Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana: Well Intended Poorly Executed

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Madhubala Swami
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Support Mechanism ◽  
Financial Responsibility ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Institutional Linkages ◽  
Self Help Groups

Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) was introduced by the Indian Government in 1997-98 as an initiative to create self-employment opportunities to alleviate urban poverty. Under this scheme the Central and the State governments share the financial responsibility in the ratio of 75:25 for providing subsidised loans to the self-help groups (SHGs) promoted by local government bodies in urban areas. Various studies conducted on this scheme all over India indicate that due to various lacunae in the implementation of the scheme it has failed to achieve the objective of poverty alleviation through self-employment generation. This study is based on a random sample of SHGs from below poverty line households in Thane city for the implementation of SJSRY. The study shows that SJSRY has not achieved the desired results due to poor implementation. While greater emphasis was laid on the delivery of financial assistance, other vital linkages and support mechanism did not get the desired attention. The scheme can do well if an ecosystem is created by establishing institutional linkages for training, marketing and technical support for the SHGs combined with a fool proof supervisory framework to monitor the scheme.

scholarly journals Generating Self-Employment Opportunities in North-East India: Challenges Faced by the Self-Help Groups

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 12-18
Author(s):  
Pradeep Kumar Chakravarty
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
North East India ◽  
Cascading Effect ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Self Help ◽  
The Government ◽  
Self Help Groups

The Government has put in place policies and programmes to alleviate urban poverty. Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are the facilitators to reduce poverty in their respective areas. Urban Self-Help Groups (SHGs) aim at sustainable employment for their members. But they face many challenges during their day-to-day activities. The present study aims at identifying the issues, challenges or problems faced by SHGs in the urban areas of the State of Tripura. It relates to urban areas of Tripura, a small hilly state in the North-East India, for which 14 ULBs out of 20 have been selected from all the eight districts. Based on a sample size of 353 SHGs, the study shows that women SHG members have to face internal or organizational challenges and external ones in running SHGs having a cascading effect to their income level, which is not sufficient enough to cross the poverty line sustainably. The paper has also recommended certain solutions to the problems.

scholarly journals Effect of Self Employment on Poverty Reduction in Nalgonda and Warangal District of Telangana

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Jayasree
Keyword(s):  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Positive Sign ◽  
Active Involvement ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Rural Livelihood ◽  
Self Help Groups ◽  
Nalgonda District

Economic growth is essential for poverty reduction. The paper evaluates the percentage decline of poor impact on Nalgonda and Warangal districts. The paper evaluates the National Rural Livelihood Mission in Nalgonda and Warangal Districts of Telangana. These two districts are selected as the Simple Random Sampling method was used to select 100 women beneficiaries (swarojgaris/ self-employment seekers) from each district. The swarojgaris who are also Members of grassroot SHGs, were interviewed to collect information on employment and income in particular. The success of Self Help Groups in Nalgonda and Warangal districts is active involvement in the NRLM programme. Andhra Pradesh in 2009-10 was Rs. 693.00 per month. Using the poverty line of AP, poverty ratios were calculated for the three study districts. The percentage of Beneficiaries households, who had crossed the poverty line after enrolment into NRLM, was estimated by using per capita per month poverty line of Rs.433.43 (before joining NRLM) for 2004-05 in the State. In Nalgonda district Before Joining NRLM, 98 percent of Beneficiaries were poor in Nalgonda district. After joining NRLM the 63 percent Beneficiaries became non-poor which means that still 37 percent of sample households continued to be in utter poverty in Nalgonda district. The details are shown in Table XI. Before Joining NRLM, 100 percent of Beneficiaries were poor in Warangal district. After joining NRLM the 57 percent Beneficiaries became non-poor which means that still 43 percent of sample households continued to be in utter poverty in Warangal district. Both district poverty has declined it is a positive sign.

scholarly journals Remote Sensing of Urban Poverty and Gentrification

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 4022
Author(s):  
Li Lin ◽  
Liping Di ◽  
Chen Zhang ◽  
Liying Guo ◽  
Yahui Di
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Social Services ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Economic Cost ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Poverty Rate ◽  
Machine Learning Techniques ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The World

In the past few decades, most urban areas in the world have been facing the pressure of an increasing population living in poverty. A recent study has shown that up to 80% of the population of some cities in Africa fall under the poverty line. Other studies have shown that poverty is one of the main contributors to residents’ poor health and social conflict. Reducing the number of people living in poverty and improving their living conditions have become some of the main tasks for many nations and international organizations. On the other hand, urban gentrification has been taking place in the poor neighborhoods of all major cities in the world. Although gentrification can reduce the poverty rate and increase the GDP and tax revenue of cities and potentially bring opportunities for poor communities, it displaces the original residents of the neighborhoods, negatively impacting their living and access to social services. In order to support the sustainable development of cities and communities and improve residents’ welfare, it is essential to identify the location, scale, and dynamics of urban poverty and gentrification, and remote sensing can play a key role in this. This paper reviews, summarizes, and evaluates state-of-the-art approaches for identifying and mapping urban poverty and gentrification with remote sensing, GIS, and machine learning techniques. It also discusses the pros and cons of remote sensing approaches in comparison with traditional approaches. With remote sensing approaches, both spatial and temporal resolutions for the identification of poverty and gentrification have been dramatically increased, while the economic cost is significantly reduced.

The Status of Livelihood Vulnerability and Its CopingCapacities of Urban Squatters in Kathmandu Metropolitan City, Nepal

Patan Pragya ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-32
Author(s):  
Chhabi Ram Baral
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Quantitative Methods ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Poor People ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Methods ◽  
The Status

Urban poverty is one of multidimensional issue in Nepal. Increasing immigration from the outer parts of Kathmandu due to rural poverty, unemployment and weak security of the lives and the properties are core causes pushing people into urban areas. In this context how squatter urban area people sustain their livelihoods is major concern. The objectives of the study are to find out livelihood assets and capacities squatters coping with their livelihood vulnerability in adverse situation. Both qualitative and quantitative methods are applied for data collection. It is found that squatters social security is weak, victimized by severe health problems earning is not regular with lack of physical facilities and overall livelihood is critical. This study helps to understand what the changes that have occurred in livelihood patterns and how poor people survive in urban area.

Income-Based Poverty among Non-Farm Households in Rural Punjab

2020 ◽  
pp. 204-210
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Capita Income ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Farm Households ◽  
Farm Household ◽  
Expert Group ◽  
Per Capita Income ◽  
Service Category ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Per Capita

This paper focuses upon the magnitude of income-based poverty among non-farm households in rural Punjab. Based on the primary survey, a sample of 440 rural non-farm households were taken from 44 sampled villages located in all 22 districts of Punjab.The poverty was estimated on the basis of income level. For measuring poverty, various methods/criteria (Expert Group Criteria, World Bank Method and State Per Capita Income Criterion) were used. On the basis of Expert Group Income criterion, overall, less than one-third of the persons of rural non-farm household categories are observed to be poor. On the basis, 40 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, around three-fourth of the persons of all rural non-farm household categories are falling underneath poverty line. Similarly, the occurrence of the poverty, on the basis of 50 percent State Per Capita Income Criteria, showed that nearly four-fifths of the persons are considered to be poor. As per World Bank’s $ 1.90 per day, overall, less than one-fifth of rural non-farm household persons are poor. Slightly, less than one-fourth of the persons are belonging to self-employment category, while, slightly, less than one-tenth falling in-service category. On the basis of $ 3.10 per day criteria, overall, less than two-fifth persons of all rural non-farm household categories were living below the poverty line.

Situating Self-Employed Urban Women Conducting Business through Contemporary Social Media

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shruti Kalyanaraman
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Women Workers ◽  
Informal Economy ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
Home Based ◽  
Business Women ◽  
Employed Women

Informal economy includes varied set of economic activities, enterprises, jobs, and workers. The economy typically consists of enterprises and/or people that are not regulated or protected by the state. The concept originally applied to self-employment in small unregistered enterprises. It has been expanded to include wage employment in unprotected jobs. A home-based self-employed women worker can be involved as a fashion designer, a tiffin service provider, a home tutor, a person working with vendors, selling and reselling apparel, accessories to name a few. Informal self-employment is very large and heterogeneous as a category itself. There are different people working within in an informally self-employed category. The review tries to understand home based business women within the ambit of informal employment. The focus of research turns to technological advancement, social media and its impact on womens economic and business efforts. The review, using a feminist lens, understands academic researches on womens economic efforts. The reviews focus will largely be owners and own account (individually run enterprises) women workers of informal enterprises in urban areas which for ease of reference, I have termed as home-based self-employed urban woman.

Occupational Diversification as Livelihood Strategy Among the Agricultural Labour Households of West Bengal, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 0258042X2110261
Author(s):  
Amit Kundu ◽  
Sangita Das
Keyword(s):  
West Bengal ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Marginal Farmer ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
Self Help Groups ◽  
Adult Member ◽  
Female Member

It is now difficult for an agricultural-labour household to get employment as agricultural labourers throughout the year. So, this type of household for survival purposes has to depend on diversified occupations when sometimes only the household head participates and sometimes more than one able-bodied household member participate. Based on a village-level field investigation in West Bengal, the article explores that possibility to keep an agricultural labour household above the poverty line will be more effective if more than one adult member participates in different types of occupations throughout the year. Except this, other possible determinants which can play an effective role to keep an agricultural-labour household above the poverty line are higher operational land among the marginal farmer household who are also working as hired agricultural labour in others’ land and accessibility of microcredit for income-generating activity for the female member(s) of a household from self-help groups (SHGs).

Local Policy Discretion in Social Welfare: Explaining Subnational Variations in China's De Facto Urban Poverty Line

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Yu Guo ◽  
Alex Jingwei He ◽  
Fei Wang
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Intergovernmental Relations ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Local Policy ◽  
Empirical Examination ◽  
The Social ◽  
Developmental Policies ◽  
Policy Arena

Abstract How do subnational agents exercise policy discretion in the social welfare sphere? To what extent do they do so as a result of various bureaucratic and fiscal incentives? The literature has documented several explanatory frameworks in the context of China that predominantly focus on the realm of developmental policies. Owing to the salient characteristics of the social policy arena, local adaptation of centrally designed policies may operate on distinctive logics. This study synthesizes the recent scholarship on subnational social policymaking and explains the significant interregional disparities in China's de facto urban poverty line – the eligibility standard of the urban minimum livelihood guarantee scheme, or dibao. Five research hypotheses are formulated for empirical examination: fiscal power effect, population effect, fiscal dependency effect, province effect and neighbour effect. Quantitative analysis of provincial-level panel data largely endorses the hypotheses. The remarkable subnational variations in dibao standards are explained by a salient constellation of fiscal and political factors that are embedded within the country's complex intergovernmental relations and fiscal arrangements. Both a race-to-the-top and a race-to-the-bottom may be fostered by distinctive mechanisms. The unique role of provincial governments as intermediary agents within China's political apparatus is illuminated in the social policy arena.

Rajeev Pundir

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-113
Author(s):  
Rajeev Pundir
Keyword(s):  
Capital Markets ◽  
Capital Market ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Capital Inflows ◽  
Share Price ◽  
Stock Index ◽  
Recent Past ◽  
Indian Government ◽  
Asset Class

Put not your trust in money, but put your money in trust.”A capital market can provide huge impetus to the development of any economy .so, it can be said that the growth and sustainability of capital markets plays an important role towards the development of the economy. It is being observed that huge fluctuations are happening in Indian capital market in recent past, but with the help of proper mechanism, which is being observed in India and after examining various risk factors involved in capital markets, we attempt to say that the growth which has been observed in Indian capital market in recent past is a realty, but not a myth. Right from the independence, thanks to steps initiated by the Indian government especially after the post liberalization era. A huge growth has been observed in the aspects of quality and quantity. Huge increase has been observed in the volumes of trade. We know that capital markets play a vital role in Indian economy, the growth of capital markets will be helpful in raising the per-capita income of the individuals, decrease the levels of un-employment, and thus reducing the number of people who lies below the poverty line. With the increasing awareness in the people they start investing in capital markets with long-term orientations, which would provide capital inflows to the sectors requiring financial assistance.“Hedge risk; make the derivatives market your investment option”Derivative is finally engineered instruments which derive its value from price of a specific asset. Value of Equity Derivatives is derived from share price of any company or share index. In India trading of two types of derivatives are permitted – Futures and Options. Derivatives trading desks face a growing number of challenges – more sophisticated derivative instruments, fiercer competition, and stricter risk reporting and compliance requirements. It is now common to trade options with multi-asset-class underlying instruments quoted in different currencies, such as an option offering the best return between a Brazilian bond and a U.S. stock index. Investor uses the derivatives as an edged sword. Derivatives instruments are like a mother’s womb that cares of her baby (Investor) from volatility in the market. In nutshell this study is an effort to analyze the trading mechanism which has been followed by the investors in current scenario.

scholarly journals The Role of Human Capital Factors on Poverty in Informal Settlement: Informal Settlement of Sheikh-Hasan, Mashhad City, Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Javad Barati ◽  
Sahar Soltani ◽  
Simin Froogh-Zadeh ◽  
Farzaneh Razaghian
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Informal Settlement ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Mashhad City ◽  
Household Members

This paper investigates the determinants of multi-dimension poverty in informal settlements of Mashhad City. It specially analyzes human capital factors, among factors that influence poverty level. Education, skills, experience and knowledge have important role in promoting income level and in access to sustainable jobs, especially in informal settlements that have lower human capital level than the urban areas other. Mashhad city has most marginal settlements in Iran. Sheikh-Hasan Neighborhood in Mashhad Municipality region 4 has been selected as case study. This study is based on information gathered from household level in 2016 and the ordered logit model is employed to estimate factors influencing urban poverty. Data were obtained from 300 households using the questionnaire Through the Systematic Random technique. Calculation of poverty indexes reveals that nearly 87% of households are below absolute poverty line and 20% of households are below extreme poverty line. Marginal effects show variables of “job stability”, “Ownership”, “Household size” and “Education of household head” have the greatest impact on poverty alleviation. Also, variables of “Education level” and “highest level of education of household members” have positive effect and significant on poverty. Results represent that poverty in informal settlements of Mashhad is strongly linked to factors such as human capital. In addition, with increasing the level of knowledge of household heads and creation of favorable conditions for increasing of the education level of household members can reduce poverty.

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