scholarly journals   Effects of nitrogen application stage on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of high-yield summer maize

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 211-216 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Lü ◽  
J.W. Zhang ◽  
L.B. Jin ◽  
W. Liu ◽  
S.T. Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Summer Maize ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Application Method ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Jointing Stage

This study aims to explore the optimum nitrogen (N) application method by analyzing effects of variable N application stages and ratios on the N absorption and translocation of high-yield summer maize (DH661). The study included field experiments and <sup>15</sup>N isotopic dilutions for pot experiments. Results showed that the yield was not increased in a one-off N application at the jointing stage. The uptake of fertilizer-derived N in the grain increased with the increasing of N applied times. Compared to a single or double application, total N uptake (N<sub>up</sub>) and biomass increased significantly by supplying N at the six-leaf stage (V6), ten-leaf stage (V10) and 10 days after anthesis in ratios of 3:5:2 and 2:4:4. The fertilizer-derived recovery rates were 67.5% and 78.1%, respectively. The uptake and utilization of fertilizer-derived N was enhanced by increasing the recovery rate of N supplied after anthesis, and reducing the absorption of soil-derived N. Therefore, the 2:4:4 application ratios was the optimal N application method. &nbsp;

scholarly journals The Nitrogen Use Efficiency: Meaning and Sources of Variation—Case Studies on Three Vegetable Crops in Central Italy

2011 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 266-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Benincasa ◽  
Marcello Guiducci ◽  
Francesco Tei
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Irrigation Management ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Application Method ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
Use Efficiency

Nitrogen (N) use efficiency (NUE) of crops is examined by taking into account both plant N uptake efficiency, focusing on the recovery of fertilizer-N, and the utilization efficiency of the absorbed N. The latter is further analyzed as the overall effect of the absorbed N on crop leaf area, light absorption, photosynthesis, crop growth, biomass partitioning, and yield. The main sources of variation for the NUE of crops are considered, and several of them are discussed based on results from field experiments carried out at the University of Perugia (central Italy) between 1991 and 2008 on sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), lettuce (Lactuca sativa), and processing tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). More specifically, the effects of species, cultivar, fertilizer-N rate, form and application method (mineral and organic fertilization, green manuring, fertigation frequency), and sink limitation are reported. Implications for residual N in the soil and leaching risks are also discussed. The fertilizer-N rate is the main factor affecting crop NUE for a given irrigation management and rainfall regime. Indeed, avoiding over fertilization is the first and primary means to match a high use efficiency and economic return of fertilizer-N with limited environmental risks from nitrate leaching. The form and application method of fertilizer-N also may affect the NUE, especially in the case of limiting or overabundant N supply. Particularly, high fertigation frequency increased the recovery of fertilizer-N by the crop. It is suggested that species-specific curves for critical N concentration (i.e., the minimum N concentration that allows the maximum growth) can be the reference to calibrate the quick tests used to guide dynamic fertilization management, which is essential to achieve both the optimal crop N nutritional status and the maximum NUE.

The effect of stubble management and N-fertilization practices on the nitrogen economy under intensive rice cropping

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Bacon ◽  
LG Lewin ◽  
JW McGarity ◽  
EH Hoult ◽  
D Alter
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N

The fate of 15N-labelled fertilizer applied to rice (Oryza sativa L) was studied in microplots established within two field experiments comprising a range of stubble levels, stubble management techniques, N application rates and times. The first experiment investigated uptake of soil and fertilizer N in plots where application of 0 or 100 kg N ha-1 to the previous rice crop had produced 11.5 and 16.1 t ha-1 of stubble respectively. The stubble was then treated in one of four ways-burn (no till); burn then cultivated; incorporated in autumn or incorporated at sawing. Microplots within these large plots received 60 kg ha-1 of 5% 15N enriched urea at sowing, just prior to permanent flood (PF), or just after panicle initiation (PI) of the second crop. The second experiment was undertaken within a field in which half of the plots had stubble from the previous three rice crops burned, while the other plots had all stubble incorporated. In the fourth successive rice crop, the two stubble management systems were factorially combined with three N rates (0, 70 or 140 kg N ha-1) and three application times (PF, PI or a 50 : 50 split between PF and PI). Nitrogen uptake and retention in the soil were studied within 15N-labelled microplots established within each of these large plots. Only 4% of the 15N applied at sowing in the first experiment was recovered in the rice crop, while delaying N application to PF or PI increased this to an average of 20% and 44% respectively over the two experiments. The doubling of N application rate doubled fertilizer N uptake and also increased uptake of soil N at maturity by 12 kgN ha-1. Three years of stubble incorporation increased average uptake of fertilizer and soil N in the second experiment by 5 and 12 kg N ha-1 respectively. In both experiments, the soil was the major source of N, contributing 66-96% of total N uptake. On average, in the fourth crop, 20% of fertilizer N was in the grain, 12% in the straw and 3% in the roots, while 23% was located in the top 300 mm of soil. A further 3% was in the soil below 300 mm. The remaining 39% was lost, presumably by denitrification.

RELATIVE PERFORMANCE OF BORON, SULPHUR AND ZINC COATINGS ONTO PRILLED UREA FOR INCREASING PRODUCTIVITY AND NITROGEN USE EFFICIENCY IN MAIZE

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (4) ◽  
pp. 577-591 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIJAY POONIYA ◽  
YASHBIR SINGH SHIVAY ◽  
MADAN PAL ◽  
RADHIKA BANSAL
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Use Efficiency ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Maize Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Use ◽  
Total N ◽  
Prilled Urea ◽  
Zn Uptake ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
Use Efficiency

SUMMARYDeficiencies of micro (Zn, B) and secondary (S) nutrients are well-documented in soil as well as in cereal crops, leading to decreased crop yields and low nutritional quality of food. We evaluated the effects of coated urea on maize yield, N and Zn uptake, and input cost relationships. Field experiments were conducted on maize to test boron-coated (BCU), sulphur-coated (SCU) and zinc-coated urea (ZnCU) during 2013 and 2014. On the basis of 2 years’ average data, the highest grain yield was achieved with 0.5% BCU, 5% SCU and 2.5% ZnCU as zinc sulphate hepta hydrate. These treatments increased yields by 5.4, 12.8 and 9.9% over prilled urea (PU), respectively. Application of 0.5% BCU (supplying 1.4 kg B ha−1), 5% SCU (supplying 14.1 kg S ha−1) and 2.5% ZnCU (supplying 7.05 kg Zn ha−1) registered the highest N concentrations and uptake in grain and stover. Total N uptake (grain + stover) was increased by 7.6, 16.7 and 17.1% with BCU, SCU and ZnCU treatments over PU. As compared to PU, Zn concentration in maize grain was significantly higher and total Zn uptake (grain + stover) increased by 32.4% with 2.5% ZnCU. Coated urea materials also enhanced the partial factor productivity (PFPN), agronomic efficiency (AEN), recovery efficiency (REN) and harvest index (HIN) over those of PU. From the economic viewpoint this study suggests that coating of urea with 0.3% boron, 5% sulphur or 2% zinc gives maximum net returns and benefit-cost ratio. Our data indicate that coating of B, Zn and S onto urea increases maize yield, profitability and nitrogen use efficiency in the western Indo-Gangetic plains of India.

Timing and rates of nitrogen fertiliser application on seed yield, quality and nitrogen-use efficiency of canola

2016 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 167 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. L. Ma ◽  
A. W. Herath
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
N Application ◽  
Leaf Stage ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Utilisation Efficiency

Effective management strategies for nitrogen (N) fertiliser are important to ensure optimum seed yields and seed quality of canola (Brassica napus L.) crop production. A field experiment was conducted for 3 years in Ontario, Canada to determine the (i) impact of different rates and timing of application of N fertiliser on canola yield and quality; and (ii) fertiliser-N economy, including agronomic N-use efficiency (aNUE), N-uptake efficiency (NupE), N-utilisation efficiency, partial N balance and N harvest index. Treatments included factorial combinations of six (2011) or eight (2012 and 2013) rates of N as urea (46% N) and timing of application (pre-plant only or preplant plus side-dressed applications at the 6-leaf stage). Side-dressed N application resulted in significant improvements in seed yield and protein concentrations (up to 16%) over equivalent preplant-only applications. The highest seed yield (2700 kg ha–1 in 2011 and 3500 kg ha–1 in 2013) was produced by the treatments including side-dressing: 50 + 50 kg N ha–1 or 50 + 100 kg N ha–1 (preplant + side-dressing). Seed protein concentrations varied from 21% to 23% in 2011 and 2013 and up to 28% in 2012. On average, the sum of protein and oil concentrations was 65–68%. Oil yield increased with increasing N rates in 2011 and 2013, but significant increases were recorded only when N was side-dressed at the 6-leaf stage. Drought conditions in 2012 negated responses to N fertiliser regardless of when it was applied. In general, aNUE and N-utilisation efficiency were decreased with increasing N fertiliser rates, but NupE varied among environments with increasing preplant and side-dressed N application. Side-dressed N applications after preplant application resulted in higher partial N balance, aNUE and/or higher NupE than comparative preplant-only N applications. Overall, side-dressed N application led to improved crop N uptake and better N economy of canola production in eastern Canada.

scholarly journals Spatial Variability of Nitrogen Uptake and Net Removal and Actual Evapotranspiration in the California Desert Carrot Production System

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 752
Author(s):  
Aliasghar Montazar ◽  
Daniel Geisseler ◽  
Michael Cahn
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Actual Evapotranspiration ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Fresh Market ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Wide Range

Nitrogen (N) and irrigation water must be effectively used in mineral soils to produce carrots with high yield and minimal environmental impact. This study attempts to identify optimal N and irrigation management practices for low desert carrot production in California by investigating consumptive water use and N uptake and removal rates in fresh market and processing carrots. Field experiments were conducted at the University of California Desert Research and Extension Center and nine farmer fields during two growing seasons. The actual evapotranspiration (ETa) was measured using the residual energy balance method with a combination of surface renewal and eddy covariance equipment. Crop canopy coverage, actual soil nitrate-N from multiple depths as well as total N percentage, dry matter, and fresh biomass in roots and tops were measured over the growing seasons. The length of the crop season had a wide range amongst the experimental sites: from a 128-day period in a processing carrot field to as long as 193 days in a fresh market carrot field. The seasonal ETa varied between 305.8 mm at a silty loam furrow irrigated processing carrot field and 486.2 mm at a sandy clay loam sprinkler irrigated fresh market field. The total N accumulated at harvest ranged between 205.4 kg ha−1 (nearly 52% in roots) and 350.5 kg ha−1 (nearly 64% in roots). While the mean value of nitrogen removed by carrot roots varied from 1.24 to 1.73 kg N/Mg carrot roots, it appears that more N was applied than was removed by carrot roots at all sites. Within the range of N application rates examined at the experimental sites, there was no significant relationship between carrot fresh root yield and N application rate, although the results suggested a positive effect of N application on carrot yield. Sufficient soil N availability over the growing season and the lack of significant yield response to N application illuminated that optimal N rates are likely less than the total amounts of N applied at most sites.

scholarly journals Split application of reduced nitrogen rate improves nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in sweetpotato

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangbei Du ◽  
Min Xi ◽  
Lingcong Kong
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Partition Ratio ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Storage Root ◽  
Split Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Partial Factor Productivity

Abstract Splitting nitrogen (N) application is beneficial for enhancing sweetpotato growth and promoting optimum yields under reduced N rates; however, studies concerning how split N can affect sweetpotato N dynamics and utilization are limited. Field experiments were conducted from 2015 to 2016 to determine how split N application affects sweetpotato N uptake and N use efficiency (NUE) under a reduced N rate. Two cultivars (Xushu 22 and Shangshu 19) were planted under four N treatments, a conventional basal application of 100 kg N ha−1 (100:0), a basal application of 80 kg N ha−1 (80:0), two equal split applications of 80 kg N ha−1 (basal and 35 days after transplanting, 40:40) and a N omission treatment (N0). Data from two years revealed that sweetpotato yields decreased at a reduced 20% N rate with a basal application (80:0); however, the reduced 20% N rate with a split application (40:40) significantly increased the yield by 16.6–19.0%. Although the 80:0 treatment decreased sweetpotato N uptake, the 40:40 treatment increased the N uptake by increasing the N uptake rate and prolonging the duration of the fast N uptake phase. In comparison to the basal application, the split N application used N more efficiently, showing consistently higher levels of agronomic use efficiency, recovery efficiency, physiological efficiency and partial factor productivity. NUEs under split N improved due to increased N uptake during the middle and late growth stages and a higher N partition ratio to the storage root. The above results indicate that split N application provides better N for crop developmental stages and is recommended as an alternative approach to simultaneously increasing storage root yield and NUE under a reduced N rate in sweetpotato production in China.

Evaluation of different nitrogen use efficiency indices using field-grown green bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L Van
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Use Efficiency

The effects of increasing nitrogen (N) fertilization on N use efficiency (NUE) and yield of green bell pepper were assessed in five field experiments over 2004 and 2005. These data were used to evaluate and contrast conclusions drawn from among 12 different NUE indices. In two diferent years (i.e., cool/wet vs. warm/dry), marketable yield response to N application was either positive or no response was observed. Total percent N in the fruit and shoot was lower in non-fertilized plants compared with plants grown in plots that received 70 or 210 kg N ha-1. There were considerable differences among locations in soil mineral N, yield, NUE, and plant N uptake and removal. For all eight fertilizer- and soil-based NUE indices assessed, NUE decreased as N application increased. However, for plant-based NUE indices, there was no difference in NUE values between N treatments. Thus, the interpretation and applicability of NUE depends on the goals of the research and the index used. Key words: Nutrient use efficiency, green bell peppers, harvest index, nitrogen, fertilizer, vegetable

scholarly journals Ethephon Reduces Maize Nitrogen Uptake but Improves Nitrogen Utilization in Zea mays L.

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yushi Zhang ◽  
Yubin Wang ◽  
Churong Liu ◽  
Delian Ye ◽  
Danyang Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
High Plant Density ◽  
Ethephon Treatment ◽  
N Use

Increasing use of plant density or/and nitrogen (N) application has been introduced to maize production in the past few decades. However, excessive planting density or/and use of fertilizer may cause reduced N use efficiency (NUE) and increased lodging risks. Ethephon application improves maize lodging resistance and has been an essential measure in maize intensive production systems associated with high plant density and N input in China. Limited information is available about the effect of ethephon on maize N use and the response to plant density under different N rates in the field. A three-year field study was conducted with two ethephon applications (0 and 90 g ha−1), four N application rates (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha−1), and two plant densities (6.75 plants m−2 and 7.5 plants m−2) to evaluate the effects of ethephon on maize NUE indices (N agronomic efficiency, NAE; N recovery efficiency, NRE; N uptake efficiency, NUpE; N utilization efficiency, NUtE; partial factor productivity of N, PFPN), biomass, N concentration, grain yield and N uptake, and translocation properties. The results suggest that the application of ethephon decreased the grain yield by 1.83–5.74% due to the decrease of grain numbers and grain weight during the three experimental seasons. Meanwhile, lower biomass, NO3- and NH4+ fluxes in xylem bleeding sap, and total N uptake were observed under ethephon treatments. These resulted in lower NAE and NUpE under the ethephon treatment at a corresponding N application rate and plant density. The ethephon treatment had no significant effects on the N concentration in grains, and it decreased the N concentration in stover at the harvesting stage, while increasing the plant N concentration at the silking stage. Consequently, post-silking N remobilization was significantly increased by 14.10–32.64% under the ethephon treatment during the experimental periods. Meanwhile, NUtE significantly increased by ethephon.

scholarly journals Residual effect of clover-rich leys on soil nitrogen and successive grain crops

2008 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 73 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. NYKÄNEN ◽  
A. GRANSTEDT ◽  
L. JAUHIAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Clayey Soil ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Biological N Fixation

Legume-based leys form the basis for crop rotations in organic farming as they fix nitrogen (N) from the atmosphere for the succeeding crops. The age, yield, C:N, biological N fixation (BNF) and total N of red clover-grass leys were studied for their influence on yields, N uptake and N use efficiency (NUE) of the two sequential cereal crops planted after the leys. Mineral N in deeper soil (30-90 cm) was measured to determine N leaching risk. Altogether, four field experiments were carried out in 1994-1998 at two sites. The age of the ley had no significant effect on the yields and N uptake of the two subsequent cereals. Surprisingly, the residual effect of the leys was negligible, at 0–20 kg N ha-1yr-1. On the other hand, the yield and C:N of previous red clover-grass leys, as well as BNF-N and total-N incorporated into the soil influenced subsequent cereals. NUEs of cereals after ley incorporation were rather high, varying from 30% to 80%. This might indicate that other factors, such as competition from weeds, prevented maximal growth of cereals. The mineral N content deeper in the soil was mostly below 10 kg ha-1 in the sandy soil of Juva, but was 5-25 kg ha-1 in clayey soil of Mietoinen.;

scholarly journals Nitrogen dressing and nutrient absorption of lilies (Asiatic hybrids) on sandy soils.

1989 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-272
Author(s):  
J.H.G. Slangen ◽  
G.J. Krook ◽  
C.H.M. Hendriks ◽  
N.A.A. Hof
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Plant Analysis ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Efficiency ◽  
Asiatic Hybrids ◽  
Bulb Yield

The effect of different amounts (0, 75, 150 and 225 kg/ha) and timings of split application of N on yield and nutrient uptake of 3 hybrid cultivars grown for bulbs was investigated. Efficiency of N-uptake was determined by soil and plant analysis with field experiments in 1983, 1984 and 1985. Leaching of fertilizers applied before planting induced low nutrient efficiencies in sandy soils. Dividing the total N-dressings into 4 monthly applications from Mar. to June or Apr. to July led to a higher N-efficiency, though fertilizers were easily leached with high rainfall. A total of 150 kg N/ha appeared to be adequate. Concentrations of plant nutrients (P, K, Ca, Mg and Na) in mature plants of cultivars Aristo, Connecticut King and Enchantment are presented in relation to bulb yield and N-uptake. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

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