scholarly journals Quality of water sources used as drinking water in a Brazilian peri-urban area

2011 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 560-566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Tereza Pepe Razzolini ◽  
Wanda Maria Risso Günther ◽  
Francisca Alzira dos Santos Peternella ◽  
Solange Martone-Rocha ◽  
Veridiana Karmann Bastos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Quality Of Water

scholarly journals Evaluation of a small scale water disinfection system using WFMF

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Dorcas Enaji Alfa
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
River Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Woven Fabric ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Rural Water

Provision of microbiologically safe drinking water for people living in the rural areas of developing countries remains a major challenge to date. One of the reasons is due to the inability to access potable water mainly because of poor existing water purification systems. Current measures have been put in place to address the challenges of rural water supply. Development of appropriate technologies such as decentralized water treatment supply in the form of point of use (POU) systems are been considered. In lieu of the above, an appropriate POU system known as the Remote Rural Water Treatment System (RRWTS) was developed at Durban University of Technology (DUT). The RRWTS is polyester based locally sourced Woven Fabric Microfiltration (WFMF) membrane system. The unit is made up of flat sheet modules that are assembled into a pack. It is a robust gravity driven system with the ability to remove suspended solids and colloids in the form of turbidity. The system has high flux of 35 ± 7 LMH and turbidity below 1 NTU, it has the ability to remove pathogens well above 95%. However, this does not comply with WHO and SANS drinking water standards of zero E. coli count/100 ml of treated water. In order to bring the water treated by RRWTS to a satisfactory level for drinking, it is then necessary to add a separate disinfection step like chlorination step to further remove the remaining microbial contaminants. Thus the main objective of the study was to evaluate the disinfection efficacy of two disinfectants namely waterguard and bromochlor tablet disinfectants and investigate their integration with the WFMF membrane. The study was categorised into three parts. The first part is the addition of disinfectants to unfiltered river water sources for the determination of residual chlorine and the most optimum dose that will yield effective disinfection and also evaluate the extent of E. coli removal by the disinfectants. The second stage was the filtration of four river water sources using the woven fibre membrane (WFM) to determine the efficiency of WFMF. Finally the effect of disinfection kinetics on disinfection was achieved by agitating the water after disinfection and allowing it to stand at different contact times. Performance of the RRWTS was determined by the amount of E. coli and turbidity removed during filtration using WFMF and by chemical disinfectants after filtration. The results on residual chlorine for different water sources showed that feed quality and disinfectant dose determines the quantity of residual chlorine on all the water sources. The effectiveness of chemical disinfectants in E. coli removal is affected by the quality of water to be disinfected. The study showed that turbidity plays a major role on disinfection by increasing chlorine demand on water sources with high turbidity levels. The WFMF demonstrated excellent filtration performance by producing permeates with turbidity less than 1 NTU for feed turbidities ranging from 10 to 200 NTU. The E. coli removal efficiency by WFMF was very high on all the water sources treated. There was 95-99.8% E. coli removal on raw feeds with influent E. coli ranging between 500 and 44500 CFU/100 ml. It was seen that major benefits are derived from integrating the WFMF (RRWTS) with chemical disinfection. The benefits includes; better disinfection that meets drinking water set guidelines of zero E. coli and improved quality of water. The need for disinfection kinetics in order to obtain superior disinfection was eliminated. The possibility of disinfection-by-product formation was reduced as smaller quantities of chemical disinfectants were required for complete disinfection on the filtered water.

scholarly journals Determinants of Water Source Use, Quality of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Perceptions among Urban Households in North-West Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shewayiref Geremew Gebremichael ◽  
Emebet Yismaw ◽  
Belete Dejen ◽  
Adeladilew Dires
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
North West ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
North West Ethiopia

AbstractBackgroundClean water is an essential element for human health, wellbeing, and prosperity. Every human being has the right to access safe drinking water. But, in now day, due to rapid population growth, illiteracy, lack of sustainable development, and climate change; it still faces a global challenge for about one billion people in the developing nation. The discontinuity of drinking water supply puts in force households either to use unsafe water storage materials or to use water from unimproved sources. This study aimed to identify the determinants of water source types, use, quality of water, and sanitation perception of physical parameters among urban households in North-West Ethiopia.MethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among households from February to March 2019. An interview-based pre-tested and structured questionnaire was used to collect the data. Data collection samples were selected randomly and proportional to each kebeles’ households. MS Excel and R Version 3.6.2 was used to enter and analyze the data; respectively. Descriptive statistics using frequencies and percentages were used to explain the sample data concerning the predictor variable. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to assess the association between the independent and the response variables.ResultsFour hundred eighteen (418) households have participated. Based on the study undertaken, 78.95% of households used improved and 21.05% of households used unimproved drinking water sources. Households drinking water sources are significantly associated with age of participant (x2 = 20.392, df=3), educational status (x2 = 19.358, df=4), source of income (x2 = 21.777, df=3), monthly income (x2 = 13.322, df=3), availability of additional facilities (x2 = 98.144, df=7), cleanness status (x2 =42.979, df=4), scarcity of water (x2 = 5.1388, df=1) and family size (x2 = 9.934, df=2). The logistic regression analysis also indicated as those factors are significantly determined (p 0.05) the water source types used by households. Factors such as availability of toilet facility, household member type, and sex of head of the household are not significantly associated with the drinking water sources.ConclusionThe study showed that being an older age group of the head of the household, being government employer, merchant and self-employed, being a higher income group, the presence of all facilities in the area, lived in a clean surrounding and lower family size are the determinant factors of using drinking water from improved sources. Therefore; the local, regional, and national governments and other supporting organizations shall improve the accessibility and adequacy of drinking water from improved sources through short and long time plans for the well-being of the community in the area.

scholarly journals Drinking water quality and source reliability in rural Ashanti region, Ghana

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-172 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meghan Arnold ◽  
James A. VanDerslice ◽  
Brooke Taylor ◽  
Scott Benson ◽  
Sam Allen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Specific Information ◽  
Rural Villages ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Shallow Wells ◽  
Bacteriological Testing ◽  
Local Water

Site-specific information about local water sources is an important part of a community-driven effort to improve environmental conditions. The purpose of this assessment was to gather this information for residents of rural villages in Ghana. Sanitary surveys and bacteriological testing for total coliforms and Escherichia coli (EC) using Colilert® were conducted at nearly 80 water sources serving eight villages. A focus group was carried out to assess the desirability and perceived quality of water sources. Standpipes accounted for almost half of the available water sources; however, a third of them were not functioning at the time of the survey. EC bacteria were found in the majority of shallow wells (80%), rivers (67%), and standpipes (61%), as well as 28% of dug wells. Boreholes were free of EC. Residents felt that the standpipes and boreholes produced safe drinking water. Intermittent service and poor water quality from the piped supply has led to limited access to drinking water. The perception of residents, that the water from standpipes is clean and does not need to be treated at home, is particularly troubling in light of the poor bacteriological quality of water from the standpipes.

scholarly journals Description of Escherichia Coli In Well Water

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Febry Risdhityatama Fahrurriza ◽  
Surati Surati
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Water Wells ◽  
Escherichia Coli Bacteria

Most of the wells are still used as a source of drinking water. This well is widely used in the village of Rejosari Grobogan. Regulation of the Minister of Health No. 492 of 2010 concerning the Requirements for Quality of Drinking Water is 0 per 100 ml of sample. The existence of Escherichia coli in water sources affects water quality which has an impact on consumer health, so it is necessary to know whether the quality of water sources from dug wells meets drinking water standards. To find out whether Escherichia coli bacteria were present in the well water of Rejosari Grobogan Village. The research conducted included a type of quantitative research with a descriptive design. The sample used was 11 samples. The results of the examination showed that there was an Escherichia coli bacterium in the well water of Rejosari Grobogan Village with an average number of bacteria 1.8 per 100 ml of sample. Research on samples was carried out using the Most methodProbable Number (MPN). Rejosari Grobogan village water wells were found to contain Escherichia coli bacteria and not meet water quality standards in accordance with Minister of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017.

scholarly journals Open Defaecation and Its Effects on the Bacteriological Quality of Drinking Water Sources in Isiolo County, Kenya

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 117863021773553 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joab Odhiambo Okullo ◽  
Wilkister Nyaora Moturi ◽  
George Morara Ogendi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Drinking Water Sources ◽  
Bacteriological Quality ◽  
Isiolo County

scholarly journals The Water Safety Plan Approach: Application to Small Drinking-Water Systems—Case Studies in Salento (South Italy)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 4360
Author(s):  
Francesca Serio ◽  
Lucia Martella ◽  
Giovanni Imbriani ◽  
Adele Idolo ◽  
Francesco Bagordo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Water Safety ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Safety Plan ◽  
Water Safety Plan ◽  
Drinking Water Systems

Background: The quality of water for human consumption is an objective of fundamental importance for the defense of public health. Since the management of networks involves many problems of control and efficiency of distribution, the Water Safety Plan (WSP) was introduced to address these growing problems. Methods: WSP was applied to three companies in which the water resource assumes central importance: five water kiosks, a third-range vegetable processing company, and a residence and care institution. In drafting the plan, the terms and procedures designed and tested for the management of urban distribution systems were applied to safeguard the resource over time. Results: The case studies demonstrated the reliability of the application of the model even to small drinking-water systems, even though it involved a greater effort in analyzing the incoming water, the local intended use, and the possibilities for managing the containment of the dangers to which it is exposed. This approach demonstrates concrete effectiveness in identifying and mitigating the dangers of altering the quality of water. Conclusions: Thanks to the WSP applied to small drinking-water systems, we can move from management that is focused mainly on verifying the conformity of the finished product to the creation of a global risk assessment and management system that covers the entire water supply chain.

Eternal engine of progress

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-45
Author(s):  
В.А. Гвоздев ◽  
Л.В. Леонов ◽  
О.Н. Рублевская
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Measurement System ◽  
Odor Control ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Precipitation Measurement ◽  
General Director

Качество услуг водоснабжения и водоотведения за первые двадцать лет XXI века вывело на новый уровень развития ГУП «Водоканал Санкт-Петербурга» благодаря внедрению инновационных технологий в системах водоснабжения и водоотведения. Использование технологий, таких как двухступенчатое обеззараживание питьевой воды, дезодорирование полигонов, геотубирование, применение центрифуг «Флоттвег», порошкообразного однокомпонентного флокулянта, порошкообразного активированного угля, внедрение системы измерения осадков, осуществлялись при активном участии Федора Ивановича Лобанова – помощника генерального директора ГУП «Водоканал Санкт-Петербурга» по работе с промышленностью, которому в ноябре 2021 г. исполнилось 80 лет. The quality of water supply and wastewater disposal services over the first twenty years of the 21st century has brought SUE «Vodokanal of St. Petersburg» to a new level of development owing to the introduction of innovative technologies in water supply and wastewater disposal systems. The use of technologies, such as two-stage disinfection of drinking water, odor control of landfills, geotubing, the use of Flottweg centrifuges, powdered one-component flocculant, powdered activated carbon, the introduction of a precipitation measurement system, were carried out with the active participation of Fedor Ivanovich Lobanov, Assistant to the General Director of SUE «Vodokanal of St. Petersburg» on dealing with industries, who turned 80 in November 2021.

scholarly journals Quality of water sources in Southwestern Uganda using the compartment bag test (CBT): a cross-sectional descriptive study

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 683-693
Author(s):  
Richard Onyuthi Apecu ◽  
Lucas Ampaire ◽  
Edgar Mugema Mulogo ◽  
Fred Norman Bagenda ◽  
Afsatou Traore ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
World Health ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Gravitational Flow ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Compartment Bag Test

Abstract The aim of this study was to assess the bacteriological quality of water sources in the two rural areas of Uganda using the compartment bag test (CBT). In total, 200 water samples were collected from 69 different water sources and processed within 6 h of collection. Positive and negative controls were processed each day together with water samples. Physical parameters were measured in situ. Descriptive statistics were used to generate mean, minimum, maximum, standard deviations and percentages. The results indicated that 29% of the water sources met the National Standards and World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines for drinking water. Sixty percent of the borehole, 44% of gravitational flow taps and 14% of roof rain water met the required standards. Of the open water sources, 75% of the rivers, 50% of open channels and 43% of unprotected dug wells plus 25% of protected springs and 9% of gravitational flow schemes had most probable number counts >100 Escherichia coli/100 mL of water. Most of the water sources in the study areas were not fit for human consumption without prior treatment. The CBT was found to be robust and easy to use in all field situations. The mean physical parameters of water sources were within the acceptable limits.

scholarly journals Assessment of bacteriological quality of drinking water from various sources in Amritsar district of northern India

2015 ◽  
Vol 9 (08) ◽  
pp. 844-848 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sita Malhotra ◽  
Shailpreet K Sidhu ◽  
Pushpa Devi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Human Right ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Bacteriological Quality ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
The Government ◽  
High Level

Introduction: Safe water is a precondition for health and development and is a basic human right, yet it is still denied to hundreds of millions of people throughout the developing world. Water-related diseases caused by insufficient safe water supplies, coupled with poor sanitation and hygiene, cause 3.4 million deaths a year, mostly in children. Methodology: The present study was conducted on 1,317 drinking water samples from various water sources in Amritsar district in northern India. All the samples were analyzed to assess bacteriological quality of water for presumptive coliform count by the multiple tube test. Results: A total of 42.9% (565/1,317) samples from various sources were found to be unfit for human consumption. Of the total 565 unsatisfactory samples, 253 were from submersible pumps, 197 were from taps of piped supply (domestic/public), 79 were from hand pumps, and 36 were from various other sources A significantly high level of contamination was observed in samples collected from submersible pumps (47.6%) and water tanks (47.3%), as these sources of water are more exposed and liable to contamination. Conclusions: Despite continuous efforts by the government, civil society, and the international community, over a billion people still do not have access to improved water resources. Bacteriological assessment of all sources of drinking should be planned and conducted on regular basis to prevent waterborne dissemination of diseases.

scholarly journals Aquatic macroinvertebrates in Uruguayan rice agroecosystem

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Bao ◽  
Sebastián Martínez ◽  
Mónica Cadenazzi ◽  
Mónica Urrutia ◽  
Lucía Seijas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Paddy Field ◽  
Grain Filling ◽  
Diversity Indices ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Aquatic Macroinvertebrates ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Grain Filling Stage

This work is a first approach to the knowledge of insects and other aquatic macroinvertebrates of rice agroecosystems from eastern Uruguay. The composition of the groups collected may represent an approximation to the knowledge of the quality of water sources associated with Uruguayan rice production. Sampling of aquatic macroinvertebrates was carried out during the grain-filling stage in crops without insecticide use, in three localities of Treinta y Tres Department. In each crop, macroinvertebrates were collected with a Surber-type network at the inlet and outlet of water to and from the paddy field and a neighbouring control area. Differences in morphospecies composition were found according to the location and source of water. Insecta was the most represented class in macroinvertebrate samplings (41.5%). Diptera (59.9%), Hemiptera (16.3%) and Ephemeroptera (14.0%) were the most abundant orders within insects. The Richness and Shannon Diversity Indices were higher than those recorded for similar studies in Costa Rica, Italy and Australia.

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