scholarly journals Seasonal maturation of Glypthelmins vitellinophilum (Trematoda: Digenea) in Lysapsus limellus (Anura: Pseudidae) from an Argentinian subtropical permanent pond

2006 ◽  
Vol 66 (1a) ◽  
pp. 85-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. I. Hamann
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Stage Iv ◽  
The Body ◽  
Climatic Fluctuations ◽  
Parasite Stage ◽  
Permanent Pond ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
The Relationship

From December 1995 to November 2000, the seasonal maturation of Glypthelmins vitellinophilum Dobbin, 1958, in its definitive host, the frog Lysapsus limellus Cope, 1862, was studied in a subtropical permanent pond in northeastern Argentina. The objectives of this study were: 1) to determine the infrapopulation dynamics of the parasite, analyzing the seasonal maturation cycle throughout the years; and 2) to examine the relationship between the intensity of trematode infection in different developmental stages (recruitment, growth and maturation) and the host's body length. Of a total of 1,400 frogs examined over 60 months (5 years), 38% were found to be infected with G. vitellinophilum, and the intensity of infection was 1-15 trematodes per frog. Specimens of G. vitellinophilum were present in L. limellus throughout the years, but did not show a pronounced seasonal maturation cycle. Possible reasons for these findings are discussed with reference to climatic fluctuations and biotic factors. The infective period of the parasite (stage I) occurred in summer, autumn and spring, coinciding with the time each frog cohort appeared. These infections were found principally in small body sizes (classes 1 and 2) of L. limellus. Juvenile and nongravid specimens of worms (stage II and III) were found in frogs of different body sizes throughout the period of investigation. Gravid specimens of the parasite (stage IV) were generally recorded in autumn, winter and spring, mainly in the bodies of larger frogs. The body length of Trematodes in stages I and IV was significantly and positively correlated with that of the frogs.

scholarly journals Relationships of Otolith Dimension with Body Length of European Eel Anguilla anguilla (Linnaeus, 1758) from Adriatic catchment of Montenegro

2018 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tamara Kanjuh ◽  
Danilo Mrdak
Keyword(s):  
Linear Function ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Somatic Growth ◽  
Anguilla Anguilla ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
The Body ◽  
European Eel ◽  
Fish Size ◽  
Sagittal Otolith ◽  
The Relationship

This study examined the relationship between the sagittal otolith morphometric variables (length, height and weight) and body growth of the European eel. Eels that were studied ranged in total length from 11.2 to 79.5 cm. The relationships between the sagittal otolith variables and fish somatic growth were described with a non-linear function. The resulting coefficients of determination \((r^2)\) ranged from 0.782 to 0.914. The variable most strongly related to fish size was found to be the sagittal otolith length (OL) with 91.4 % of the variability. The results of this study provide the first comprehensive data regarding the relationship between the sagittal otolith morphometric variables with the body length of Anguilla anguilla.

scholarly journals Brain size is correlated with endangerment status in mammals

2016 ◽  
Vol 283 (1825) ◽  
pp. 20152772 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric S. Abelson
Keyword(s):  
Brain Size ◽  
Extinction Risk ◽  
Small Body ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Metabolic Cost ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Extant Species ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Relationship

Increases in relative encephalization (RE), brain size after controlling for body size, comes at a great metabolic cost and is correlated with a host of cognitive traits, from the ability to count objects to higher rates of innovation. Despite many studies examining the implications and trade-offs accompanying increased RE, the relationship between mammalian extinction risk and RE is unknown. I examine whether mammals with larger levels of RE are more or less likely to be at risk of endangerment than less-encephalized species. I find that extant species with large levels of encephalization are at greater risk of endangerment, with this effect being strongest in species with small body sizes. These results suggest that RE could be a valuable asset in estimating extinction vulnerability. Additionally, these findings suggest that the cost–benefit trade-off of RE is different in large-bodied species when compared with small-bodied species.

scholarly journals Factors associated with parasite dominance in fishes from Brazil

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-230
Author(s):  
Cristina Fernandes do Amarante ◽  
Wagner de Souza Tassinari ◽  
Jose Luis Luque ◽  
Maria Julia Salim Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Multiple Linear Regression Model ◽  
Mixed Effects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The present study used regression models to evaluate the existence of factors that may influence the numerical parasite dominance with an epidemiological approximation. A database including 3,746 fish specimens and their respective parasites were used to evaluate the relationship between parasite dominance and biotic characteristics inherent to the studied hosts and the parasite taxa. Multivariate, classical, and mixed effects linear regression models were fitted. The calculations were performed using R software (95% CI). In the fitting of the classical multiple linear regression model, freshwater and planktivorous fish species and body length, as well as the species of the taxa Trematoda, Monogenea, and Hirudinea, were associated with parasite dominance. However, the fitting of the mixed effects model showed that the body length of the host and the species of the taxa Nematoda, Trematoda, Monogenea, Hirudinea, and Crustacea were significantly associated with parasite dominance. Studies that consider specific biological aspects of the hosts and parasites should expand the knowledge regarding factors that influence the numerical dominance of fish in Brazil. The use of a mixed model shows, once again, the importance of the appropriate use of a model correlated with the characteristics of the data to obtain consistent results.

scholarly journals Energetic constraints on an early developmental stage: a comparative view

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 123-126 ◽  
Author(s):  
James F Gillooly ◽  
Gustavo A Londoño ◽  
Andrew P Allen
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Developmental Stage ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
The Body ◽  
Early Developmental Stage ◽  
Time Required ◽  
Taxonomic Groups ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Early Developmental

Biologists have long sought a means by which to quantify similarities and differences in embryonic development across species. Here we present a quantitative approach for predicting the timing of developmental events based on principles of allometry and biochemical kinetics. Data from diverse oviparous species support model predictions that most variation in the time required to reach one early developmental stage—the time to first heartbeat—is explained by the body size and temperature dependence of metabolic rate. Furthermore, comparisons of this stage with later developmental stages suggest that, after correcting for size and temperature, the relationship of metabolic rate to the rate of embryogenesis is approximately invariant across taxonomic groups and stages of ontogeny.

scholarly journals PENGUKURAN PANJANG TUBUH CACING NIPAH PENDEK Namalycastis abiuma (POLYCHAETA: NEREDIDAE) DARI PERAIRAN MANGROVE SUNGAI KAPUAS KALIMANTAN BARAT

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 183-189
Author(s):  
Junardi Junardi
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Anterior Segment ◽  
Total Body Length ◽  
The Body ◽  
Female Body Size ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Total Body ◽  
The Relationship

AbstrakCacing Nipah Pendek Namalycastis abiuma memiliki tubuh yang elastis dan mudah putus sehingga diperlukan pendekatan morfometri tubuh lain untuk menentukan panjang tubuh sesungguhnya. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menentukan panjang tubuh total cacing nipah pendek dengan menggunakan bobot tubuh, jumlah total segmen berseta, panjang tiga segmen anterior pertama (L3) dan lebar segmen berseta atau setiger ke-10 (S-10). Spesimen yang digunakan dipilih hanya individu yang lengkap dan utuh. Pengukuran dilakukan dibawah mikroskop dengan lensa okular yang dilengkapi dengan mikrometer. Data dianalisis dengan analisis korelasi. Cacing yang digunakan sebanyak 258 individu yang terdiri atas 190 immature, 54 submature dan 14 mature dengan ukuran panjang tubuh rata-rata berturut-turut 108,62±34,80 mm, 172,27±42,78 mm dan 123,14±57,40 mm. Cacing betina ditemukan memiliki ukuran tubuh lebih besar dari jantan. Panjang tubuh N. abiuma dapat diduga dengan bobot tubuh, panjang L3 dan lebar S-10 dengan nilai koefisien korelasi (r) berturut-turut 0,82, 0,73 dan 0,78. Pendekatan morfometri dapat digunakan untuk menentukan ukuran tubuh N. abiuma.Abstract The short nypa palm worm Namalycastis abiuma has an elastic and fragile body. Therefore, an alternative approach of morphometrical techniques is needed to determine the total body length. This research aimed to estimate the total body length of the short nypa palm worm based on body weight, the total number of segments, the length of the first three anterior segment (L3) and the tenth setiger width (S10). Body measurement was done using stereomicroscope fitted with the micrometer. Correlation analysis was done to describe the relationship between the length of L3 and the width of S10. A total of 258 complete and whole specimens consisted of 190 immature, 54 submature, and 14 mature individuals. The average body length of immature individuals was 108.62±34.80 mm, 172.27±42.78 mm for sub mature individuals, and 123.14±57.40 mm for mature individuals. Based on sexual dimorphism, the female body size is larger than male. The body length of N. abiuma can be estimated by body weight, the length of L3, and the  width of S10, with  correlation coefficient (r) of 0.82, 0.73 and 0.78, respectively. Morphometry approach can be used to determine the body size of N. abiuma. 

The relationship between the body shape of living pigs and their carcass morphology and composition

2004 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. B. Doeschl ◽  
D. M. Green ◽  
C. T. Whittemore ◽  
C. P. Schofield ◽  
A. V. Fisher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Linear Regression ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Body ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Muscle Weight ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Weight Variation ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe conformation, tissue composition, and chemical composition of three types of pigs, given food ad libitum and slaughtered over a nominal live weight range of 35 to 115 kg, was assessed in relation to data provided on the live animals by a visual image analysis (VIA) system. The pig types were named as ‘3⁄4 Landrace’, ‘1⁄2 Pietrain’, and ‘1⁄4 Meishan’ types, representing ‘attenuated’, ‘blocky’, and ‘flabby’ types. Three analyses of the shape, conformation and composition data were performed. First, the relationship between conformation and age/size was assessed using linear regression of logarithmically transformed VIA and carcass data. In relation to age, ‘1⁄2 Pietrain’ pigs were found by both VIA and carcass measurements to have the widest shoulders. Both analyses also found this type to have the widest ham, trunk, and shoulders in relation to body length across most of the body length range studied, although the greatest rate of increase in ham width in relation to body length was found in the ‘1/4 Meishan’ type pigs. Second, the relationship between composition and VIA shape was examined using linear regression of transformed and standardized data. Significant relationships were found between fat, lipid, muscle, and protein weight and VIA shape, although relationships were weaker for protein and muscle weight. For fat and lipid, the VIA shape measures from the trunk region proved the most informative, whereas the VIA ham measures proved the most informative for muscle and protein. Third, detrended measures of composition/conformation and shape were used to remove the effect of animal size from the data. Removal of the variation due to growth generally led to substantial decreases in the adjusted R2statistics and in the R2-like statistics for prediction. Although in the models without detrending, relative fat and lipid weight had been found most strongly correlated with VIA shape, relative muscle was found most strongly correlated with shape in the detrended data. This was considered to result from the low between-animal variation in the data set combined with greater across-weight variation in fat and lipid weights than muscle and protein weights in the data without trend removal. Future trials with greater between-animal variation imposed would allow more precise determination of the relationship between conformation and shape.

scholarly journals Myonuclear content regulates cell size with similar scaling properties in mice and humans

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenth-Arne Hansson ◽  
Einar Eftestøl ◽  
Jo C. Bruusgaard ◽  
Inga Juvkam ◽  
Alyssa W. Cramer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Size ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Scaling Law ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
The Body ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Scaling Properties ◽  
Nuclear Number ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Developing Mice

AbstractMuscle fibers are the largest cells in the body, and one of its few syncytia. Individual cell sizes are variable and adaptable, but what governs cell size has been unclear. We find that muscle fibers are DNA scarce compared to other cells, and that the nuclear number (N) adheres to the relationship N = aVb where V is the cytoplasmic volume. N invariably scales sublinearly to V (b < 1), making larger cells even more DNA scarce. N scales linearly to cell surface in adult humans, in adult and developing mice, and in mice with genetically reduced N, but in the latter the relationship eventually fails when they reach adulthood with extremely large myonuclear domains. Another exception is denervation-atrophy where nuclei are not eliminated. In conclusion, scaling exponents are remarkably similar across species, developmental stages and experimental conditions, suggesting an underlying scaling law where DNA-content functions as a limiter of muscle cell size.

Body size and segmentation patterns in free-living and parasitic polychaetes

2001 ◽  
Vol 79 (5) ◽  
pp. 741-745 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Poulin
Keyword(s):  
Life History ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Life History Traits ◽  
The Body ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Body Segments ◽  
The Family ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Number Of Segments ◽  
Over Time

Taxa that include both free-living and parasitic lineages present opportunities to examine if and how the life-history traits of parasitic organisms have diverged from those of their free-living relatives. In a comparative analysis the body sizes and numbers of body segments of parasitic polychaetes of the family Oenonidae were compared with those of free-living polychaetes from closely related families. There was no difference in body length between oenonids and free-living polychaetes. However, the parasitic oenonids attain, on average, a much higher number of body segments than their free-living counterparts. The number of segments per unit body length is also much higher in oenonids than in related free-living polychaetes. This suggests that new segments are produced at a higher rate or for longer periods in oenonids than in free-living polychaetes, in which the proliferation of new segments slows down over time to allow for the segments to grow in size. Given that each segment can produce gametes late in the life of the worm, the proliferation of segments in oenonids may be an adaptation to their parasitic life-style.

Morphological and molecular characterisation of Longidorus danuvii sp. n. and L. silvae Roca, 1993 (Nematoda: Dorylaimida) from Serbia

Nematology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 585-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca De Luca ◽  
Franco Lamberti ◽  
László Barsi
Keyword(s):  
Body Length ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Quercus Petraea ◽  
The Body ◽  
Molecular Characterisation ◽  
Amorpha Fruticosa ◽  
26S Rdna ◽  
Pcr Rflp ◽  
River Danube ◽  
Novi Sad

AbstractSpecimens of a Longidorus species, here described as L. danuvii sp. n., were recovered from the rhizosphere of Amorpha fruticosa growing in a floodplain forest on the bank of the river Danube at Novi Sad, Serbia; a second population was collected from Populus sp. also at Novi Sad. Longidorus danuvii sp. n. is characterised by medium sized body length (3.7-5.4 mm), slightly expanded, anteriorly flattened and laterally rounded lip region, set off by a depression from the rest of the body, distinctly bilobed amphidial pouches with lobes of about equal length, medium odontostyle length (86-101 μ m) and elongate, conoid tail with more or less bent appearance. Four juvenile developmental stages were identified. A second Longidorus species, identified as L. silvae, was recovered from the rhizosphere of Quercus petraea at Rakovac, Fruška Gora mountain, Serbia. The discovery of two males is the second record for this species. PCR-RFLP analyses of the ITS containing regions and sequences of the D3 region of the 26S rDNA were done.

scholarly journals A comparative analysis of the relationship between stature and ultrasound dimensions of internal organs in adolescents

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 19-27
Author(s):  
Valerii O. Yerkudov ◽  
Andrey P. Pugovkin ◽  
Aleksej J. Volkov ◽  
Oksana I. Musaeva ◽  
Dmitriy J. Volkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
The Body ◽  
Comparative Characteristic ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Average Group ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the study was a comparative characteristic of the size of internal organs according to ultrasonography data in subjects with various deviations in stature, determined using international standardized norms. Materials and methods. The stature was measured in 93 adolescents, aged 13 to 17 years. Based on the measurements, the Z-score of body length was calculated according to the WHO Growth Reference, 2007 and three groups were formed for comparing the sizes of internal organs: average, above average, below average. Ultrasonography data of the internal organs dimensions and thyroid gland was performed using a Toshiba Aplio 500 ultrasound scanner. Results. There were statistically significantly lower values of the liver span and the longitudinal size of the gallbladder in the examined subjects from the below average group compared to the rest of the subjects. The length of the spleen and the total volume of the thyroid gland were statistically significantly different in subjects from all three groups, with the highest values in volunteers from the above average group. A weak direct correlation was shown between the Z-score of body length and liver span, the length of the cauda of the pancreas, and the width of the spleen. An average direct statistical relationship was found between the Z-score of stature and the length of the spleen, as well as the total volume of the thyroid gland. Conclusion. To a greater extent, body length is associated with the size of the parenchymal organs with a pronounced connective tissue frame - the liver and spleen, as well as the thyroid gland due to the relationship of its volume with hormones that regulate growth and development. Clinical substantiation of the relationship between the structure of the body and internal organs opens up the possibility of creating anatomical standards that allow ultrasound morphometric assessment of internal organs, taking into account the individual characteristics of the patients body size.

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