая чувствительность клинических изолятов Escherichia coli отмечена к препаратам группы карбапенемов - имипенему и меропенему (90,9%), низкая к эртапенему (72,7%). 100% чувствительность все изоляты показали по отношению к АМП из группы глицилциклинов - тигециклину, который структурно сходен с тетрациклинами. Высокой резистеностью клинические изоляты Staphylococcus aureus обладают к пенициллину (92,9%), липопептиду природного происхождения даптомицину (85,8%) и препарату из группы линкозамидов - клиндамицину (64,3%). The results of a prospective examination of 80 patients with bacteremia from October 2019 to February 2021 from various departments of the hospital are presented. The largest number of patients with detected bacteremia were in the OARIT department - 39 patients, 25 of them were diagnosed with sepsis according to the SEPSIS III scale, caused by known pathogens Staphylococcus aureus (46.6%) and Escherichia coli (36.6%). For empirical treatment, various antibiotics were used: ampenicillin, amikacin, meropenem, cefotaxime, metrid, ciprofloxacin, ciprox, ceflox, cefazolin, ceftriaxone, levofloxacin. Procalcitonin levels for patients with clinical E. coli isolates are 20.8 ± 3.1 ng / ml, and for St. aureus 15.7 ± 1.8 ng / ml. After AMP therapy, there is a significant decrease in indicators to 1.43 ± 0.6 and 2.3 ± 0.9 ng / ml, which makes it possible to recognize the effectiveness of empiric antibiotic therapy for bloodstream infections. High sensitivity of clinical isolates of Escherichia coli was noted to drugs of the carbapenem group - imipenem and meropenem (90.9%), low to ertapenem (72.7%). All isolates showed 100% sensitivity to AMPs from the glycylcycline group - tigecycline, which is structurally similar to tetracyclines. Clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus are highly resistant to penicillin (92.9%), natural lipopeptide daptomycin (85.8%), and a drug from the lincosamide group - clindamycin (64.3%).


2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 370-376
Author(s):  
Arun Giri ◽  
Vijay Kumar Sah ◽  
Bikash Sharma Poudel ◽  
Niraj Niraula ◽  
Raju Sedai

Introduction: Neonatal sepsis is one of the major causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality especially in developing countries. The clinical signs and symptoms of neonatal sepsis are non specific and blood culture report is considered gold standard for confirmation of neonatal sepsis. Organisms and their sensitivity pattern vary from place to place. The confirmation of diagnosis and management of neonatal sepsis is challenging and time consuming.Objective: The aim of this study was to find incidence of blood culture proven sepsis in suspected early onset neonatal sepsis, find out sensitivity pattern of isolated organism and to find association of risk factors and clinical signs and symptoms with blood culture proven sepsis.Methodology: Prospective study was conducted in Nobel Medical College, Biratnagar from November 2016 to November 2017. Sample size was calculated to be 300 and blood culture was sent of each neonates admitted with suspected early onset neonatal sepsis before giving neonates with first dose of antibiotics and report of 72 hours was taken into consideration.Results: Out of 300 cases of suspected early onset neonatal sepsis 70.3% presented with lethargy, followed by other symptoms like poor feeding, respiratory distress, fever, hypothermia, feeding intolerance, abnormal body movement and abdominal distension. Low birth weight neonates, preterm neonates, prolonged duration of per vaginal leaking and low platelets count were significantly associated with blood culture proven sepsis in this study. Incidence of blood culture positive sepsis in suspected early onset neonatal sepsis was 27%. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus aureus(21%) was predominant organism isolated followed by Klebsiella Pneumonia, Pseudomonas, Escherichia coli. All of the isolated Klebsiella and Pseudomonas and 86% of Escherichia coli were found to be resistant to ampicillin. All isolated Coagulase negative Staphylococcus aureus were sensitive to vancomycin.Conclusion: Coagulase negative Staphyloccus aureus was predominant organism detected but majority of organisms were gram negative organisms. High resistance to ampicillin was found and cefotaxime was also less sensitive to isolated organism. Vancomycin was found to be sensitive to all isolated Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococcus aureus. Amikacin was highly sensitive among causative organisms isolated. BJHS 2018;3(1)5 : 370-376


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document