scholarly journals Impact of irrigation strategies on maize (Zea mays L.) production in the savannah region of Northern Togo (West Africa)

Water SA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (1 January) ◽  
Author(s):  
Agossou Gadédjisso-Tossou ◽  
Tamara Avellán ◽  
Niels Schütze
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Moderate Level ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Vegetative And Reproductive Growth ◽  
Crop Parameters ◽  
Response To Water

In northern Togo where rainfed maize is one of the major crops grown, agriculture is subject to frequent yield losses due to erratic rainfall. To ensure food availability and improve agricultural productivity, it is necessary to produce maize during the dry season under irrigation. A sound application of full and deficit irrigation requires a thorough understanding of the crop parameters and yield response to water. Thus, this study investigated the effect of full and deficit irrigation on maize plant above-ground biomass, leaf area index, canopy cover, plant height, and grain yield. A field experiment was carried out from December 2017 to April 2018 in northern Togo at the agronomic research institute.  Full irrigation (FI), 80% FI, and 60% FI treatments were applied. The results showed that in the late-season stage, the differences in biomass between FI and 60% FI were significant (p < 0.05). On average, FI had the greatest grain yield (2 200.4 kg/ha), while the lowest grain yield was recorded under 60% FI (1,068.3 kg/ha). The grain yield differences between FI and 60% FI were significant. Nevertheless, the grain yield differences between FI and 80% FI were not significant (p > 0.05). 80% FI had water use efficiency (WUE) (0.22 kg/m3) similar to that of FI (0.21 kg/m3), on average. The results of this study illustrate that deficit irrigation must be carefully managed since slight differences in the application volumes affect the biomass and yield of maize significantly. Under a moderate level of deficit irrigation (vegetative and reproductive growth stages) the biomass and the grain yield of maize are reduced. However, a moderate level of deficit irrigation during the vegetative growth stage could result in similar values of WUE to that of FI.

scholarly journals Optimizing Et-Based Irrigation Scheduling for Wheat and Maize with Water Constraints

2017 ◽  
Vol 60 (6) ◽  
pp. 2053-2065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liwang Ma ◽  
Zhiming Qi ◽  
Yanjun Shen ◽  
Liang He ◽  
Shouhua Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Water Use Efficiency ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Irrigation Scheduling ◽  
Weather Data ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Use Efficiency

Abstract. Deficit irrigation has been shown to increase crop water use efficiency (WUE) under certain conditions, even though the yield is slightly reduced. In this study, the Root Zone Water Quality Model (RZWQM) was first calibrated with measured data from a large weighing lysimeter from 1998 to 2003 at the Yucheng Experimental Station in the North China Plain for daily evapotranspiration (ET), soil water storage (0-120 cm), leaf area index (LAI), aboveground biomass, and grain yield. The calibrated model was then used to explore crop responses to ET-based irrigation management using weather data from 1958 to 2015 and identify the most suitable ET-based irrigation schedules for the area. Irrigation amount was determined by constraining irrigation to a percentage of potential crop ET (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% ETc) at the various growth stages of wheat [planting to before winter dormancy (P-D), green up to booting (G-B), booting to flowering (B-F), and flowering to maturity (F-M)] and of maize [planting to silking (P-S) and silking to maturity (S-M)], subject to seasonal water availability limits of 100/50, 200/100, 300/150, and 400/200 mm and no water limit for wheat/maize seasons, respectively. In general, wheat was more responsive to irrigation than maize, while greater influence of weather variation was simulated on maize than on wheat. For wheat with seasonal water limits, the highest average WUE was simulated with the highest targeted ETc levels at both the G-B and B-F stages and lower targeted ETc levels at the P-D and F-M stages. However, the highest average grain yield was simulated with the highest targeted ETc levels at all four growth stages for no water limit and the 400 mm water limit, or at both the G-B and B-F stages for the 300 and 200 mm water limits. For maize, lower targeted ETc levels after silking did not significantly affect maize production due to the high season rainfall, but irrigation of 60% ETc before silking was recommended. These results could be used as guidelines for precision irrigation along with real-time weather information. Keywords: Deficit irrigation, Evapotranspiration, Growth stage, RZWQM, Water use efficiency, Wheat and maize.

scholarly journals The Response of Maize Lines to Foliar Fertilizing

Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Milan Brankov ◽  
Milena Simić ◽  
Željko Dolijanović ◽  
Miloš Rajković ◽  
Violeta Mandić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of two foliar fertilizers applied on five maize (Zea mays L.) lines. Fertilizers were applied at different growth stages of maize, during three consecutive years (2010–2012) at the experimental field of the Maize Research Institute “Zemun Polje”, Serbia. Maize growth parameters such as fresh matter, height, leaf area and grain yield were recorded. Foliar fertilizer with amino acids (FAA) was more advantageous to maize plants compared to fertilizer containing phosphorus (FP) as a main component. Applied FAA has shown positive effects by increasing fresh matter, leaf area index, and plant height in all three years. In 2012, due to unfavorable meteorological conditions, grain yield and harvest index were very low, compared to the previous two years, although, positive effects on morphological traits were observed 21 days after treatments (DAT), as well as in the anthesis stage. The best results of 30% of grain yield and harvest index increase were recorded in line L1 in 2010 and 2011. The same line had an increase of more than 40% of fresh matter and leaf area on average for all three years. The positive effects that have been noticed in this research could recommend foliar fertilizing with fertilizer containing N in a form of an amino acids complex.

Response of Inga rice to application of nitrogen fertilizer at varying growth stages

1984 ◽  
Vol 24 (125) ◽  
pp. 250 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Bacon ◽  
DP Heenan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
Nitrogen Use

The growth, nitrogen use and yield of rice cv. lnga were examined in three experiments in 1978, 1979 and 1980. In each experiment, one rate of nitrogen was applied at six different times between permanent flood and three weeks after panicle initiation. Application of 50 kg N/ha in 1978 and 70 kg N/ha in 1980 at permanent flood increased yield. A higher rate (100 kg N/ha) at permanent flood in 1979 greatly increased vegetative growth but had little effect on grain yield. The grain yield response to 100 kg N/ha in 1979 significantly increased when application was delayed until panicle initiation. Nitrogen topdressing up to 14 d after panicle initiation resulted in an increased percentage of filled florets per panicle and heavier grains compared with application 14-21 d before panicle initiation. Delaying nitrogen application till 2 1 d after panicle initiation resulted in lower numbers of florets per panicle and consequently reduced yield.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Crop Parameters Estimation Using Images from UAV-Mounted Snapshot Hyperspectral Sensor and High-Definition Digital Camera

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jibo Yue ◽  
Haikuan Feng ◽  
Xiuliang Jin ◽  
Huanhuan Yuan ◽  
Zhenhai Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digital Camera ◽  
Parameters Estimation ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
High Definition ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Crop Height ◽  
Crop Parameters ◽  
Hyperspectral Sensor

Timely and accurate estimates of crop parameters are crucial for agriculture management. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) carrying sophisticated cameras are very pertinent for this work because they can obtain remote-sensing images with higher temporal, spatial, and ground resolution than satellites. In this study, we evaluated (i) the performance of crop parameters estimates using a near-surface spectroscopy (350~2500 nm, 3 nm at 700 nm, 8.5 nm at 1400 nm, 6.5 nm at 2100 nm), a UAV-mounted snapshot hyperspectral sensor (450~950 nm, 8 nm at 532 nm) and a high-definition digital camera (Visible, R, G, B); (ii) the crop surface models (CSMs), RGB-based vegetation indices (VIs), hyperspectral-based VIs, and methods combined therefrom to make multi-temporal estimates of crop parameters and to map the parameters. The estimated leaf area index (LAI) and above-ground biomass (AGB) are obtained by using linear and exponential equations, random forest (RF) regression, and partial least squares regression (PLSR) to combine the UAV based spectral VIs and crop heights (from the CSMs). The results show that: (i) spectral VIs correlate strongly with LAI and AGB over single growing stages when crop height correlates positively with AGB over multiple growth stages; (ii) the correlation between the VIs multiplying crop height and AGB is greater than that between a single VI and crop height; (iii) the AGB estimate from the UAV-mounted snapshot hyperspectral sensor and high-definition digital camera is similar to the results from the ground spectrometer when using the combined methods (i.e., using VIs multiplying crop height, RF and PLSR to combine VIs and crop heights); and (iv) the spectral performance of the sensors is crucial in LAI estimates (the wheat LAI cannot be accurately estimated over multiple growing stages when using only crop height). The LAI estimates ranked from best to worst are ground spectrometer, UAV snapshot hyperspectral sensor, and UAV high-definition digital camera.

scholarly journals Biomass accumulation and radiation use efficiency of winter wheat under deficit irrigation regimes

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Q. Li ◽  
M. Liu ◽  
J. Zhang ◽  
B. Dong ◽  
Q. Bai
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Radiation Use Efficiency ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Irrigation Regimes ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Radiation Use

To better understand the potential for improving biomass accumulation and radiation use efficiency (RUE) of winter wheat under deficit irrigation regimes, in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008, an experiment was conducted at the Luancheng Experimental Station of Chinese Academy of Science to study the effects of deficit irrigation regimes on the photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), biomass accumulation, grain yield, and RUE of winter wheat. In this experiment, field experiment involving winter wheat with 1, 2 and 3 irrigation applications at sowing, jointing, or heading stages was conducted, and total irrigation water was all controlled at 120 mm. The results indicate that irrigation 2 or 3 times could help to increase the PAR capture ratio in the later growing season of winter wheat; this result was mainly due to the changes in the vertical distributions of leaf area index (LAI) and a significant increase of the LAI at 0–20 cm above the ground surface (LSD, <i>P</i> < 0.05). Compared with irrigation only once during the growing season of winter wheat, irrigation 2 times significantly (LSD, <i>P</i> < 0.05) increased aboveground dry matter at maturity; irrigation at sowing and heading or jointing and heading stages significantly (LSD, <i>P</i> < 0.05) improved the grain yield, and irrigation at jointing and heading stages provided the highest RUE (0.56 g/mol). Combining the grain yield and RUE, it can be concluded that irrigation at jointing and heading stages has higher grain yield and RUE, which will offer a sound measurement for developing deficit irrigation regimes in North China.

Grain yield response and N-fertiliser recovery of maize under deficit irrigation

2005 ◽  
Vol 93 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 132-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Kirda ◽  
S. Topcu ◽  
H. Kaman ◽  
A.C. Ulger ◽  
A. Yazici ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Yield Response

Winter wheat grain yield response to water and nitrogen on the north american great plains

1988 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.J. Major ◽  
B.L. Blad ◽  
A. Bauer ◽  
J.L. Hatfield ◽  
K.G. Hubbard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Great Plains ◽  
North American ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
The North ◽  
Response To Water

Effect of Deficit Irrigation on Root-Shoot Development and Grain Yield of Winter Wheat

2014 ◽  
Vol 936 ◽  
pp. 2389-2395
Author(s):  
Bin Hu ◽  
Min Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
North China Plain ◽  
North China ◽  
Ground Surface ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Growing Seasons

In order to investigate the optimal water-saving and high-efficient irrigation patterns of winter wheat in North China Plain, during 2010－2011 and 2011－2012 winter wheat growing seasons, 3 irrigation treatments were conducted, i.e., irrigated 120 mm only at jointing stage (T1), irrigated 120 mm only at heading stages (T2), and irrigated 60 mm each at jointing and heading stages (T3), respectively, to study the effect of deficit irrigation on root-shoot development and grain yield of winter wheat in North China Plain. The results showed that under the condition of irrigated 120 mm during the winter wheat growing season, the treatment which irrigated 60 mm each at jointing and heading stages, the leaf area index significantly (LSD, P<0.05) increased at milky stage, which was mainly due to increase the leaf area index at 0－20 and more than 60 cm above the ground surface. The 2 growing season results revealed that dry matter accumulation at maturity stage in T3 was significantly (LSD, P<0.05) higher than those in T1 and T2. Compared with T2, the root length density in T1 and T3 were significantly (LSD, P<0.05) higher below the ground surface 50 cm. The results indicated that irrigated 60 mm each at jointing and heading stages during the winter wheat growing seasons, grain yield was the highest, which could be attributed to significantly (LSD, P<0.05) increase the spike numbers. Under the condition of irrigated 120 mm during the winter wheat growing seasons in North China Plain, it is suggests that winter wheat should be irrigated 60 mm each at jointing and heading stages, to achieve reasonable water use efficiency and grain yield.

scholarly journals Regulation of Agronomic Traits, Nutrient Uptake, Osmolytes and Antioxidants of Maize as Influenced by Exogenous Potassium Silicate under Deficit Irrigation and Semiarid Conditions

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed F. M. Ibrahim ◽  
Gomaa Abd El-Samad ◽  
Hatem Ashour ◽  
Ahmed M. El-Sawy ◽  
Mohamed Hikal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Deficit Irrigation ◽  
Soluble Sugars ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Potassium Silicate ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidants ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Close Link ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Semiarid Conditions

Understanding the link between the protective role of potassium silicate (K2SiO3) against water shortage and the eventual grain yield of maize plants is still limited under semiarid conditions. Therefore, in this study, we provide insights into the underlying metabolic responses, mineral nutrients uptake and some nonenzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants that may differ in maize plants as influenced by the foliar application of K2SiO3 (0, 1 and 2 mM) under three drip irrigation regimes (100, 75 and 50% of water requirements). Our results indicated that, generally, plants were affected by both moderate and severe deficit irrigation levels. Deficit irrigation decreased shoot dry weight, root dry weight, leaf area index (LAI), relative water content (RWC), N, P, K, Ca, Fe, Zn, carotenoids, grain yield and its parameters, while root/shoot ratio, malondialdehyde (MDA), proline, soluble sugars, ascorbic acid, soluble phenols, peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were improved. The foliar applications of K2SiO3 relatively alleviated water stress-induced damage. In this respect, the treatment of 2 mM K2SiO3 was more effective than others and could be recommended to mitigate the effect of deficit irrigation on maize plants. Moreover, correlation analysis revealed a close link between yield and the most studied traits.

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