Molecular Mechanisms Linking Nutrition to Metabolic Homeostasis: An Overview Picture of Current Understanding

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 543-564
Author(s):  
Carla Pignatti ◽  
Stefania D'Adamo ◽  
Flavio Flamigni ◽  
Silvia Cetrulllo
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Metabolic Homeostasis

scholarly journals Circadian Blood Pressure Rhythm in Cardiovascular and Renal Health and Disease

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 868
Author(s):  
Jiayang Zhang ◽  
Ruoyu Sun ◽  
Tingting Jiang ◽  
Guangrui Yang ◽  
Lihong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Circadian Rhythm ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Renal Outcomes ◽  
Circadian Blood Pressure ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Relationship

Blood pressure (BP) follows a circadian rhythm, it increases on waking in the morning and decreases during sleeping at night. Disruption of the circadian BP rhythm has been reported to be associated with worsened cardiovascular and renal outcomes, however the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not clear. In this review, we briefly summarized the current understanding of the circadian BP regulation and provided therapeutic overview of the relationship between circadian BP rhythm and cardiovascular and renal health and disease.

Modern concepts of etiology, pathogenesis and risk factors for preeclampsia

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (5) ◽  
pp. 105-116
Author(s):  
Maria Yu. Abramova ◽  
Mikhail I. Churnosov
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Social Issue ◽  
Chronic Diseases ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Perinatal Morbidity ◽  
Distant Future

Preeclampsia is a serious complication of pregnancy and complicates its course in 2-8% of all cases. According to the literature, the disease is associated with an increase in maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, and is a predictor of the development of chronic diseases in the distant future, which is an important medical and social issue. Of particular interest is the study of the molecular mechanisms of etiopathogenesis and risk factors for preeclampsia, which, unfortunately, are currently poorly studied and understood, thus dictating the need for further study of this complication of pregnancy. This article discusses the current understanding of the etiology, pathogenesis and risk factors for preeclampsia.

scholarly journals Osteoporosis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapies 2.0

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 8005
Author(s):  
Chih-Hsin Tang
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Bone Resorption ◽  
Bone Formation ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Trabecular Microarchitecture ◽  
Anabolic Agent ◽  
Skeletal Disorder

Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disorder, occurring as a result of an imbalance between bone resorption and bone formation, with bone breakdown exceeding bone building. Bone resorption inhibitors, e.g., bisphosphonates, have been designed to treat osteoporosis. Teriparatide, an anabolic agent, stimulates bone formation and corrects the characteristic changes in the trabecular microarchitecture. However, these drugs are associated with significant side effects. It is therefore crucial that we continue to research the pathogenesis of osteoporosis and seek novel modes of therapy. This editorial summarizes and discusses the themes of the ten articles published in our Special Issue “Osteoporosis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapies 2.0”, a continuation of our 2019 Special Issue "Osteoporosis: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapies" (https://www.mdpi.com/journal/ijms/special_issues/osteoporosis_ijms). These Special Issues detail important global scientific findings that contribute to our current understanding of osteoporosis.

scholarly journals APC/C: current understanding and future perspectives

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Yamano
Keyword(s):  
Cell Cycle ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Cell Cycle Regulators ◽  
Anaphase Promoting Complex ◽  
Electron Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Cellular Machinery ◽  
The Many ◽  
Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzymes

The separation of sister chromatids at anaphase, which is regulated by an E3 ubiquitin ligase called the anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C), is arguably the most important irrevocable event during the cell cycle. The APC/C and cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) are just two of the many significant cell cycle regulators and exert control through ubiquitylation and phosphorylation, respectively. The temporal and spatial regulation of the APC/C is achieved by multiple mechanisms, including phosphorylation, interaction with the structurally related co-activators Cdc20 and Cdh1, loading of distinct E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes, binding with inhibitors and differential affinities for various substrates. Since the discovery of APC/C 25 years ago, intensive studies have uncovered many aspects of APC/C regulation, but we are still far from a full understanding of this important cellular machinery. Recent high-resolution cryogenic electron microscopy analysis and reconstitution of the APC/C have greatly advanced our understanding of molecular mechanisms underpinning the enzymatic properties of APC/C. In this review, we will examine the historical background and current understanding of APC/C regulation.

scholarly journals Overview on the Side Effects of Doxorubicin

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chittipolu Ajaykumar
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Cancer Cell ◽  
Cell Apoptosis ◽  
Cytotoxic Effect ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Preventive Strategies ◽  
Normal Cells ◽  
Dna Strand

Doxorubicin is an anthracycline antibiotic extracted from the bacterium Streptomyces peucetius. Its cytotoxic effect produced by intercalating with DNA causing breakdown of DNA strand which causes cancer cell apoptosis. Despite being an effective anticancer agent it causes several crucial side effects like carditoxicity, neuropathy, hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, alopecia, typhlitis, myelosuppression, neutropenia, anaemia, thrombocytopenia, nausea, and diarrhoea were caused mainly due to the inability to distinguish between cancer cells and normal cells. This chapter mainly focuses on doxorubicin’s side effects, current understanding of the molecular mechanisms, and management and preventive strategies of doxorubicin’s cardiotoxicity during the treatment of various type of cancer.

scholarly journals Dietary Restriction and Neuroinflammation: A Potential Mechanistic Link

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Bok ◽  
Myungjin Jo ◽  
Shinrye Lee ◽  
Bo-Ram Lee ◽  
Jaekwang Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Dietary Restriction ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Motor Dysfunction ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Brain Disorders ◽  
Chronic Neuroinflammation ◽  
Age Related

Chronic neuroinflammation is a common feature of the aged brain, and its association with the major neurodegenerative changes involved in cognitive impairment and motor dysfunction is well established. One of the most potent antiaging interventions tested so far is dietary restriction (DR), which extends the lifespan in various organisms. Microglia and astrocytes are two major types of glial cells involved in the regulation of neuroinflammation. Accumulating evidence suggests that the age-related proinflammatory activation of astrocytes and microglia is attenuated under DR. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying DR-mediated regulation of neuroinflammation are not well understood. Here, we review the current understanding of the effects of DR on neuroinflammation and suggest an underlying mechanistic link between DR and neuroinflammation that may provide novel insights into the role of DR in aging and age-associated brain disorders.

CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF THE MOLECULAR MECHANISMS IN ONCOGENESIS OF GASTROINTESTINAL STROMAL TUMORS

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (1) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Dmitriy Gvaldin ◽  
Yekaterina Omelchuk ◽  
Natalya Timoshkina ◽  
Vladimir Trifanov ◽  
Yuriy Sidorenko
Keyword(s):  
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Current Understanding ◽  
Dna Hypomethylation ◽  
Stromal Tumors ◽  
Activating Mutations ◽  
New Therapeutic Approaches ◽  
Risk Of Progression ◽  
Cpg Hypermethylation

The association of genetic driver changes in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) with clinical implications is the most studied aspect in all solid tumors. Genotyping of particular exons c-KIT and PDGFRA included in the standard practice of diagnosis and treatment of GIST. The review analyzes the current understanding of the molecular-genetic mechanisms and markers that underlie the GIST profiling. Of particular interest are wild-type tumors of c-KIT and PDGFRA, in which activating mutations of the RAS, BRAF and EGFR oncogenes are found, associated with the early stages of disease progression. The data of studies of genetic and epigenetic changes in GIST, which revealed the prognostic value of inactivation of CDKN2A and p53, deletions of 22q, 1p and 15q, CpG hypermethylation are presented. New factors that determine a high risk of progression of GISTs are described: inactivation of dystrophin, DNA hypomethylation, increased expression of miRNAs and HOTAIR. The progress achieved in understanding the molecular mechanisms of GISTs give the opportunity of developing and effectively applying new therapeutic approaches, expanding the range of molecular genetic markers that determine patient surveillance.

Exogenous melatonin promotes rice seed germination under salinity through regulating antioxidants and metabolic homeostasis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liexiang Huangfu ◽  
Enying Zhang ◽  
Huimin Fang ◽  
Pengcheng Li ◽  
Yang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Seed Germination ◽  
Stress Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Main Body ◽  
Rice Seed ◽  
Metabolic Homeostasis ◽  
Exogenous Melatonin ◽  
Total Antioxidant ◽  
Pre Treatment

Abstract Background Melatonin plays important roles in multiple plant developmental processes and stress responses. However, little is known about the role and putative mechanism of exogenous melatonin in regulating rice seed germination under salt stress. Main Body Here, we revealed that the exogenous application of melatonin can significantly promote rice seed germination under salinity. Its putative molecular mechanisms are further investigated through metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. The results revealed that the phytohormone concentrations in germinating seeds are reprogrammed, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) are enhanced, and the total antioxidant capacity under salinity is activated by exogenous melatonin. In addition, rice seeds pre-treated with melatonin exhibit higher concentrations of glycosides than non-treated seeds under salinity. Furthermore, exogenous melatonin alleviates the accumulation of fatty acids under salinity. Genome-wide transcriptomic profiling is used to identify 7160 transcripts which are differentially expressed under salt (NaCl), salt + melatonin (MT100), and control treatments. Pathway and GO enrichment analyses reveal that the genes involved in the response to oxidative stress, hormone metabolism, heme building, mitochondrion, and tricarboxylic acid transformation are altered after melatonin pre-treatment under salinity. Conclusion This study provides evidence for exogenous melatonin increasing rice seed germination under salt stress, mainly through the activation of antioxidants and modulation of metabolic homeostasis.

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