The effect of mouthrinses against oral microorganisms

This paper reviews the benefits of the use of antimicrobial mouthrinses for controlling dental biofilm. It is currently known that the human oral cavity is inhabited by approximately 600 to 700 different species of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and viruses, organized in biofilms. Biofilm accumulation represents the principal etiologic agent of oral diseases including caries and periodontal diseases. For that reason, prevention of biofilm accumulation has been shown to be associated with the control of diseases. Patient motivation and oral hygiene instruction are claimed to be a major factor influencing the degree of biofilm control. Therefore, mechanical home-care methods, including toothbrushing and flossing, represent the best way for patients to remove biofilm. For many patients, however, the elimination of all biofilm present in the oral cavity through home-care methods could be tedious and time-consuming. Additionally, some local conditions, including malpositioned teeth, presence of bridge-work or orthodontic appliances, among others, may render the mechanical control of biofilm especially difficult. Chemotherapeutic agents, including mouthrinses, could have a key role as adjuncts to daily home care, preventing and controlling supragingival plaque, gingivitis and oral malodor. Indeed, according to the ADA, the active ingredients of mouthwashes must demonstrate a therapeutic effect in vivo and in vitro to be classified as drugs. Several studies included in the present review have demonstrated the effectiveness of mouthrinses containing active ingredients such as chlorhexidine and essential oils in preventing and controlling both supragingival plaque and gingivitis, especially when used adjunctively to regular toothbrushing and flossing procedures.

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The occurrence of Entamoeba gingivalis among patients with periodontal disease

Current Issues in Pharmacy and Medical Sciences ◽

10.1515/cipms-2016-0017 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 29 (2) ◽

pp. 86-89 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Joanna Luszczak ◽

Michal Bartosik ◽

Jolanta Rzymowska ◽

Agnieszka Sochaczewska-Dolecka ◽

Ewa Tomaszek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Age Groups ◽

Healthy People ◽

Gingival Tissue ◽

Pathological Changes ◽

Oral Diseases

AbstractAccording to some studies, the Entamoeba gingivalis colonizing the gingival tissue is an important agent in bringing about periodontitis. Other studies, however, deem it an opportunist that is able to survive in the medium induced by periodontal disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Entamoeba gingivalis infection in patients from the Department of Periodontology, and compare this population with that of healthy people, so as to analyze the relationships between infection and patient sex and age. The result of this work is that in both groups, a correlation (p = 0,19) has been noted between the occurrence of amoebae and other diseases in the oral cavity. Indeed, 81,4% of all patients with some periodontal disease showed the presence of amoeba. Among those who are not afflicted with oral diseases, the presence of amoeba was indicated in 62,5% of the total. In addition, a correlation between the person's age and the presence of protozoa (p = 0,15) was strongly marked among women (p = 0,19). In the three age groups of women in this study (40-49, 60-69, and above 80 years), we observed a 100% presence of protozoa.Our study leads us to the conclusion that infections with Entamoeba gingivalis should be regarded as an factor that is associated with the pathological changes occurring in patients with periodontal diseases.

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Changes in Distribution of Dental Biofilm after Insertion of Fixed Orthodontic Appliances

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm10235638 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (23) ◽

pp. 5638

Author(s):

Urszula Kozak ◽

Agnieszka Lasota ◽

Renata Chałas

Keyword(s):

Oral Hygiene ◽

Dental Plaque ◽

General Health ◽

Control Group ◽

Orthodontic Appliances ◽

Fixed Appliance ◽

Dental Biofilm ◽

Supragingival Plaque ◽

Fixed Orthodontic Appliances ◽

The Impact

Good oral hygiene is an important factor in oral and general health, especially in orthodontic patients, because fixed appliances might impede effective oral hygiene and thus increase the risks of tooth decay, periodontal disease and general health complications. This study investigated the impact of fixed orthodontic appliances on the distribution of dental biofilm in teenagers. Supragingival plaque was assessed at T0, T1 and T2. The distribution of the biofilm was analyzed. Approximal Plaque Index (API) and Bonded Bracket Index (BBI) were used to measure the presence of dental plaque. After insertion of the fixed appliance, the dental plaque indices values in the orthodontically treated group were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in the control group. Fixed orthodontic appliances caused significant changes in the distribution of the biofilm. This was characterized by the change of location of the dental plaque. In the orthodontic group, we observed an increase in the amount of the supragingival plaque on the vestibular surface of the teeth.

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Antioxidant-Rich Natural Raw Materials in the Prevention and Treatment of Selected Oral Cavity and Periodontal Diseases

Antioxidants ◽

10.3390/antiox10111848 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. 1848

Author(s):

Jolanta Pytko-Polończyk ◽

Magdalena Stawarz-Janeczek ◽

Agata Kryczyk-Poprawa ◽

Bożena Muszyńska

Keyword(s):

Oral Cavity ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Salivary Secretion ◽

Biologically Active ◽

Quantitative Composition ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Treatment And Prevention ◽

Prevention And Treatment ◽

Materials Used

Antioxidant-rich natural raw materials have been used for thousands of years in traditional medicine. In the past decade, there has been increasing interest in naturotherapy, which is a practice of using products with a natural origin. Natural products can be effective in the treatment and prevention of oral and dental diseases, among others. Such raw materials used in dentistry are characterized by antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antiedematous, astringent, anticoagulant, dehydrating, vitaminizing, and—above all—regenerative properties. Reports have shown that a relationship exists between oral diseases and the qualitative and quantitative composition of the microbiota colonizing the oral cavity. This review aimed to analyze the studies focusing on the microbiome colonizing the oral cavity in the context of using natural raw materials especially herbs, plant extracts, and isolated biologically active compounds as agents in the prevention and treatment of oral and periodontal diseases such as dental caries as well as mucosal changes associated with salivary secretion disorder. The present work discusses selected plant ingredients exhibiting an antioxidant activity with potential for the treatment of selected oral cavity and periodontal diseases.

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Effectiveness of coconut oil pulling as an adjuvant to oral hygiene procedure on plaque-induced gingivitis among middle-aged adults – An interventional study

Journal of Global Oral Health ◽

10.25259/jgoh_6_2020 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 ◽

pp. 102-107

Author(s):

V. Menaka ◽

G. Kavya ◽

R. Bhuvaneshwari ◽

Ain Syuhada Azali ◽

S. Aparna ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Promising Result ◽

Statistical Tests ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Coconut Oil ◽

Well Being ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Folk Remedy

Objectives: Oral health correlates with systemic health, and maintaining oral health is very important because the oral cavity is considered as a reflection of the general well-being of a human body. Daily plaque removal with a toothbrush is an important component of most oral hygiene programs intended to prevent and control two globally leading oral afflictions dental caries and periodontal diseases. Failure to comply and lack of technical skills of the patient has lessened the effectiveness of conventional tooth brushing. Because of this, research efforts have focused on adjuvant therapy along with brushing for reducing and controlling plaque-induced oral diseases. One such measure is oil pulling. Oil pulling has been used extensively as a traditional Indian folk remedy for many years to prevent decay, oral malodor, bleeding gums, dryness of throat, cracked lips, etc. Most of the studies have been done using sesame oil. Since coconut oil also has many health effects such as boosting the immune system and antimicrobial properties, this can also help in fighting against various pathogens of oral cavity that will in turn act as an effective plaque control agent. Hence, with this background, this study is contemplated to evaluate the benefit of oil pulling along with normal brushing techniques in adults under the age group of 35–44 years. Materials and Methods: Forty healthy subjects belonging to both the sexes who presented with plaque-induced gingivitis will be selected for the study and will be divided into control and study groups. The patients will be informed about the nature and purpose of the study. Health education will be provided to all the students. The modified bass technique will be demonstrated to the participants and they are directed to brush twice daily for 3 min. Toothbrush and toothpaste will be provided to all participants. Among them, 20 subjects were instructed to continue their normal oral hygiene procedures along with coconut oil pulling. Data collected were subjected to appropriate statistical tests using SPSS version 20. Results: A highly statistical difference was seen between the two groups and within the groups. Conclusion: The usage of coconut oil pulling as an adjuvant to oral hygiene gives a promising result.

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Microbiota populations in supragingival plaque, subgingival plaque, and saliva habitats of adult dogs

Animal Microbiome ◽

10.1186/s42523-021-00100-9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Patrícia M. Oba ◽

Meredith Q. Carroll ◽

Celeste Alexander ◽

Helen Valentine ◽

Amy J. Somrak ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oral Health ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Oral Disease ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Subgingival Plaque ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Supragingival Plaque

Abstract Background Oral diseases are common in dogs, with microbiota playing a prominent role in the disease process. Oral cavity habitats harbor unique microbiota populations that have relevance to health and disease. Despite their importance, the canine oral cavity microbial habitats have been poorly studied. The objectives of this study were to (1) characterize the oral microbiota of different habitats of dogs and (2) correlate oral health scores with bacterial taxa and identify what sites may be good options for understanding the role of microbiota in oral diseases. We used next-generation sequencing to characterize the salivary (SAL), subgingival (SUB), and supragingival (SUP) microbial habitats of 26 healthy adult female Beagle dogs (4.0 ± 1.2 year old) and identify taxa associated with periodontal disease indices. Results Bacterial species richness was highest for SAL, moderate for SUB, and lowest for SUP samples (p < 0.001). Unweighted and weighted principal coordinates plots showed clustering by habitat, with SAL and SUP samples being the most different from one another. Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Spirochaetes were the predominant phyla in all habitats. Paludibacter, Filifactor, Peptostreptococcus, Fusibacter, Anaerovorax, Fusobacterium, Leptotrichia, Desulfomicrobium, and TG5 were enriched in SUB samples, while Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Leucobacter, Euzebya, Capnocytophaga, Bergeyella, Lautropia, Lampropedia, Desulfobulbus, Enhydrobacter, and Moraxella were enriched in SUP samples. Prevotella, SHD-231, Helcococcus, Treponema, and Acholeplasma were enriched in SAL samples. p-75-a5, Arcobacter, and Pasteurella were diminished in SUB samples. Porphyromonas, Peptococcus, Parvimonas, and Campylobacter were diminished in SUP samples, while Tannerella, Proteocalla, Schwartzia, and Neisseria were diminished in SAL samples. Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, and Neisseria were associated with higher oral health scores (worsened health) in plaque samples. Conclusions Our results demonstrate the differences that exist among canine salivary, subgingival plaque and supragingival plaque habitats. Salivary samples do not require sedation and are easy to collect, but do not accurately represent the plaque populations that are most important to oral disease. Plaque Actinomyces, Corynebacterium, Capnocytophaga, Leptotrichia, and Neisseria were associated with higher (worse) oral health scores. Future studies analyzing samples from progressive disease stages are needed to validate these results and understand the role of bacteria in periodontal disease development.

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Effects of Octenidine on the Formation and Disruption of Dental Biofilms: An Exploratory In Situ Study in Healthy Subjects

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/0022034521999044 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 002203452199904

Author(s):

B. Reda ◽

J. Dudek ◽

M. Martínez-Hernández ◽

M. Hannig

Keyword(s):

Biofilm Formation ◽

Healthy Subjects ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Biofilm Thickness ◽

Dental Biofilm ◽

Octenidine Dihydrochloride ◽

Biofilm Disruption ◽

Low Sensitivity

Dental biofilms are highly structured, complex multispecies communities that, if left untreated, lead to severe oral complications such as caries and periodontal diseases. Therefore, antibiofilm agents are often recommended for both preventive and therapeutic measures. However, biofilm management can be challenging due to the low sensitivity of biofilms to antimicrobial treatments. Octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT) is a highly effective antibacterial agent. Because the OCT antibiofilm efficacy has not been studied in situ, this exploratory crossover study aimed to evaluate the effects of OCT mouth rinsing on biofilm formation and on the disruption of mature biofilms. Moreover, a comparison to the gold-standard chlorhexidine (CHX) was conducted. The biofilms were formed intraorally by 5 healthy volunteers on enamel specimens fixed to acrylic splints. For biofilm formation analysis, OCT, CHX, or water rinses were applied for 30 s every 12 h. The samples evaluation took place at 24-and 48-h time points. For biofilm disruption analysis, sample assessment was performed before and directly after the first OCT or CHX rinse on 48-h mature biofilms. A second rinse was carried out 12 h later. The last assessment was applied to 72-h mature biofilms. The biofilms were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The results showed OCT significantly reducing biofilm formation and bacterial vitality in situ. Simultaneously, the biofilm thickness was strongly decreased. Moreover, a single application of OCT to a 48-h mature biofilm induced substantial biofilm disruption. In addition, the efficacy of OCT compared favorably to CHX. These findings show that OCT rinses prevent biofilm formation and disrupt preexisting mature biofilms formed by healthy subjects. This work suggests that OCT might be used for dental biofilm management as a part of the medical treatment of oral diseases. Future studies with a larger subject heterogeneity and number are needed to confirm the observed OCT effects.

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A szájüreg leggyakoribb bakteriális eredetű kórképeinek jellegzetességei, diagnosztikája és kezelése

Orvosi Hetilap ◽

10.1556/650.2019.31377 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 160 (19) ◽

pp. 739-746

Author(s):

Károly Mensch ◽

Gábor Nagy† ◽

Ádám Nagy ◽

Andrea Bródy

Keyword(s):

Oral Cancer ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Oral Hygiene ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Clinical Aspects ◽

Bacterial Diseases ◽

Dental Biofilm ◽

Untreated Caries ◽

Dental Foci

Abstract: Billions of microorganisms can be found in the oral cavity, from which bacteria are the most frequent. More than 600 bacterial species can be isolated. Most of them are harmless, moreover, some species prove themselves to be specifically useful. However, in the case of a weakened immune status or inappropriate oral hygiene, they may cause many types of soft and hard tissue disorders. Caries and periodontal diseases are the most common bacterial diseases of the oral cavity. In both cases, the dental biofilm gives rise to the disorder, which is caused by the insufficient oral hygiene. Dental caries are mainly caused by cariogenic streptococci and lactobacilli. In the case of serious periodontal diseases, anaerob parodonto-pathogen microorganisms play the major role. Untreated caries may result in the necrosis of the pulp, which can cause an inflammation expanding towards the parodontium. This can be characterized as a focal infection, like the untreated periodontal pockets. Dental foci may have lots of systemic consequences such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, pneumonia, arthritis, preterm birth and alopecia areata. When these diseases occur, dental foci should always be considered. The professional plaque control and chlorhexidine rinsing before the proposed surgeries have an outstanding role in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Oral cancer is multicausal; more and more researchers are analyzing the role of certain bacteria in the carcinogenesis of oral cancer. In addition to the mentioned clinical aspects, we are planning to describe the relatively rare, but diverse and diagnostically challenging bacterial soft tissue disorders in another publication. Orv Hetil. 2019; 160(19): 739–746.

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The Influence of Diet on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation Induced by Bacterial Biofilms in the Human Oral Cavity

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14061444 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1444

Author(s):

Ilona Rowińska ◽

Adrianna Szyperska-Ślaska ◽

Piotr Zariczny ◽

Robert Pasławski ◽

Karol Kramkowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Anaerobic Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Biofilms ◽

In Vitro Tests ◽

Oral Microbiota ◽

Oral Diseases

The article is a concise compendium of knowledge on the etiology of pathogenic microorganisms of all complexes causing oral diseases. The influence of particular components of the diet and the role of oxidative stress in periodontal diseases were described. The study investigated the bacteriostatic effect of the diet of adults in in vivo and in vitro tests on the formation of bacterial biofilms living in the subgingival plaque, causing diseases called periodontitis. If left untreated, periodontitis can damage the gums and alveolar bones. Anaerobic bacteria, called periopathogens or periodontopathogens, play a key role in the etiopathogenesis of periodontitis. The most important periopathogens of the oral microbiota are bacteria of all complexes, including the red complex. The obtained results suggest the possibility of using a specific diet in the prevention and treatment of periodontal diseases-already treated as a disease of civilization. The quoted article is an innovative compilation of knowledge on this subject and it can be a valuable source of knowledge for professional hygienists, dentists, peridontologists, dentistry students and anyone who cares about proper oral hygiene. The obtained results suggest the possibility of using this type of diet in the prophylaxis of the oral cavity in order to avoid periodontitis.

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Indicators of dental status in professional sportswomen

Perm Medical Journal ◽

10.17816/pmj38129-37 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 29-37

Author(s):

F. R. Safaraliyev

Keyword(s):

Dental Caries ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Female Athletes ◽

Periodontal Diseases ◽

Efficiency Index ◽

Main Group ◽

Dental Status ◽

Control Group ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Clinical Indicators

Objective. To study the indicators of the dental status in professional athletes. Materials and methods. The object of the study was 200 professional female athletes representing various kinds of sport and 200 practically healthy female individuals who are not involved in sports. The total sports experience of the subjects was on average 1315 years. The prevalence of periodontal diseases among female athletes was determined using the CPITN index. The prevalence and intensity of caries was determined by the CPI index. The hygienic state of the oral cavity was determined using the oral hygiene efficiency index (PHP). In the main group, patients were administered applications of a drug based on propolis and vegetable oil for two weeks; in the comparison group, the traditional antiseptic, chlorhexidine bigluconate, was used for the same period. Results. In the control group, the prevalence of chronic generalized gingivitis was on average two times less than in the main group, in which the value of this indicator varied within 50 %. Among all the studied diseases of the oral cavity in athletes in general, the most essential and significant differences were observed in relation to the prevalence of dental caries and its complications, which were more common in the group of athletes than in the control group 95.0 1.54 %, versus 89.5 2.17 %, respectively (p 0.001). The need for treatment of moderate and severe inflammatory periodontal diseases in the main group was approximately 1.5 times higher than in the control group (77.0 2.98 vs. 42.5 3.50 %, p 0.001), and for gingivitis almost 2 times higher than in the control group (61.5 3.44 vs. 39.0 3.45 %, p 0.001). The results of the study showed that among the oral diseases in sportswomen, the most essential and significant differences were observed in the prevalence of dental caries and its complications. The intensity of periodontal tissue damage over the entire period of sports career in athletes of the older age group corresponded to moderate and severe periodontitis. The high percentage of cases of major dental diseases detected among female athletes indicates their high need for periodontal care. Conclusions. Regular use of a biologically neutral propolis-based preparation for preventive purposes leads to a relatively more pronounced improvement in laboratory and clinical indicators of the oral cavity status.

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Impacts of sleep on the characteristics of dental biofilm

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-020-80541-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Maki Sotozono ◽

Nanako Kuriki ◽

Yoko Asahi ◽

Yuichiro Noiri ◽

Mikako Hayashi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Analysis ◽

Dental Caries ◽

Oral Cavity ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Oral Care ◽

Tooth Surface ◽

Oral Diseases ◽

Dental Biofilm

AbstractDental biofilm present on the tooth surface is associated with oral diseases, such as dental caries and periodontal disease. Because bacterial numbers rapidly increase in saliva during sleep, oral care before sleeping is recommended for the prevention of chronic oral diseases. However, temporal circadian changes in the quantity and quality of dental biofilms are poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of sleeping on dental biofilm amounts and compositions by using an in situ model. The use of this in situ model enabled us to investigate dental biofilm formed in the oral cavity and to perform a quantitative analysis. Subjects began wearing oral splints in the morning or before sleeping, and biofilm samples were collected at 8, 16, and 24 h after the subjects began wearing oral splints; these samples were then used in various experiments. No significant changes in the numbers of biofilm-forming bacteria were caused by sleep. However, the relative abundances of genera related to periodontitis (i.e., Fusobacterium and Prevotella) increased after awakening. In conclusion, the numbers of biofilm-forming bacteria were not affected by sleep, and the abundances of obligate anaerobes increased after sleep. This research may aid in defining efficacious preventive oral care.

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