THE EFFECT OF ADRENALINE ON THE CELL CONTENT OF BLOOD AND SALIVA OF NORMAL MAN

1952 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 138-147 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. N. GHADIALLY
Keyword(s):  
Single Injection ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Left Shift ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Normal Man ◽  
The Difference

The effect of a single dose of 1 ml. 1:1000 adrenaline hydrochloride on the peripheral blood picture of fourteen normal human subjects was studied and an erythrocytosis and leucocytosis was seen in all the subjects. The magnitude of the variations observed have been recorded. No increase in the percentage of reticulocytes or a left shift in the granulocytes was noted. As the size of the post-adrenaline erythrocytosis and leucocytosis did not diminish in four splenectomized subjects, it is suggested that splenic contraction is not the causal factor of these phenomena in man. It seems that the post-adrenaline erythrocytosis in man is due to haemoconcentration, the granulocytosis to a mobilization of cells from the bone marrow and the lymphocytosis to a mobilization of cells from the lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues in the body. The variations in the salivary leucocytes after adrenaline show that, when the effect of the drug begins to wear off and the blood leucocyte level begins to fall, leucocytes are eliminated in the saliva. When repeated injections of adrenaline were given to two normal subjects the magnitude of the lymphocytosis was no greater than after a single injection; on the other hand, a very large cumulative granulocytosis occurred, but no left shift was detected. It is suggested that the difference is probably due to the different rates of elimination and/or destruction of these cells in the body.

Platelet catecholamines and platelet function in normal human subjects

1987 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-103 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Wilson ◽  
C. C. T. Smith ◽  
B. N. C. Prichard ◽  
D. J. Betteridge
Keyword(s):  
Platelet Function ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Noradrenaline Content ◽  
Collagen Concentration ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Wall Interaction ◽  
Local Release

1. We have used high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection to measure plasma and platelet catecholamines in 24 normal subjects. 2. In the same subjects platelet function was assessed by measuring platelet aggregation in response to adenosine 5′-pyrophosphate, thrombin, adrenaline and collagen. Platelet sensitivity to prostacyclin was also examined. 3. Platelet noradrenaline showed a positive correlation with extent of aggregation induced by ‘low-dose’ collagen (1 μg/ml). No correlation was seen at the higher collagen concentration. 4. Platelet noradrenaline content also correlated with sensitivity of platelets to prostacyclin. High platelet noradrenaline concentrations appeared to result in decreased sensitivity to prostacyclin. 5. No other correlations were observed. 6. These data suggest that platelet noradrenaline rather than plasma levels may be involved in modifying platelet function in vivo. Local release of platelet catecholamines may affect the platelet/vessel wall interaction, the primary physiological step in platelet activation.

Catechol O-Methyltransferase in Red Blood Cells of Schizophrenic, Depressed, and Normal Human Subjects

1976 ◽  
Vol 128 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen L. White ◽  
Malcolm N. McLeod ◽  
Jonathan R. T. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Enzyme Preparations ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Isoelectric Ph

SummaryCatechol O-methyltransferase of lysed human red blood cells was assayed under optimal conditions, using saturating concentrations of the substrates, S-adenosyl-L-methionine and 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The mean enzyme activity found in 24 normal subjects was 29.2 nmol/hr/ml RBC. The mean activity in blood of 33 female unipolar depressives was not significantly different from normal. However, higher enzyme activities were observed in the blood of 11 schizophrenic patients (38.9 nmol/hr/ml RBC). Partially purified enzyme preparations from blood of normal and schizophrenic individuals were indistinguishable with respect to substrate specificities, isoelectric pH values, and ratios of the two O-methylated products. Therefore it is unlikely that any defect in O-methylation which may occur in schizophrenia can be attributed to a change in the intrinsic properties of erythrocyte catechol O-methyltransferase.

scholarly journals FACTORS INFLUENCING THE CORRELATION BETWEEN DIFFERENCES OF ELECTRIC POTENTIAL IN THE SKIN OF HUMAN SUBJECTS AND BASAL METABOLISM

1931 ◽  
Vol 54 (6) ◽  
pp. 789-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte Purdy ◽  
Charles Sheard
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Rate ◽  
Electric Potential ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Inverse Correlation ◽  
The Body ◽  
Metabolic Rates ◽  
Electric Potentials ◽  
Per Se ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Circulation Of The Blood

High metabolic rates are associated normally with small differences of electric potential, whereas low metabolic rates are associated with large differences of electric potential as measured on the extremities of the body. Within the normal range of metabolism there appears to be a definite correlation between the metabolic rates and the difference of electric potential over a specified area of the skin, provided the person under test has no abnormalities of the circulatory system or of the functions of the skin. If there are no dysfunctions of the circulation or of the skin, the metabolic rate may be calculated, within ±4 points, from the expression See PDF for Equation where x is the metabolic rate and y is the difference of electric potential across the specified areas of skin (electrodes 12 cm. apart). In general, there are abnormalities of the circulation of the blood or of the functions of the skin of persons for whom the metabolic rates determined by the two methods (difference of electric potentials and gasometric procedures) do not agree with ±4 points. Manifest retardation or return to normality in the rate of circulation of the blood, such as may be produced by the sphygmomanometric cuff under varying pressures, produces marked changes in the difference of electric potentials obtained across a specified intervening area of skin. Retardation of flow of blood produces increased differences of electric potential. Preliminary investigations indicate that there is an inverse correlation between cutaneous temperatures and differences of electric potential. Day by day variations, emotive effects and the partaking of food have less effect, in general, on the electric potentials across a specified area of skin than they have on the metabolic rates. These experimental results indicate that there may be a more direct correlation between electric potentials and the circulation of the blood per se than between electric potentials and the metabolism of the body per se. When normality of circulation of the blood and of the functions of the skin exists in the areas under test for differences of electric potential, there is apparently a correlation between metabolic rates and electric potentials.

Lithium and erythrocyte membrane cation carrier studies in normal and manic depressive subjects

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. J. Naylor ◽  
A. Smith ◽  
L. J. Boardman ◽  
D. A. T. Dick ◽  
E. G. Dick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Erythrocyte Membrane ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Manic Depressive Psychosis ◽  
Manic Depressive ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Potassium Influx ◽  
Erythrocyte Sodium

synopsisChanges in the erythrocyte membrane cation carrier following lithium ingestion in normal human subjects were studied; ouabain sensitive potassium influx fell significantly during the lithium treated phase. Lithium was fed to rats and no change in erythrocyte Na-K ATPase was shown. These findings contrast with studies of lithium in manic depressive psychosis. The fluctuations in the erythrocyte membrane cation carrier were studied in 5 normal subjects over 12 weeks and the correlations between the parameters calculated. The erythrocyte sodium concentration correlated positively with the ouabain sensitive potassium influx. This too contrasts with findings in manic depressive psychosis.

Cerebral metabolism of isotopic glucose in chronic mental disease

1959 ◽  
Vol 14 (5) ◽  
pp. 849-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Sacks
Keyword(s):  
Mental Disease ◽  
Cerebral Metabolism ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Main Site ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Average Activity ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

A previous investigation of cerebral metabolism of isotopic glucose in normal human subjects was extended and similar studies performed upon chronic psychiatric patients. With variously labeled glucose-C14 as substrates, average activity-time curves and values for cumulative C14O2 resulting from cerebral oxidation of labeled glucose showed no significant variations between normal and psychotic subjects. A significant difference (P < 0.02) between the two groups did occur in comparing the fraction of brain CO2 derived from glucose. Calculations using individual glucose-U-C14 experiments gave averages of 56% for normal subjects and 36% for mental patients. These values agreed with those derived from composite curves of variously labeled glucose. That less brain CO2 was derived from glucose in psychotic subjects seemed to indicate a greater dilution of some carbohydrate intermediate(s) by protein and/or lipid intermediate(s); and, possibly, a decreased cerebral oxidation of carbohydrate. Theoretical considerations suggested that pyruvate and/or lactate might be the main site(s) of dilution. Submitted on January 28, 1959

scholarly journals A supplementation study in human subjects with a combination ofmeso-zeaxanthin, (3R,3′R)-zeaxanthin and (3R,3′R,6′R)-lutein

2008 ◽  
Vol 100 (6) ◽  
pp. 1307-1314 ◽  
Author(s):  
David I. Thurnham ◽  
Aurélie Trémel ◽  
Alan N. Howard
Keyword(s):  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Chiral Column ◽  
Plasma Response ◽  
Pure Substances ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Β Carotene

We measured the blood uptake ofmeso-zeaxanthin (MZ) from a mixture of macular pigments since its bioavailability in man has not been studied. Volunteers (ten men and nine women) were recruited and received one capsule of Lutein Plus®/d. Blood was taken at baseline, day 10 and day 22. One capsule contained 10·8 mg lutein, 1·2 mg (3R,3′R)-zeaxanthin and 8·0 mg MZ. Plasma lutein and total zeaxanthin concentrations were quantified using isocratic liquid chromatography and the eluting xanthophyll fractions were collected and re-chromatographed on a chiral column to assess the proportion of MZ. Plasma concentrations per mg dose at day 22 suggested that (3R,3′R)-zeaxanthin (0·088 μmol/l per mg) was about 50 % more actively retained by the body than lutein (0·056 μmol/l per mg) (although the difference was not significant in women) and 2·5–3·0 times more than MZ (0·026 μmol/l per mg). Concentrations of MZ at day 22 were 2·5 times higher in women than men. The plasma responses from lutein and (3R,3′R)-zeaxanthin in the Lutein Plus®were lower than literature values for the pure substances. That is, their uptake into plasma appeared to be slightly depressed by the presence of MZ. Plasma concentrations of β-carotene were depressed by about 50 % at day 10 and about 35 % at day 22. In conclusion, the lower plasma response to MZ compared with (3R,3′R)-zeaxanthin probably indicates that MZ is less well absorbed than (3R,3′R)-zeaxanthin but work with pure MZ will be needed to confirm that the lower plasma response was not due to the large amount of lutein in the Lutein Plus®.

Functional magnetic stimulation of expiratory muscles: a noninvasive and new method for restoring cough

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1144-1150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vernon W. H. Lin ◽  
Caleb Hsieh ◽  
Ian N. Hsiao ◽  
James Canfield
Keyword(s):  
Critical Care ◽  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Magnetic Stimulation ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Stimulation Parameters ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Lower Thoracic Spine ◽  
Expiratory Muscles ◽  
Stimulation Of

The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of functional magnetic stimulation (FMS) for producing expiratory function in normal human subjects. Twelve able-bodied normal subjects were recruited for this study. FMS of the expiratory muscles was performed by using a magnetic stimulator and placing the magnetic coil along the lower thoracic spine. Results showed that peak expired pressure, volume, and flow rate generated by FMS at the end of normal inspiration (102.5 ± 13.62 cmH2O, 1.6 ± 0.16 liters, and 4.8 ± 0.35 l/s, respectively) were comparable to their voluntary maximal levels ( P > 0.1). The optimal coil placement was between T7 and T11, and the optimal stimulation parameters were a frequency of 25 Hz and 70–80% of maximal intensity. We conclude that 1) FMS of the lower thoracic nerves in normal subjects resulted in a significant expiratory function comparable to their voluntary maximum; 2) FMS was noninvasive and was well tolerated by all subjects; and 3) FMS may be useful to produce cough in patients in critical care or perioperative settings, or in patients with neurological disorders.

Circadian variations in the sweating mechanism

1975 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Timbal ◽  
J. Colin ◽  
C. Boutelier
Keyword(s):  
Body Temperature ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
The Body ◽  
Circadian Variations ◽  
Mean Body Temperature ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Gains And Losses ◽  
Skin Temperatures

Sweat rates and body temperatures of human subjects were measured at 0200, 1000, and 1800 h during a heat exposure of 90 min. The latent period of sweating was not significantly altered in the evening but significantly shortened during the night. Mean body temperature corresponding to the onset of sweating was nearer to the basal body temperature during the night, while during the day the difference between these two temperatures became larger. This phenomenon seems related to the circadian cycle of vasomotor adjustment, since during the night body conductance was higher than during the day and corresponded to a state of a vasodilatation similar to that observed at the onset of sweating. During the day, this situation was reversed. During steady state, the following changes were observed: sweating rate, night less than morning less than evening; skin temperatures, night less than morning less than evening; and rectal temperature increase, morning less than evening less than night. It is hypothesized that these changes are due to either different metabolic rates or an imbalance between heat gains and losses which preserve the circadian rhythm of the body temperature, even under thermal loads.

Perception of changes in breathing in normal human subjects

1981 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 78-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Wolkove ◽  
M. D. Altose ◽  
S. G. Kelsen ◽  
P. G. Kondapalli ◽  
N. S. Cherniack
Keyword(s):  
Tidal Volume ◽  
Control Volume ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Respiratory Muscles ◽  
Intrathoracic Pressure ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Elastic Load ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
Pressure Changes

Respiratory sensation was evaluated in normal subjects from their ability to quantitate changes in tidal volume. Subjects attempted to duplicate or double tidal volumes of different sizes while breathing freely or against a resistive or elastic load. When the mechanical conditions during control and test breaths were constant, tidal volume duplication was accomplished with an error of approximately 100 ml, regardless of the control volume. The error in doubling, however, increased progressively with increasing control tidal volume. There was a greater error in both volume duplication and doubling when the mechanical conditions between control and test breaths were changed. When test breaths against a load followed unloaded control breaths, tidal volume failed to double, but intrathoracic pressure changes twice exceeded control values. Conversely, when unloaded test breaths followed loaded control breaths, pressure changes underwent less than a twofold increase while tidal volume more than doubled. The results indicate that tidal volume changes are normally sensed with considerable accuracy and suggest that both tidal volume per se, as well as the forces generated by the respiratory muscles, are used in the estimation of tidal volume changes.

Triacylglycerol in the human erythrocyte: quantification and fatty acyl turnover in normal subjects and chronic alcoholics

1991 ◽  
Vol 80 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brice Lerique ◽  
Marguerite Gastaldi ◽  
Jean Boyer
Keyword(s):  
Human Erythrocyte ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Neutral Lipids ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Minor Component ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Fatty Acyl ◽  
Active Metabolites ◽  
A Value ◽  
Normal Human

1. Triacylglycerol in erythrocytes from normal human subjects was estimated to average 2.7 ± 0.7 nmol/1010 cells, equivalent to 0.07% of total lipids or 0.3% of neutral lipids. 2. The specific activity of triacylglycerol labelling attained by incubating intact erythrocytes with [3H]oleic acid was 10 nmol/μmol, a value 20-fold higher than that of the highest labelled phospholipid, sphingomyelin; as isolated by ultracentrifugation over a density gradient, the youngest erythrocytes exhibited a labelling rate 10-fold higher than that of older cells. 3. The triacylglycerol content was not modified in erythrocytes from chronic alcoholics, whereas the mean rate of triacylglycerol labelling was 31% (P <0.05) higher than that of control subjects, and did not normalize 4 weeks after alcohol withdrawal. 4. These results indicate that triacylglycerol, although a quantitatively minor component, is one of the most active metabolites in the lipid matrix of the human erythrocyte membrane and appears to be implicated in the membrane response to antagonistic agents.

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