Determining the optimal site location of GNSS base stations

The relative positioning technique plays an essential role in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) surveys. Simultaneous observation at base and rover stations eliminates the majority of error sources thus the quality of a positioning solution can be substantially improved. However, topographic obstruction is still a key issue affecting positioning quality. In this study, an integrated approach for analyzing the impact of topographic obstruction on GNSS relative positioning has been developed. By considering varied satellite geometry according to actual terrain variation, this approach can be used to realistically determine satellite visibility condition for a specific base station with respect to any rover station. Furthermore, a base station quality index (BSQI) is proposed as an explicit indication of the sufficiency in a relative positioning. By incorporating the proposed approach, one can immediately identify an optimal site location for a GNSS base station with subsequent GNSS field survey thus achieved in a more reliable and cost-efficient manner.

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Measurement of the Sea Surface Height with Airborne GNSS Reflectometry and Delay Bias Calibration

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13153014 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (15) ◽

pp. 3014

Author(s):

Feng Wang ◽

Dongkai Yang ◽

Guodong Zhang ◽

Jin Xing ◽

Bo Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Wind Speed ◽

Arrival Time ◽

Elevation Angle ◽

Satellite System ◽

Sea Surface Height ◽

Antenna Pattern ◽

Sea Surface ◽

Observation Method ◽

Global Navigation Satellite ◽

The Impact

Sea surface height can be measured with the delay between reflected and direct global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals. The arrival time of a feature point, such as the waveform peak, the peak of the derivative waveform, and the fraction of the peak waveform is not the true arrival time of the specular signal; there is a bias between them. This paper aims to analyze and calibrate the bias to improve the accuracy of sea surface height measured by using the reflected signals of GPS CA, Galileo E1b and BeiDou B1I. First, the influencing factors of the delay bias, including the elevation angle, receiver height, wind speed, pseudorandom noise (PRN) code of GPS CA, Galileo E1b and BeiDou B1I, and the down-looking antenna pattern are explored based on the Z-V model. The results show that (1) with increasing elevation angle, receiver height, and wind speed, the delay bias tends to decrease; (2) the impact of the PRN code is uncoupled from the elevation angle, receiver height, and wind speed, so the delay biases of Galileo E1b and BeiDou B1I can be derived from that of GPS CA by multiplication by the constants 0.32 and 0.54, respectively; and (3) the influence of the down-looking antenna pattern on the delay bias is lower than 1 m, which is less than that of other factors; hence, the effect of the down-looking antenna pattern is ignored in this paper. Second, an analytical model and a neural network are proposed based on the assumption that the influence of all factors on the delay bias are uncoupled and coupled, respectively, to calibrate the delay bias. The results of the simulation and experiment show that compared to the meter-level bias before the calibration, the calibrated bias decreases the decimeter level. Based on the fact that the specular points of several satellites are visible to the down-looking antenna, the multi-observation method is proposed to calibrate the bias for the case of unknown wind speed, and the same calibration results can be obtained when the proper combination of satellites is selected.

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A SCALAR BASED ROUTING PROTOCOL APPLIED TO WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology ◽

10.33564/ijeast.2021.v05i12.010 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (12) ◽

Author(s):

Kailash Subramanian

Keyword(s):

Wireless Sensor Networks ◽

Sensor Networks ◽

Power Supply ◽

Routing Protocols ◽

Base Station ◽

Base Stations ◽

Wireless Sensor ◽

Efficient Manner ◽

Failure Tolerance ◽

Main Station

Wireless Sensor Networks motes have a small size, which leads to severe power supply restrictions. Much of the work on conserving power has been undertaken in the domain of routing protocols which deals with sending data in an efficient manner. In this paper a new scalar based protocol is proposed with a combination of multiple sub-base stations, that seeks to enhance the efficiency of protocol in terms of consumption of power and node failure tolerance. All the nodes are divided into regions, with each region having a sub- base station(sBS) and an arbitrary scalar value. Each sBS has lesser power supply and computation power compared to main station, but more of the mentioned metrics with respect to the sensor motes. Previous studies have described various paradigms and metrics for routing protocols and the placement of base stations. In this paper, the said algorithm is proposed, and its efficiency is analysed.

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GNSS-Assisted Integrated Sensor Orientation with Sensor Pre-Calibration for Accurate Corridor Mapping

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s18092783 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (9) ◽

pp. 2783 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Yilin Zhou ◽

Ewelina Rupnik ◽

Paul-Henri Faure ◽

Marc Pierrot-Deseilligny

Keyword(s):

Satellite System ◽

Sensor Calibration ◽

Image Block ◽

Integrated Sensor ◽

Physical Constraints ◽

Pose Determination ◽

Sensor Orientation ◽

Global Navigation Satellite ◽

Oblique Images ◽

The Impact

With the development of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and global navigation satellite system (GNSS), the accurate camera positions at exposure can be known and the GNSS-assisted bundle block adjustment (BBA) approach is possible for integrated sensor orientation (ISO). This study employed ISO approach for camera pose determination with the objective of investigating the impact of a good sensor pre-calibration on a poor acquisition geometry. Within the presented works, several flights were conducted on a dike by a small UAV embedded with a metric camera and a GNSS receiver. The multi-lever-arm estimation within the BBA procedure makes it possible to merge image blocks of different configurations such as nadir and oblique images without physical constraints on camera and GNSS antenna positions. The merged image block achieves a better accuracy and the sensor self-calibrated well. The issued sensor calibration is then applied to a less preferable acquisition configuration and the accuracy is significantly improved. For a corridor acquisition scene of about 600 m , a centimetric accuracy is reached with one GCP. With the provided sensor pre-calibration, an accuracy of 3.9 c m is achieved without any GCP.

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Georeferencing of Laser Scanner-Based Kinematic Multi-Sensor Systems in the Context of Iterated Extended Kalman Filters Using Geometrical Constraints

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19102280 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (10) ◽

pp. 2280 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Sören Vogel ◽

Hamza Alkhatib ◽

Johannes Bureick ◽

Rozhin Moftizadeh ◽

Ingo Neumann

Keyword(s):

State Constraints ◽

Laser Scanner ◽

Measurement Data ◽

Satellite System ◽

Sensor Systems ◽

Measurement Models ◽

Non Linear ◽

Geometrical Constraints ◽

Global Navigation Satellite ◽

The Impact

Georeferencing is an indispensable necessity regarding operating with kinematic multi-sensor systems (MSS) in various indoor and outdoor areas. Information from object space combined with various types of prior information (e.g., geometrical constraints) are beneficial especially in challenging environments where common solutions for pose estimation (e.g., global navigation satellite system or external tracking by a total station) are inapplicable, unreliable or inaccurate. Consequently, an iterated extended Kalman filter is used and a general georeferencing approach by means of recursive state estimation is introduced. This approach is open to several types of observation inputs and can deal with (non)linear systems and measurement models. The capability of using both explicit and implicit formulations of the relation between states and observations, and the consideration of (non)linear equality and inequality state constraints is a special feature. The framework presented is evaluated by an indoor kinematic MSS based on a terrestrial laser scanner. The focus here is on the impact of several different combinations of applied state constraints and the dependencies of two classes of inertial measurement units (IMU). The results presented are based on real measurement data combined with simulated IMU measurements.

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Testing the Positioning Accuracy of GNSS Solutions during the Tramway Track Mobile Satellite Measurements in Diverse Urban Signal Reception Conditions

Energies ◽

10.3390/en13143646 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (14) ◽

pp. 3646 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Mariusz Specht ◽

Cezary Specht ◽

Andrzej Wilk ◽

Władysław Koc ◽

Leszek Smolarek ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Global Navigation Satellite System ◽

Geodetic Network ◽

Satellite System ◽

Railway Vehicle ◽

Navigation Satellite ◽

Design Work ◽

System Solution ◽

Global Navigation ◽

Global Navigation Satellite ◽

The Impact

Mobile Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements carried out on the railway consist of using satellite navigation systems to determine the track geometry of a moving railway vehicle on a given route. Their purposes include diagnostics, stocktaking, and design work in railways. The greatest advantage of this method is the ability to perform measurements in a unified and coherent spatial reference system, which effectively enables the combining of design and construction works, as well as their implementation by engineering teams of diverse specialties. In the article, we attempted to assess the impact of using three types of work mode for a GNSS geodetic network [Global Positioning System (GPS), GPS/Global Navigation Satellite System (GLONASS) and GPS/GLONASS/Galileo] on positioning availability at three accuracy levels: 1 cm, 3 cm and 10 cm. This paper presents a mathematical model that enables the calculation of positioning availability at these levels. This model was also applied to the results of the measurement campaign performed by five GNSS geodetic receivers, made by a leading company in the field. Measurements with simultaneous position recording and accuracy assessment were taken separately on the same route for three types of receiver settings: GPS, GPS/GLONASS and GPS/GLONASS/Galileo in an urban area typical of a medium-sized city. The study has shown that applying a two-system solution (GPS/GLONASS) considerably increases the availability of high-precision coordinates compared to a single-system solution (GPS), whereas the measurements with three systems (GPS/GLONASS/Galileo) negligibly increase the availability compared to a two-system solution (GPS/GLONASS).

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Impact of ECOM Solar Radiation Pressure Models on Multi-GNSS Ultra-Rapid Orbit Determination

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs11243024 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (24) ◽

pp. 3024

Author(s):

Yang Liu ◽

Yanxiong Liu ◽

Ziwen Tian ◽

Xiaolei Dai ◽

Yun Qing ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Solar Radiation ◽

Real Time ◽

Radiation Pressure ◽

Orbit Determination ◽

Precise Orbit Determination ◽

Solar Radiation Pressure ◽

Satellite System ◽

Ambiguity Fixing ◽

Global Navigation Satellite ◽

The Impact

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) ultra-rapid precise orbits are crucial for global and wide-area real-time high-precision applications. The solar radiation pressure (SRP) model is an important factor in precise orbit determination. The real-time orbit determination is generally less accurate than the post-processed one and may amplify the instability and mismodeling of SRP models. Also, the impact of different SRP models on multi-GNSS real-time predicted orbits demands investigations. We analyzed the impact of the ECOM 1 and ECOM 2 models on multi-GNSS ultra-rapid orbit determination in terms of ambiguity resolution performance, real-time predicted orbit overlap precision, and satellite laser ranging (SLR) validation. The multi-GNSS observed orbital arc and predicted orbital arcs of 1, 3, 6, and 24 h are compared. The simulated real-time experiment shows that for GLONASS and Galileo ultra-rapid orbits, compared to ECOM 1, ECOM 2 increased the ambiguity fixing rate to 89.3% and 83.1%, respectively, and improves the predicted orbit accuracy by 9.2% and 27.7%, respectively. For GPS ultra-rapid orbits, ECOM 2 obtains a similar ambiguity fixing rate as ECOM 1 but slightly better orbit overlap precision. For BDS GEO ultra-rapid orbits, ECOM 2 obtains better overlap precision and SLR residuals, while for BDS IGSO and MEO ultra-rapid orbits, ECOM 1 obtains better orbit overlap precision and SLR residuals.

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Analysis and Comparison of GPS Precipitable Water Estimates between Two Nearby Stations on Tahiti Island

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19245578 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (24) ◽

pp. 5578

Author(s):

Fangzhao Zhang ◽

Jean-Pierre Barriot ◽

Guochang Xu ◽

Marania Hopuare

Keyword(s):

Mapping Function ◽

Precipitable Water ◽

Satellite System ◽

Tropospheric Delay ◽

Horizontal Distance ◽

International Gnss Service ◽

Weighted Mean Temperature ◽

The Difference ◽

Global Navigation Satellite ◽

The Impact

Since Bevis first proposed Global Positioning System (GPS) meteorology in 1992, the precipitable water (PW) estimates retrieved from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) networks with high accuracy have been widely used in many meteorological applications. The proper estimation of GNSS PW can be affected by the GNSS processing strategy as well as the local geographical properties of GNSS sites. To better understand the impact of these factors, we compare PW estimates from two nearby permanent GPS stations (THTI and FAA1) in the tropical Tahiti Island, a basalt shield volcano located in the South Pacific, with a mean slope of 8% and a diameter of 30 km. The altitude difference between the two stations is 86.14 m, and their horizontal distance difference is 2.56 km. In this paper, Bernese GNSS Software Version 5.2 with precise point positioning (PPP) and Vienna mapping function 1 (VMF1) was applied to estimate the zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD), which was compared with the International GNSS Service (IGS) Final products. The meteorological parameters sourced from the European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the local weighted mean temperature ( T m ) model were used to estimate the GPS PW for three years (May 2016 to April 2019). The results show that the differences of PW between two nearby GPS stations is nearly a constant with value 1.73 mm. In our case, this difference is mainly driven by insolation differences, the difference in altitude and the wind being only second factors.

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Experimental results of multipath behavior for GPS L1-L2 and Galileo E1-E5b in static and kinematic scenarios

Journal of Applied Geodesy ◽

10.1515/jag-2019-0010 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 279-289 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Alexandra Avram ◽

Volker Schwieger ◽

Noha El Gemayel

Keyword(s):

Signal To Noise Ratio ◽

Measurement Data ◽

Absolute Error ◽

Autonomous Driving ◽

Satellite System ◽

Natural Environments ◽

Navigation Systems ◽

Global Navigation Satellite ◽

The Impact ◽

Measurement Campaigns

Abstract Current trends like Autonomous Driving (AD) increase the need for a precise, reliable, and continuous position at high velocities. In both natural and man-made environments, Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) signals suffer challenges such as multipath, attenuation, or loss-of-lock. As Highway Assist and Highway Pilot are AD next steps, multipath knowledge is necessary for this typical user-case and kinematic situations. This paper presents a multipath performance analysis for GPS and Galileo satellites in static, slow, and high kinematic scenarios. The data is provided from car test-drives in both controlled and unrestricted, near-natural environments. The Code-Minus-Carrier (CMC) and cycle-slip implementations are validated with measurement data from consecutive days. Multipath statistical models based on satellite elevation are evaluated for the three investigated scenarios. Static models derived from the car setup measurements for GPS L1, L2 and Galileo E1 and E5b show a good agreement with a state-of-the-art model as well as the enhanced Galileo signals performance. Slow kinematic multipath results in a controlled environment showed an improvement for both navigation systems compared to the static measurements at the same place. This result is confirmed by static and slow kinematic multipath simulations with the same GNSS receiver. Post-processing analysis on highway measurements revealed a bigger multipath bias, compared to the open-sky static and slow kinematic measurement campaigns. Although less critical as urban or rural, this indicates the presence of multipath in this kind of environment as well. The impact of different parameters, including receiver architecture and Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are analyzed and discussed. Differential position (DGNSS) based on code is computed for each epoch and compared against GNSS/INS integrated position for all three measurement campaigns. The most significant 3D absolute error occurs where the greatest multipath envelope is found.

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Low-cost, high accuracy Global Navigation Satellite System positioning for understanding floods

10.5194/egusphere-egu2020-8446 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hessel Winsemius ◽

Andreas Krietemeyer ◽

Kirsten Van Dongen ◽

Ivan Gayton ◽

Frank Annor ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Global Navigation Satellite System ◽

Low Cost ◽

Smart Phone ◽

Satellite System ◽

Base Station ◽

Navigation Satellite ◽

Low Resource Settings ◽

Low Resource ◽

Global Navigation ◽

Global Navigation Satellite

<p>Detailed elevation is a prerequisite for many hydrological applications. To name a few, understanding of urban and rural flood hazard and risk; understanding floodplain geometries and conveyance; and monitoring morphological changes. The accuracy of traditional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) chipsets in smart phones is typically in the order of several meters, too low to be useful for such applications. Structure from Motion photogrammetry methods or Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR), may be used to establish 3D point clouds from drone photos or lidar instrumentation, but even these require very accurate Ground Control Point (GCP) observations for a satisfactory result. These can be acquired through specialised GNSS rover equipment, combined with a multi-frequency GNSS base station or base station network, providing a Real-Time (RTK) or Post-Processing Kinematics (PPK) solution. These techniques are too expensive and too difficult to maintain for use within low resource settings and are usually deployed by experts or specialised firms.</p><p>Here we investigate if accurate positioning (horizontal and vertical) can be acquired using a very recently released low-cost multi-constellation dual-frequency receiver (ublox ZED-F9P), connected with a simple antenna and a smart phone. The setup is remarkably small and easy to carry into the field. Using a geodetic (high-grade) GNSS antenna and receiver as base station, initial results over baselines in the order of a few km with the low-cost receiver revealed a positioning performance in the centimeter domain. Currently, we are testing the solution using a smart phone setup as base station within Dar es Salaam, to improve elevation mapping within the community mapping project &#8220;Ramani Huria&#8221;. We will also test the equipment for use in GCP observations within the ZAMSECUR project in Zambia and TWIGA project in Ghana. This new technology opens doors to affordable and robust observations of positions and elevation in low resource settings.</p>

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Impact on Antijamming Performance of Channel Mismatch in GNSS Antenna Arrays Receivers

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation ◽

10.1155/2016/1909708 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 2016 ◽

pp. 1-9 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Zukun Lu ◽

Junwei Nie ◽

Feiqiang Chen ◽

Gang Ou

Keyword(s):

Transfer Function ◽

Global Navigation Satellite System ◽

Antenna Arrays ◽

Group Delay ◽

Satellite System ◽

Navigation Satellite ◽

Amplitude Wave ◽

Channel Mismatch ◽

Global Navigation Satellite ◽

The Impact

The performance of antijamming is limited by channel mismatch in global navigation satellite system (GNSS) antenna arrays receivers. Only when the amplitude and phase characteristics of each array channels are the same is the interference likely to be completely suppressed. This paper analyzes the impact on antijamming performance of channel mismatch. We built the model of channel mismatch and derived the impact on transfer function with space-time adaptive processor (STAP) of channel mismatch in theory. The impact factor of channel mismatch is proposed by the fuzzy transfer function, which could directly reflect the antijamming performance under channel mismatch. In addition, every characteristic in the channel mismatch model is analyzed. The analysis results show that the greatest impacts on antijamming performance are the range of amplitude wave and the group delay bias, while the influence of the number of amplitudes is next. As for the effect of group delay fluctuation is the smallest.

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