scholarly journals HirePeer: Impartial Peer-Assessed Hiring at Scale in Expert Crowdsourcing Markets

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (03) ◽  
pp. 2577-2584
Author(s):  
Yasmine Kotturi ◽  
Anson Kahng ◽  
Ariel Procaccia ◽  
Chinmay Kulkarni
Keyword(s):  
Peer Assessment ◽  
Rank Aggregation ◽  
Reputation Systems ◽  
Market Quality ◽  
Ranking Algorithm ◽  
Flexible Working ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Job Application ◽  
Score Inflation ◽  
Over Time

Expert crowdsourcing (e.g., Upwork.com) provides promising benefits such as productivity improvements for employers, and flexible working arrangements for workers. Yet to realize these benefits, a key persistent challenge is effective hiring at scale. Current approaches, such as reputation systems and standardized competency tests, develop weaknesses such as score inflation over time, thus degrading market quality. This paper presents HirePeer, a novel alternative approach to hiring at scale that leverages peer assessment to elicit honest assessments of fellow workers' job application materials, which it then aggregates using an impartial ranking algorithm. This paper reports on three studies that investigate both the costs and the benefits to workers and employers of impartial peer-assessed hiring. We find, to solicit honest assessments, algorithms must be communicated in terms of their impartial effects. Second, in practice, peer assessment is highly accurate, and impartial rank aggregation algorithms incur a small accuracy cost for their impartiality guarantee. Third, workers report finding peer-assessed hiring useful for receiving targeted feedback on their job materials.

‘Scene’ as a critical framing device: Extending analysis of chemsex cultures

Sexualities ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 136346072199546
Author(s):  
Kerryn Drysdale
Keyword(s):  
Entry Point ◽  
Temporal Logics ◽  
Media Reporting ◽  
Gay Male ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Expert Commentary ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Male Culture

The term ‘chemsex’ references an identifiable set of circumstances and behaviours ascribed to gay male culture at the same time as operating as a politically salient category capable of spurring policy and programmatic responses. Increasingly, the word ‘scene’ is used in association with ‘chemsex’ in media reporting, expert commentary and research on the phenomenon. Rather than dismissing the coupling of chemsex and scene as mere vernacular, ‘scene’ offers a fruitful entry point for exploring how the combination of sex and drugs achieves cultural salience over time. In this article, I read chemsex cultures through the material and representational elements characteristic of ‘scene’. By emphasizing scenes’ temporal logics, I speculate on the value of this alternative approach in generating new understandings of chemsex cultures.

scholarly journals Beyond the Aggregate Score: Using Multilevel Modeling to Examine Trajectories of Laboratory-Measured Aggression

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Chester
Keyword(s):  
Multilevel Modeling ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Taylor Aggression Paradigm ◽  
Trait Aggression ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Tit For Tat ◽  
Rich Information ◽  
Time Frames ◽  
Capture Trajectories ◽  
Over Time

Aggression is often measured in the laboratory as an iterative ‘tit-for-tat’ sequence, in which two aggressors repeatedly inflict retaliatory harm upon each other. Aggression researchers typically quantify aggression by aggregating across participants’ aggressive behavior on such iterative encounters. However, this ‘aggregate approach’ cannot capture trajectories of aggression across the iterative encounters and needlessly eliminates rich information in the form of within-participant variability. As an alternative approach, I employed multilevel modeling to examine the slope of aggression across the 25-trial Taylor Aggression Paradigm (TAP) as a function of trait physical aggression and experimental provocation. Across two preregistered studies (combined N = 392), participants exhibited a modest decline in aggression. This decline reflected a reciprocal strategy, in which participants responded to an initially-provocative opponent with greater aggression that then decreased over time in order to matched their opponent’s declining levels of aggression. Against predictions, trait physical aggression and experimental provocation did not affect participants’ overall trajectories of aggression. Yet exploratory analyses suggested that participants’ tendency to reciprocate their opponent’s aggression with more aggression was greater at higher levels of trait physical aggression and attenuated among participants who had already been experimentally-provoked by their opponent. These findings (a) illustrate several advantages of a multilevel modeling approach as compared to an aggregate approach to iterative laboratory aggression paradigms, (b) demonstrate that the magnifying effects of trait aggression and experimental provocation on laboratory aggression are stable over brief time-frames, and (c) suggest that modeling the opponent’s behavior on such tasks reveals important information.

scholarly journals Emerging, crystalizing, and changing psychological contracts over time: Introducing the iPC-network model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Vantilborgh
Keyword(s):  
Network Model ◽  
Psychological Contract ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Psychological Contracts ◽  
Exchange Relationships ◽  
Contract Breach ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Over Time

This chapter introduces the individual Psychological Contract (iPC) network model as an alternative approach to study psychological contracts. This model departs from the basic idea that a psychological contract forms a mental schema containing obligated inducements and contributions, which are exchanged for each other. This mental schema is captured by a dynamic network, in which the nodes represent the inducements and contributions and the ties represent the exchanges. Building on dynamic systems theory, I propose that these networks evolve over time towards attractor states, both at the level of the network structure and at the level of the nodes (i.e., breach and fulfilment attractor states). I highlight how the iPC-network model integrates recent theoretical developments in the psychological contract literature and explain how it may advance scholars understanding of exchange relationships. In particular, I illustrate how iPC-network models allow researchers to study the actual exchanges in the psychological contract over time, while acknowledging its idiosyncratic nature. This would allow for more precise predictions of psychological contract breach and fulfilment consequences and explains how content and process of the psychological contract continuously influence each other.

scholarly journals Power in relations of international organisations: The productive effects of ‘good’ governance norms in global health

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-414
Author(s):  
Laura Pantzerhielm ◽  
Anna Holzscheiter ◽  
Thurid Bahr
Keyword(s):  
Global Health ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Theoretical Framework ◽  
Discourse Theory ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Health Field ◽  
Over Time

AbstractIn recent years, scholarship on international organisations (IO) has devoted increasing attention to the relations in which IOs are embedded. In this article, we argue that the rationalist-institutionalist core of this scholarship has been marked by agentic, repressive understandings of power and we propose an alternative approach to power as productive in and of relations among IOs. To study productive power in IO relations, we develop a theoretical framework centred on the concept of ‘metagovernance norms’ as perceptions about the proper ‘governance of governance’ that are shared among IOs in a governance field. Drawing on discourse theory, we contend that metagovernance norms unfold productive power effects, as dominant notions of how to govern well and effectively (i) fix meanings, excluding alternative understandings and (ii) are inscribed into practices and institutions, hence reshaping inter-organisational relations over time. To illustrate our framework, we trace metagovernance norms in discourses among health IOs since the 1990s. We find a historical transformation from beliefs in the virtues of partnerships, pluralisation, and innovation, towards discursive articulations that emphasise harmonisation, order, and alignment. Moreover, we expose the productive power of metagovernance norms by showing how they were enacted through practices and institutions in the global health field.

Play the White Man: The Social Construction of Fairness and Competition in Equal Opportunity Policies

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 532-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janette Webb ◽  
Sonia Liff
Keyword(s):  
Equal Opportunity ◽  
Occupational Segregation ◽  
Job Applicants ◽  
American University ◽  
Job Requirements ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
Flexible Working ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Impact

This paper discusses the impact of equal opportunity projects on women's employment in two public sector organisations. It examines the limitations of the emerging liberal model and assesses the likely effectiveness of alternative approaches. An Affirmative Action Program in a North American university was examined five years after its initiation. Despite standardised procedures for access to jobs and systematic monitoring, there was very little change in the degree of occupational segregation between men and women. A women's committee project in a UK university examined the present situations of women staff, with the aim of producing a strategy for change which would benefit women currently employed. This resulted in the identification of training provision, flexible working arrangements and the restructuring of job requirements as the central aspects of an alternative approach to equal opportunity policy. It is argued that, particularly in a recessionary economic climate, policies requiring employers to rethink job requirements in ways that do not exclude competent women should provide a more effective challenge to occupational segregation than liberal policies which concentrate on assessing the ‘suitability’ of individual job applicants in terms of conventional criteria.

Ryoki Ikeda and the Prioritising of Space over Time in Musical Discourse

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-384
Author(s):  
Adam Collis
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Music ◽  
Sound Art ◽  
Music Practice ◽  
Art Form ◽  
Broadband Spectrum ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Musical Discourse ◽  
The Status ◽  
Nature Of Time ◽  
Over Time

No art form so rigorously organises time as music. Whereas all art in some sense exists in time, music could be said to be of time. This article, however, questions implicit assumptions about the fundamental nature of time to music. In contrast, an alternative approach to the discourse of composition and analysis is proposed in which space rather than time is privileged. Russolo, Stockhausen, Cage and Agostino Di Scipio are cited as historical precedents where the status of time in music is questioned but a more detailed consideration is given to Ryoji Ikeda, a contemporary sound-art practitioner who, it is argued, represents a turn towards the privileging of space in contemporary music practice. This article argues that an approach to composition that implicitly accepts the primacy of time tends to privilege sounds that are more easily described symbolically, such as notated pitched sounds or materials with clear spectromorphological design. In contrast, an approach that places greater concern with the work in space facilitates the greater use of materials that could be considered ‘noise’, in the sense of both a broadband spectrum and signal disruption.

scholarly journals Rubrics in the Political Science Classroom: Packing a Serious Analytical Punch

2013 ◽  
Vol 47 (01) ◽  
pp. 199-203 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Rost Rublee
Keyword(s):  
Active Learning ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Science Classroom ◽  
Peer Assessment ◽  
College Classroom ◽  
The Political ◽  
Analytical Quality ◽  
One Step ◽  
Oral Presentations ◽  
Over Time

AbstractAlthough professors may be aware that rubrics shorten grading time and improve grading consistency, many are not aware that rubrics offer a powerful analytical punch. Given the demands for active learning in today's college classroom, rubrics allow instructors to focus on analytical quality while engaging students in a variety of assignments. Rubrics are useful not only in more traditional applications—for example, papers and oral presentations—but also for more creative purposes. Using rubrics in both self and peer assessment engages students more in assignments, allowing them to reflect on their own performance and their peers. Going one step further, instructors can engage students in the construction of rubrics that will be used to grade their own work. Finally, rubrics force instructors to be clear about their own purposes for an assignment, and over time, instructors can become more attuned to the analytical possibilities in even traditional “busywork” assignments.

scholarly journals You are not worth the risk: The ethics of statistical discrimination in organisational selection of applicants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Vanessa Scholes
Keyword(s):  
Autonomous Agents ◽  
Statistical Data ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Statistical Discrimination ◽  
Ethical Concerns ◽  
Job Application ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Selection Of

<p>Your job application is rejected unseen because you ticked a box admitting you smoke. The employer screened out applicants who ticked the 'smoker' box, because she had read empirical studies that suggest smokers, as a group, are a higher productivity risk than non-smokers. What distinctive ethical concerns inhere in the organisational practice of discriminating against applicants on the basis of group risk statistics? I argue that risk-focussed statistical discrimination is morally undesirable due to the lack of respect for applicants as unique autonomous agents. However, I argue further that the decision-making context affects the morality of this discrimination. Other things being equal, the morality of statistical discrimination varies depending on the purpose of the organisation, the level of detail in the discrimination, and whether the discrimination is transparent to applicants and includes some benefit for applicants. Because organisations may have good reason to use risk-focussed statistical discrimination when assessing applicants, I present some recommendations for decision-makers to mitigate the lack of respect for applicants as individual agents. Organisational decision-makers can focus on the extent to which the statistical data they use comprise i) factors that feature efforts and achievements of the applicant; ii) dynamic rather than static factors; and iii) data drawn from the applicant’s own history and actions over time.</p>

scholarly journals Dialogic Learning as an Alternative Approach for Mathematics Classrooms

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (34) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Raquel Carneiro Dörr
Keyword(s):  
Written Language ◽  
Specific Context ◽  
Dialogic Learning ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Math Teachers ◽  
Mathematics Classrooms ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
Over Time

This article characterizes the Dialogic Learning (DL) approach, presenting its constitutive elements using the literature related to the studies that have dealt with this theme in the specific context of practices and learning in math classes. In this way, the conception of dialogue that is practiced lies in the interaction between educator and learner through written language. The text also reports and shows two illustrative records that are used to establish a discussion about the importance of the activity and to emphasize how significant would be to disseminate the methodology amid math teachers at all educational levels. The DL approach aggregates important dimensions of communication and interaction between participants that are necessary to construct a differentiated idea about making mathematics, replacing the restrictive image disseminated over time by the classic lecture classes.

scholarly journals Model degradation in web derived text-based models

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piet Daas ◽  
Jelmer Jansen
Keyword(s):  
Gradual Decrease ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Model Stability ◽  
Main Page ◽  
Alternative Approach ◽  
One Year ◽  
A Company ◽  
Over Time

Getting an overview of the innovative companies in a country is a challenging task. Traditionally, this is done by sending a questionnaire to a sample of large companies. For this an alternative approach has been developed: determining if a company is innovative by studying the text on the main page of its website. The text-based model created is able to reproduce the results from the survey and is also able to detect small innovative companies, such as startups. However, model stability was found to be a serious problem. It suffered from model degradation which resulted in a gradual decrease in the detection of innovative companies. The accuracy of the model dropped from 93% to 63% during a period of one year. In this paper this phenomenon is described and the data underlying it is studied in great detail. It was found that the combination of the inactivity of a subset of websites and changes in the composition of the words on company websites over time produced this effect. A solution for dealing with this phenomenon is presented and future research is discussed.

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