A rapid direct radioimmunoassay for the measurement of oestrone sulphate in the milk of dairy cows and its use in pregnancy diagnosis

1982 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Holdsworth ◽  
R. B. Heap ◽  
J. M. Booth ◽  
M. Hamon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Pregnancy Diagnosis ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Oestrone Sulphate ◽  
Direct Assay ◽  
In Pregnancy

A radioimmunoassay for oestrone sulphate in unextracted samples of milk has been developed. The assay was validated by comparison with a method involving hydrolysis and extraction. The direct assay was used to measure oestrone sulphate in milk samples taken at weekly intervals throughout pregnancy in a commercial dairy herd. Concentrations of oestrone sulphate increased approximately 100 days after insemination and were maintained throughout the remainder of pregnancy in the range of 1·85–3·70 nmol/l.

scholarly journals 8RESYNCHRONIZATION OF OVULATION AND TIMED INSEMINATION IN LACTATING DAIRY COWS USING THE OVSYNCH AND HEATSYNCH PROTOCOLS INITIATED 7 DAYS BEFORE PREGNANCY DIAGNOSIS ON DAY 30 BY ULTRASONOGRAPHY

2004 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 126 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.A. Bartolome ◽  
A. Sozzi ◽  
J. McHale ◽  
K. Swift ◽  
D. Kelbert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Optimal Time ◽  
Reproductive Efficiency ◽  
Cooling Systems ◽  
North Central ◽  
Central Florida ◽  
Pregnancy Diagnosis ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

Rapid re-synchronization of ovulation and insemination in cows found nonpregnant to a previous service is important to maintain high reproductive efficiency. The objective was to compare pregnancy rate (PR) and pregnancy losses (PL) in cows subjected to Ovsynch or Heatsynch protocols 7 days before pregnancy diagnosis by ultrasonography (U/S) on Day 30. Initiation of both protocols included administration of GnRH on Day 23, which was considered the optimal time according to the distribution of interestrus intervals in cows previously inseminated. The study was conducted in a large dairy herd located in north central Florida from March to May, 2003. Of 593 cows treated with GnRH on Day 23 (±1) after insemination and found nonpregnant at U/S on Day 30 (±1; experimental Day 0), 75% (445) had a CL (diestrus) and were sequentially assigned to the two experimental groups. Cows in the Ovsynch Group (n=225) received 25mg (i.m.) PGF2α (Lutalyse, Pharmacia, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) on Day 0, 100μg (i.m.) GnRH (Cystorelin, Merial Limited, Iselin, NJ, USA) on Day 2, and were timed inseminated 16h later. Cows in Heatsynch Group (n=220) received 25mg (i.m.) PGF2α on Day 0, and 1mg (i.m.) estradiol cypionate (ECP, Pharmacia, Kalamazoo, MI, USA) on Day 1, and were timed-inseminated 36h later. Pregnancy at Day 30 was determined by U/S and at Day 55 by rectal examination of the genital tract. Pregnancy rate and PL were evaluated using multiple logistic regression. Pregnancy rate at Day 30 for Ovsynch (64/225, 28.4%) and Heatsynch (63/220, 28.6%) and PR at Day 55 for Ovsynch (58/225, 25.8%) and Heatsynch (54/220, 24.5%) were not different. In addition, PL between Days 30 and 55 for Ovsynch (6/64, 9.4%) and Heatsynch (9/63, 14.3%) were not different. There were no effects of parity, inseminator and days in milk on PR. However, PR at day 30 was higher in lots with cooling systems (46/141, 32.6%) and lots of first calf heifers (41/135, 30.4%) compared to lots of multiparous cows late in lactation without cooling systems (32/148, 21.6%). In conclusion, Heatsynch and Ovsynch initiated 7 days before pregnancy diagnosis on Day 30 had comparable PR of 25% at Day 55 in lactating dairy cows during the period of March–May.

scholarly journals Evaluation of synchronization protocols and methods of early pregnancy diagnosis in dairy cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H. Shahzad ◽  
A. Sattar ◽  
N. Ahmad ◽  
I. Ahmad ◽  
M.S. Yousaf ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Early Pregnancy ◽  
Artificial Insemination ◽  
Pregnancy Loss ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Plasma Progesterone ◽  
Pregnancy Diagnosis ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Timed Artificial Insemination ◽  
In Pregnancy

The studies aimed to evaluate the pregnancy rate (PR) for timed artificial insemination (TAI) after G7G-Ovsynch, modified G7G-Ovsynch (MG7G-Ovsynch) and Ovsynch protocols and to assess the accuracy of using pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (PAGs) and plasma progesterone (P4) in pregnancy diagnosis compared with ultrasonography (US). In study 1, Holstein cows (n = 37) were bred by TAI following the G7G-Ovsynch protocol (n = 19) or MG7G-Ovsynch (n = 18). Pregnancy was evaluated by US at days 31, 59, and 87 after breeding. The PR was not different for the G7G-Ovsynch and MG7G-Ovsynch. Blood and milk samples were collected on day 3 after insemination and then weekly through day 59 post TAI in cows diagnosed as not pregnant on day 31 and through day 87 in pregnant cows. PAGs were measured using ELISA and P4 by radioimmunoassay (RIA). In the second study, Holstein cows (n = 212) were bred by TAI following G7G-Ovsynch protocol (n = 110) or standard Ovsynch (n = 102). Cows were subjected to pregnancy diagnosis on days 30, 60, and 90. A subset (n = 15 in each group) was subjected to blood and milk samples on days 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 to measure PAGs and P4. In study 2, PR was not significantly different between synchronization protocols on days 30, 60, and 90. Pregnancy loss averaged 15% between day 30 and day 90. The use of PAGs and P4 proved equally effective in diagnosis of pregnancy. Thus, G7G-Ovsynch was deemed the protocol of choice in postpartum cows, and PAGs assayed in milk or plasma could be used to diagnose pregnancy.

Prevalence and distribution of mastitis pathogens in subclinically infected dairy cows in Flanders, Belgium

2007 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 478-483 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sofie Piepers ◽  
Luc De Meulemeester ◽  
Aart de Kruif ◽  
Geert Opsomer ◽  
Herman W Barkema ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Intramammary Infections ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Culture Positive ◽  
Mastitis Pathogens

The main objective was to determine the prevalence of intramammary infections (IMI) in dairy cows in Flanders, Belgium. Data were obtained from quarter milk samples of dairy herds subjected to a mandatory yearly screening of all lactating cows. A total of 178 668 quarter milk samples were collected at 1087 cross-sectional dairy herd screenings performed in three consecutive years. Of the dairy cows, 40% had at least one culture-positive quarter. More than 50% of all IMI were caused by non-aureus staphylococci. Streptococcus agalactiae is almost eradicated in Flanders, whereas Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from 18% of the culture-positive quarters. In addition, the distribution of mastitis pathogens in quarter milk samples from selected dairy cows with an elevated somatic cell count (SCC) is described. From 6390 cows with a geometric mean composite SCC ⩾250 000 cells/ml, nearly 65% had at least one culture-positive quarter. The majority of the IMI were caused by non-aureus staphylococci (41·1%), whereas Staph. aureus and aesculin-positive cocci were found in respectively 25% and 18% of the culture-positive milk samples. We conclude that more efforts are needed in the prevention and control of subclinical mastitis in Flanders. Non-aureus staphylococci are the predominant cause of IMI, warranting more research regarding the epidemiology and pathogenicity of those species.

scholarly journals Development of a Competitive Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Progesterone in Dairy Cows’ Milk

2016 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 494-497
Author(s):  
Chuang Xu ◽  
Wei Yang ◽  
Cheng Xia ◽  
Ling Wu ◽  
Hongyou Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibodies ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Test Line ◽  
Test Strip ◽  
Lateral Flow ◽  
Lateral Flow Immunoassay ◽  
Pregnancy Diagnosis ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Routine Monitoring

The routine monitoring of progesterone, a hormone that plays important roles during pregnancy, has become increasingly important in dairy cows. In this study, 11α-OH-progesterone-hemisuccinate-BSA was used to immunize Balb/c mice for the preparation of mouse anti-progesterone monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). A competitive lateral flow immunoassay for progesterone was developed with the use of purified mAbs. Standard progesterone solutions or milk samples containing different concentrations of progesterone were added to the sample pad of the test strip. A bright or weak test line represented progesterone levels <3 ng> </tr> <tr> <td class="keywords">Key words: progesterone; lateral flow immunoassay; pregnancy diagnosis; dairy cows</td> </tr> </tbody>

Relationships among macro-minerals, other selected serum markers of bone profile and milk components of dairy cows during late-lactation

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryszard Mordak ◽  
Zbigniew Dobrzański ◽  
Robert Kupczyński
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Inorganic Phosphorus ◽  
Serum Markers ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Lactation Period ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Milk Components ◽  
Macro Mineral

AbstractTesting blood and milk parameters as well as analysing the relationships among these markers is very useful for monitoring the internal homeostasis and health in high-yielding dairy cows during various production periods. The aim of the study was to assess the correlations (relationships) among macro-minerals, such as calcium (Ca), inorganic phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), other selected bone profile markers, such as total protein (TP), albumin, activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) measured in serum and selected milk components such as number of somatic cells (SCC), colony-forming units (CFU), milk fat (MF), milk protein (MP), milk lactose (ML), dry matter (DM), non-fat dry matter (FDM) and milk production in late-lactation cows. Both blood and milk samples were collected from 11 clinically healthy milking cows during the late-lactation period. The cows were examined once a day for 3 consecutive days resulting in 33 sets of blood and milk samples for laboratory and statistical analysis. Significant correlations were observed between: Mg and MP, Mg and FDM, ALP and SCC, TP and SCC, TP and MP, TP and FDM, albumin and MP, albumin and FDM, P and Mg, Mg and albumin, and between TP and albumin. When monitoring macro-mineral homeostasis and mammary gland health, especially in intensively fed high-yielding dairy cows correlations between these markers should be considered. The revealed correlations can allow for deeper comparative laboratory diagnostics of homeostasis and can be especially useful for laboratory monitoring of the potential risk of subclinical macro-mineral deficiency in high-yielding dairy cows.

114 What Is the Impact of Dairy Influence Cattle on the Traditional Beef Industry Structure?

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 38-39
Author(s):  
Bradley J Johnson ◽  
Luke Fuerniss
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
The United States ◽  
Reproductive Technologies ◽  
Industry Structure ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Beef Production ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Beef Industry ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The U.S. cow inventory includes approximately 31 million beef cows and 9 million dairy cows, so flow of cattle from dairies into beef production influences the traditional beef industry structure. Dairy-influenced cattle have historically entered the beef supply chain as cull cows and calf-fed Holstein steers. Culled dairy cows account for approximately half of the cows harvested in the United States annually. Fed steers and heifers of dairy influence are estimated to account for 15% of annual steer and heifer slaughter. Advancements in data availability, genomics, and reproductive technologies have enabled more precise selection of dairy replacement heifers and more pregnancies to be allocated to a terminal sire. Recently, the use of beef semen to breed dairy cows that are not desirable for producing replacement heifers has become more widespread. Beef-on-dairy calves are often moved to calf ranches shortly after birth where they are weaned and grown before transitioning to traditional grow yards or feedlots. In comparison to traditional range beef production, calves of dairy origin are weaned at a younger age, have more restricted mobility early in life, and are fed a delivered ration for a greater number of days. While carcasses of dairy-originated fed cattle excel in subcutaneous leanness and marbling, calves originating from dairies typically experience greater morbidity, poorer feed conversion, and poorer dressed yields compared to native fed cattle. Future opportunities to optimize beef production from the dairy herd include refining sire selection to consistently produce high quality calves, reducing variation in calfhood management, and identifying optimal nutrition and growth technology programs for calves from dairies.

scholarly journals Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of milk samples as a tool to estimate energy balance, energy- and dry matter intake in lactating dairy cows

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Amira Rachah ◽  
Olav Reksen ◽  
Nils Kristian Afseth ◽  
Valeria Tafintseva ◽  
Sabine Ferneborg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
External Validation ◽  
Ftir Spectra ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Test Set ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
External Test ◽  
Body Energy

Abstract The objective of the study was to evaluate the potential of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis of milk samples to predict body energy status and related traits (energy balance (EB), dry matter intake (DMI) and efficient energy intake (EEI)) in lactating dairy cows. The data included 2371 milk samples from 63 Norwegian Red dairy cows collected during the first 105 days in milk (DIM). To predict the body energy status traits, calibration models were developed using Partial Least Squares Regression (PLSR). Calibration models were established using split-sample (leave-one cow-out) cross-validation approach and validated using an external test set. The PLSR method was implemented using just the FTIR spectra or using the FTIR together with milk yield (MY) or concentrate intake (CONCTR) as predictors of traits. Analyses were conducted for the entire first 105 DIM and separately for the two lactation periods: 5 ≤ DIM ≤ 55 and 55 < DIM ≤ 105. To test the models, an external validation using an independent test set was performed. Predictions depending on the parity (1st, 2nd and 3rd-to 6th parities) in early lactation were also investigated. Accuracy of prediction (r) for both cross-validation and external test set was defined as the correlation between the predicted and observed values for body energy status traits. Analyzing FTIR in combination with MY by PLSR, resulted in relatively high r-values to estimate EB (r = 0.63), DMI (r = 0.83), EEI (r = 0.84) using an external validation. Only moderate correlations between FTIR spectra and traits like EB, EEI and dry matter intake (DMI) have so far been published. Our hypothesis was that improvements in the FTIR predictions of EB, EEI and DMI can be obtained by (1) stratification into different stages of lactations and different parities, or (2) by adding additional information on milking and feeding traits. Stratification of the lactation stages improved predictions compared with the analyses including all data 5 ≤ DIM ≤105. The accuracy was improved if additional data (MY or CONCTR) were included in the prediction model. Furthermore, stratification into parity groups, improved the predictions of body energy status. Our results show that FTIR spectral data combined with MY or CONCTR can be used to obtain improved estimation of body energy status compared to only using the FTIR spectra in Norwegian Red dairy cattle. The best prediction results were achieved using FTIR spectra together with MY for early lactation. The results obtained in the study suggest that the modeling approach used in this paper can be considered as a viable method for predicting an individual cow's energy status.

Comparing the performance of Holstein and Friesian dairy cows on British dairy farms

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 18-18
Author(s):  
G. E. Pollott ◽  
J. D. Leaver
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Friesian Cows

In recent years there has been an influx of Holstein genes into the UK dairy herd, largely achieved by a ‘grading up’ process using imported Holstein semen on Friesian cows. The research reported here investigates this process using performance records from UK dairy herds.

scholarly journals Prevalence of Mastitis and Antibiotic Resistance of Bacterial Isolates from CMT Positive Milk Samples Obtained from Dairy Cows, Camels, and Goats in Two Pastoral Districts in Southern Ethiopia

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1530
Author(s):  
Amanuel Balemi ◽  
Balako Gumi ◽  
Kebede Amenu ◽  
Sisay Girma ◽  
Muuz Gebru ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Milk Samples

A study was carried out from August 2017 to February 2018 on lactating dairy cows, one-humped dromedary camels, and goats to determine mastitis in the Bule Hora and Dugda Dawa districts of in Southern Ethiopia. Milk samples from 564 udder quarters and udder halves from 171 animals consisting of 60 dairy cows, 51 camels, and 60 goats were tested for mastitis. Sixty-four positive udder milk samples were cultured, and bacterial mastitis pathogens were isolated and identified. The antibiotic resistance of bacterial isolates from milk with mastitis was tested against nine antimicrobials commonly used in the study area. Cow- and quarter-level prevalence of mastitis in dairy cows, camels, and goats was 33.3%, 26.3%, and 25% and 17.6%, 14.5%, and 20%, respectively. In cattle, the prevalence was significantly higher in Dugda Dawa than in Bule Hora. Major bacterial isolates were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species (39.1%), S. aureus (17.2%), S. hyicus (14.1%), and S. intermedius and Escherichia coli (9.4% each). In camels, udder abnormality and mastitis were significantly higher in late lactation than in early lactation. Mastitis tends to increase with parity in camels. E. coli isolates were highly resistant to spectinomycin, vancomycin, and doxycycline, whereas most S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant. Most of the rural and periurban communities in this area consume raw milk, which indicates a high risk of infection with multidrug-resistant bacteria. We recommend a community-focused training program to improve community awareness of the need to boil milk and the risk of raw milk consumption.

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