scholarly journals The role of metaphtonymy in verbalizing futurological concepts

2020 ◽  
pp. 251-263
Author(s):  
E. N. Kovyazina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Hierarchical Structure ◽  
Conceptual Analysis ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Verbal Representation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Dominant Member ◽  
Metaphor And Metonymy

The paper touches upon the problem of metaphtonymy in futurological discourse as well as its role in verbalizing futurological concepts FUTURE SHOCK, THE THIRD WAVE, and SUI-CIDE. The investigation aimed to determine the peculiar features of metaphtonymy and de-fine its role in the verbal representation of futurological concepts. The investigation is based on the novels of a prominent American futurologist A. Toffler “The Future Shock,” “The Third Wave” and a famous American publicist P. Buchanan “Suicide of a Superpower: Will America Survive to 2025?”. The techniques employed include conceptual analysis, metaphor, and metonymy modeling. 75 contexts of metaphtonymy of certain types (“metaphor in me-tonymy,” “metonymy in metaphor,” “metonymy, metaphor in metaphor”, “metaphor, meton-ymy, metaphor in metaphor,” etc.) were identified, and all of them proved to be involved in the verbal representation of the futurological concepts. The analysis showed that all the metaphtonymic unities had a hierarchical structure with one prevailing component and one or several subordinate elements. Moreover, metaphors are more likely than metonymies to act as a dominant member of the hierarchy, their target domain or/and source domain being motiva-tors for other components emerging in a metaphtonymic unity. As for the forms of metaphor and metonymy thinking in metaphtonymies under analysis, we found extended metaphors and metonymic chains and clusters. Metaphors (their target or/and source domains) turned to be most active in verbalizing the futurological concepts. The variants of verbalization are as fol-lows: “future shock as a disease,” “the third wave as evolution design,” “suicide as ethnomasochism,” etc.

Metaphors in Business Applications

2021 ◽  
pp. 134-153
Author(s):  
Sunny Rai ◽  
Shampa Chakraverty ◽  
Devendra Kumar Tayal
Keyword(s):  
World Wide ◽  
Online Reviews ◽  
Human Communication ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Business Applications ◽  
The World ◽  
Figure Of Speech ◽  
Domain Concept

Commercial advertisements, social campaigns, and ubiquitous online reviews are a few non-literary domains where creative text is profusely embedded to capture a viewer's imagination. Recent AI business applications such as chatbots and interactive digital campaigns emphasise the need to process creative text for a seamless and fulfilling user experience. Figurative text in human communication conveys implicit perceptions and unspoken emotions. Metaphor is one such figure of speech that maps a latent idea in a target domain to an evocative concept from a source domain. This chapter explores the problem of computational metaphor interpretation through the glass of subjectivity. The world wide web is mined to learn about the source domain concept. Ekman emotion categories and pretrained word embeddings are used to model the subjectivity. The performance evaluation is performed to determine the reader's preference for emotive vs non emotive meanings. This chapter establishes the role of subjectivity and user inclination towards the meaning that fits in their existing cognitive schema.

scholarly journals A Systematic Research on the Working Mechanism of Decategorization of Nouns in Mandarin Chinese

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 188
Author(s):  
Zhen Li
Keyword(s):  
Mandarin Chinese ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Final Stage ◽  
Systematic Research ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Working Mechanism ◽  
Source Domain ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Theory Of Duality ◽  
Metaphor And Metonymy

Based on the previous research, this paper makes a systematic study of the working mechanism of decategorizaiton of nouns in Mandarin Chinese, employing the theories of metaphor and metonymy and the theory of duality of concept. The major findings are as follows: metonymy-metaphor interaction is the working mechanism in the decategorization of nouns in Mandarin Chinese, mainly metaphor from metonymy, with metonymy and metaphor, functioning at different stages of decategorization. At the initial stage, the basic working mechanism is WHOLE-PART METONYMY. By this mechanism, a certain meaning component in the type notion domain of a noun is highlighted through metonymical constituent perspectivization and subjectivization, expressing descriptive or assertive meaning related to the noun. At the final stage, the working mechanism is mainly categorical metaphor, of which the source domain is the token notion of a typical noun with concrete meaning while the target domain is the type notion with abstract sense intended to express in communication.

scholarly journals The role of extraversion and neuroticism for experiencing stress during the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer A. Bellingtier ◽  
Marcus Mund ◽  
Cornelia Wrzus
Keyword(s):  
Personality Traits ◽  
Perceived Stress ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Personality Differences ◽  
The Third ◽  
Anxiety Depression ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Moderate Stress

AbstractAlthough long postulated, it has been scarcely researched how personality traits play out differently in distinct situations. We examined if Neuroticism and Extraversion, personality traits known to moderate stress processes, function differently in highly stressful situations requiring reduced social contact, that is, the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on past findings, we expected neuroticism to be associated with exacerbated perceptions of stress. In contrast to past findings, we expected extraversion, which usually ameliorates stress, to be associated with intensified perceptions of stress, especially in regard to the sociability facet. During the third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany, one-hundred-thirty adults (age M = 21.7 years) reported on their personality traits including their facets with the BFI-2, COVID-19-related stressors, and their perceived stress during the last month (using the PSS). Findings indicated that neuroticism was associated with higher perceived stress regardless of the COVID-19-related stressors experienced. Facet level analysis revealed differences for anxiety, depression, and volatility. Importantly, trait extraversion was unassociated with stress experiences, whereas specifically the facet of sociability was associated with higher perceived stress. Also, the facets of assertiveness and energy both moderated the relationship between COVID-19-related stressors and perceived stress. In line with the transactional theory of stress, our findings indicate that perceptions of stress were best understood by looking at the interaction of environmental stressors and personality differences. Furthermore, the study substantiates that facets of personality traits offer unique information beyond broad traits in specific contexts.

Recolonization of states of Africa as a strategy for overcoming of economic problems of China

2021 ◽  
pp. 104-108
Author(s):  
A.A. Obukhov ◽  
◽  
A.V. Verkhoturov
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Significant Development ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World

Examined is significant development trend of the modern world geopolitical system of its substantial transformation, caused to a large extent by strengthening of China and Russia. The authors believe that based on the principles of political neorealism, we can talk about the “third wave” of colonization of Africa that is being formed at present, and based on fundamentally different approaches compared to previous world experience. The basis of this strategy, applied by the PRC, is the desire to maintain the role of the “world manufactory” due to the low cost of labor, while increasing the standard of living of its people by implementing various social and infrastructure projects.

scholarly journals Essential and Embattled Expertise: Knowledge/Expert/Policy Nexus around the Sarin Gas attack in Syria

Politik ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Leander
Keyword(s):  
Social Studies ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Social Studies Of Science ◽  
The Third ◽  
Regulatory Processes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Critical Approaches ◽  
Understanding Of Science ◽  
Matters Of Concern

This article argues that expertise has continued to hold an absolutely essential and profoundly embattled position in the knowledge/expertise/policy nexus. More than this, it suggests that this duality of the and – (rather than the clarity of the either or) is to be welcomed. is argument is made with reference to the controversies surrounding the sarin gas attack on Ghouta Damascus 21 August 2013. e article rst argues that expertise continues to be essential in the sense that it is integral to contemporary policy-controversies. As the discussion around the sarin gas attack shows expertise is both constituted through controversies and at the same time constituting them. e article proceeds to suggest that precisely because this is the case, it is important that expertise also remains embattled. As shown with reference to the sarin gas attack controversies, it is only through contestation that the role of expertise in the controversy can possibly be checked. As this shows, the argument put forward in this article has much in common with Bruno Latour’s recent insistence on the importance of not allowing experts to turn matters of concern into matters of fact. e argu- ment hence distances itself from those who strive to reestablish the authority of expertise by in various ways re ning our understanding of science and its relation to practice; that is from what Collins and Evans term the „third wave“ in the social studies of science. However, this article diverges from Latour in suggesting that for expertise to remain contested requires more than attention to hybrid agency and actants. It suggests that it also requires enrolling arguments from the „critical“ approaches that Latour rejects. e article insists on the integration of three such „critical“ arguments: the critique of markets for ideas, of technological politics, and of regulatory processes. 

scholarly journals The Role of the Ukrainian Diaspora in Translating Lesia Ukrainka’s Works into English

Mundo Eslavo ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariia Shymchyshyn
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
World War ◽  
Intensive Phase ◽  
The Third ◽  
English Translations ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Cultural Turn

The article deals with the English translations of Lesia Ukrainka’s works. The author considers the new approaches to translation that emerged after the Cultural turn in the last part of the 20th century. In particular, the attention has been paid to the issues of migration and translation, negation of the Eurocentric ideas about translation, and translation as a constituent part for the formation of migrant’s community. Considering the chronology of the translation of Lesia Ukrainka’s works into English, it is argued that as a rule they were done by the Ukrainian diaspora and published in the periodicals, financed by the Ukrainian communities in Great Britain, the USA, and Canada. The most intensive phase of the popularization of poetess’s works in English happened to be during the middle of the last century. This could be explained by the nature of the third wave of migration, which occurred after World War II. This wave brought the highly politicized people, who tried to oppose the Soviet regime. They used literature to oppose the Soviet appropriation of the Ukrainian cultural heritage. Besides the Ukrainian diaspora have utilized the native fictional discourse to maintain the boundaries and consciousness of their collectivity.

scholarly journals The Role of Political Institutions in Africa In Building Democratic Governments

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 436-451
Author(s):  
Idris Mahmoud Idris ◽  
Elfatih Abdullahi Abdelsalam ◽  
Abdulhamid Mohamed Ali Zaroum
Keyword(s):  
Civil Society ◽  
Political Parties ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Ivory Coast ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
Transition Process ◽  
Authoritarian Regimes ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
The Third

The “third wave” of democratization, which saw the fall of old authoritarian regimes across Africa, as well as the introduction of multiparty elections and other significant new changes, has faded. Today, we are witnessing a reversal of democratic gains in favour of dictatorship, resulting in political instability and severe outbreaks of violence in Ethiopia, Mozambique, Kenya, the Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and elsewhere. This article seeks explanation for the failures of the democratization process in Africa, focusing on the challenging role of political institutions in determining the nature of transition trajectories, reviewing its significance, and justifying why this factor is important when analyzing the success or failure of democratization. The paper sought to provide a more robust understanding of Africa's democratization failure and the thorny issue of a transitional path toward good governance. The study found that the progress of the democratic transition process at any given point in history is dependent on the existence of powerful and capable political institutions equipped to face and respond to the challenges of the transition process, and that the more integrated and independent government and civil society institutions are, the more likely democratic practices will thrive. Furthermore, the study showed that under authoritarianism, institutions like elections, political parties, and legislatures are often referred to as "pseudo-democratic" because they are copied, imitated, and mocked to manipulate the concept of democracy and serve the continuation of autocratic rule.

Deterrence Theory Revisited

1979 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Jervis
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
American Foreign Policy ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Deterrence Theory ◽  
The Third

Because of its parsimony and power, deterrence theory is the most important American theory of international relations. Yet it has many faults. The boundaries outside of which it does not apply are not clear; it does not tell how a state can change an adversary's motives; it does not deal with the use of rewards. Current scholarship of the third wave of deterrence theory, including George and Smoke'sDeterrence in American Foreign Policy, has increased our knowledge by providing empirical evidence on when and how deterrence fails. Examination of the details of decision making reveals the ways in which attempts to deter can go wrong. Recent work stresses the role of each side's intrinsic interest in an issue, and argues that earlier formulations of the theory exaggerated the importance of commitment. The third wave also introduces a larger political element by focusing attention on states' goals and the context of their behavior.

Surfing the third wave of ionic liquids: a brief review on the role of surface‐active ionic liquids in drug development and delivery

ChemMedChem ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Ferraz ◽  
Ana Teresa Silva ◽  
Cátia Teixeira ◽  
Eduardo F. Marques F. Marques ◽  
Cristina Prudêncio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Drug Development ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
The Third ◽  
Surface Active
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