scholarly journals Migration and Asylum Flows to Germany: New Insights Into the Motives

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 210-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felicitas Nowak-Lehmann ◽  
Adriana Cardozo ◽  
Inmaculada Martínez-Zarzoso
Keyword(s):  
Forced Migration ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Income Differentials ◽  
Country Characteristics ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Pseudo Maximum Likelihood ◽  
Total Migration

This study analyzes the determinants of both total migration and asylum migration to Germany. For the analysis, a comprehensive empirical model is set up that includes climate change, economic opportunities, such as per capita income differentials, links to Germany, home country characteristics (population growth, poverty, consumer confidence, unemployment), the political and institutional situation in the sending countries (measured by internal and external conflict, ethnic and religious tensions, government stability, law and order, military in politics), and a control for migration opportunities to alternative destinations. Panel data techniques (Poisson pseudo-maximum likelihood) for the estimation of the parameters of interest are employed using a panel of 115 (134) origin countries for asylum migration (total migration) over the period of 1996–2017 or 2001–2017, depending on data availability. The analysis reveals that political, socioeconomic, and economic factors determine both total migration and asylum migration. Economic factors are also determinants of asylum applications, as asylum seekers most often come for several reasons. Poverty plays a distinct role in total migration and asylum migration. An alleviation of poverty in origin countries is associated with less overall migration to Germany but with more asylum migration. Increases in average temperature also impact asylum migration in the expected direction, thus, increasing forced migration. The most interesting findings are revealed when considering country groupings (main migration countries, major asylum countries, countries whose asylum applicants enjoy high, intermediate, or low recognition rates).

Cotton-Epoxy Composites: Development and Mechanical Characterization

2011 ◽  
Vol 471-472 ◽  
pp. 291-296 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piyush P. Gohil ◽  
A.A. Shaikh
Keyword(s):  
Natural Fiber ◽  
Volume Fraction ◽  
Fiber Composite ◽  
Natural Fibers ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Feasible Range ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Natural Fiber Composite

Composites are becoming essential part of today’s material because they offer advantages such as low weight, corrosion resistance, high fatigue strength; faster assembly etc. composites are generating curiosity and interest all over the worlds. The attempts can be found in literature for composite materials high strength fiber and also natural fiber like jute, flax and sisal natural fibers provides data but there is need of experimental data availability for unidirectional natural fiber composite with seldom natural fiber like cotton, palm leaf etc., it can provide a feasible range of alternative materials to suitable conventional material. It was decided to carry out the systematic experimental study for the effect of volume fraction of reinforcement on longitudinal strength as well as Modulus of Elasticity (MOE) using developed mould-punch set up and testing aids. The testing is carried out as per ASTM D3039/3039M-08. The comparative assessment of obtained experimental results with literature is also carried out, which forms an important constituent of present work. It is also observed through SEM images and theoretical investigations that interface/interphase plays and important role in natural fiber composite.

scholarly journals Computer simulation modeling of Leaf Area Index (LAI) in maize

2014 ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Károly Bakó ◽  
László Huzsvai
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Leaf Development ◽  
Simulation Modeling ◽  
Data Series ◽  
Weather Station ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Average Temperature ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The University

This study presents a PHP-based model capable of calculating maize leaf area index. The model calculates LAI from emergence to 75% silking. The basis of calculation is represented by the daily average temperature values. The usability of the model was tested using three years' temperature and LAI data series from the values obtained by the weather station set up at the Látókép Experiment Site of the University of Debrecen, Centre for Agricultural Sciences between 1994 and 1996. During the running of the model, it was observed that temperature affects the intensity of leaf development to a various extent.

scholarly journals The Dilemma of Stability Preservation in China

2013 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chongyi Feng
Keyword(s):  
Political Stability ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
Communist Regime ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Contemporary World ◽  
Long Run ◽  
The Media ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Stability

Stability preservation ([Formula: see text], weiwen) has been a core policy of the Chinese communist government for the last two decades. China is the only major country in the contemporary world to have set up stability preservation offices at all levels of government alongside the normal administrative institutions for social control. These offices are mainly staffed by the existing personnel of the security apparatus, who in turn exercise control over people and the propaganda apparatus, who exercise control over information. The consequences of the stability preservation policy and the “system of stability preservation” ([Formula: see text], weiwen tizhi) are widely reported in the media, but the academic community is still in the initial stages of understanding the process of this unique phenomenon in China (Sandby-Thomas 2011; Shambaugh 2000; Social Development Research Group 2010; Sun 2009; Yu 2009). Why has the Chinese government pursued this policy? Is stability preservation in China a conventional issue of “law and order”? Are the policy and institutions of stability preservation effective in providing social and political stability? What are the implications of these special arrangements for China and the Chinese communist regime in the long run?

scholarly journals Repatriation of Polish refugees of World War I: the case of the Altai Province

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 508-516
Author(s):  
Yurii M. Goncharov ◽  
Ksenia A. Tishkina
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
World War I ◽  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Forced Migration ◽  
World War ◽  
Southern Siberia ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Many

During World War I a large number of refugees evacuated to the Russian Empires periphery, such as the many Poles who were temporarily transported eastward to Siberia. This article studies their repatriation after the conflicts end, which bears some relevance to forced migration, refugees and repatriation in todays world. Based on archival and secondary sources, the authors endeavor to reconstruct the repatriation of Polish refugees from Altai province in southern Siberia. Beginning in earnest after the Soviet Unions war with Poland of 1918-21, their return was hampered by the difficult conditions of the past Civil War and the countrys economic crisis. Although an extensive network of organizations was set up to carry the repatriation out, poor communication with the center, insufficient staff and the absence of registration forms made its work extremely difficult. At the same time, many refugees returned on their own, which further complicated matters. Nevertheless, most Poles eventually made it back home. The Russian-Ukrainian-Polish Mixed Commission on Repatriation announced that its work was done in 1924, although in fact it lasted for another year.

Tangible Long-Lived Asset Impairments and Future Operating Cash Flows under U.S. GAAP and IFRS

2017 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 187-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth A. Gordon ◽  
Hsiao-Tang Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Predictive Value ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Negative Association ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Operating Cash Flows ◽  
Reporting Incentives ◽  
Asset Impairments ◽  
Jel Classifications

ABSTRACT This paper investigates the predictive value of tangible long-lived asset impairments for changes in future operating cash flows under U.S. GAAP and IFRS. We find that impairments reported under IFRS are negatively associated with changes in future operating cash flows, whereas those under U.S. GAAP, on average, are not. We investigate whether differences in the predictive value are attributable to differences in recognition or measurement, providing evidence suggesting that impairment recognition under U.S. GAAP is delayed. Evidence also suggests that the value-in-use measurement attribute, allowed under IFRS, does not induce under-impairing as IFRS and U.S. GAAP impairments are similarly related to future impairments. The main result of a negative association under IFRS, but not U.S. GAAP, holds after considering future impairments to control for measurement differences, macro-economic factors, and firm reporting incentives. Further, impairment losses under IFRS are more predictive in high-enforcement countries. JEL Classifications: D78; F02; M16; M41; G38. Data Availability: Data used are available from sources identified in the paper.

Modelling nitrogen transformations in surface flow wastewater treatment wetlands in Sweden

2001 ◽  
Vol 44 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Kallner ◽  
H.B. Wittgren
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Model Performance ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Treatment Wetlands ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Rate Equations ◽  
Nitrogen Transformations ◽  
Improve Model ◽  
Set Up

The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the fate of nitrogen (N) in two Swedish wastewater treatment wetlands in the cities of Oxelösund and Hässleholm. Specifically, we wanted to see if a fairly simple model, developed with regard to common data availability, could satisfactorily describe the concentration dynamics at the outlet from the wetlands. A first-order area-based model, with two alternative expressions for temperature dependence, was set up to describe three major processes: ammonification, nitrification and denitrification. The N concentration dynamics at the outlet of the Oxelösund wetland was not satisfactorily described, R2(NH4+-N)=0.33 and R2(NO3--N)=0.10, while the modelled concentrations corresponded quite well with measured concentrations in the Hässleholm wetland, R2(NH4+-N)=0.83 and R2(NO3--N)=0.58. The NO3--N concentrations, in both wetlands, could be slightly better described when introducing a temperature coefficient as an additional free parameter. The explained variances reported above were achieved when the model was calibrated individually for the two wetlands, when the resulting (optimised) reaction rate coefficients for each of the three processes were quite different between the two wetlands. To improve model performance, the rate equations may have to be changed to include factors in addition to concentration and temperature, such as dissolved oxygen and hydraulic efficiency. It may also be important to include other processes, such as plant uptake/decay and ammonia volatilisation.

scholarly journals A Unique Research Data Infrastructure for Educational Research and Beyond: The National Educational Panel Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 236 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Fuß ◽  
Jutta von Maurice ◽  
Hans-Günther Roßbach
Keyword(s):  
Educational Research ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Data Access ◽  
Research Data ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Background Information ◽  
Data Infrastructure ◽  
Collection Data ◽  
Set Up

AbstractThe article provides an insight into the conceptual and methodological framework as well as the research data infrastructure of the German National Educational Panel Study (NEPS). The NEPS study has been set up to build a profound empirical basis for the description and analysis of educational processes and competence development across the life span. Its large-scale database consists of longitudinal information from more than 60,000 target respondents – distributed over six different starting cohorts ranging from newborns to adults – and from relevant context persons such as parents or teachers. The complex multicohort sequence design schedules annual or even semiannual survey waves including a broad spectrum of competence assessments. All data are thoroughly prepared, documented, and disseminated free of charge in the form of regularly expanded Scientific Use Files. In addition to some background information about NEPS in general, this paper primarily focuses on issues of data collection, data structure, data availability, and the requirements for different types of data access. The number of more than 1,000 data users involved in over 700 research projects so far serves to highlight the potential of NEPS as a unique research data infrastructure for educational research and beyond.

scholarly journals Simulating Personal Carbon Trading (PCT) with an Agent-Based Model (ABM): Investigating Adaptive Reduction Rates and Path Dependence

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7497
Author(s):  
Anna-Katharina Kothe ◽  
Alexander Kuptel ◽  
Roman Seidl
Keyword(s):  
Path Dependence ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Agent Based Modeling ◽  
Data Availability ◽  
Carbon Trading ◽  
Computational Approaches ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Steady Decrease ◽  
Set Up

A decade after the publication of seminal papers on personal carbon trading (PCT), few empirical studies on its implementation exist. Investigating how to design, set up and implement a PCT scheme for a community or country raises several difficulties. For instance, it is unclear how to introduce a reduction rate of CO2 allowances to ensure a steady decrease in CO2 emissions from households. Computational approaches have been introduced to address these challenges of PCT by providing an opportunity to test counterfactual scenarios. Among the benefits of an agent-based modeling approach (ABM) is the potential to directly address dynamic developments and introduce counterfactual situations. In this paper, we review existing modeling approaches and present an ABM for PCT. With simulations of an artificial population of 1000 and 30,000 agents, we address questions on the price and reduction rate of allowances. A key contribution of our model is the inclusion of an adaptive reduction rate, which reduces the yearly allocated amount of allowances depending on a set CO2 abatement target. The results confirm that increased emissions targets are related to higher allowance prices and a higher proportion of buying households. Our analysis also suggests a significant path dependence in the dynamics of allowance prices and availability, but that adaptive reduction rates have little impact on outcomes other than the price. We discuss data availability and computational challenges to modeling a PCT scheme with an ABM. Ideal data to populate an ABM on PCT are not available due to the lack of real-world implementations of a PCT. Nonetheless, meaningful insights about the dynamics and the focal variables in a PCT scheme can be generated by the exploratory use of an ABM.

scholarly journals Terrorism as a Major Threat to Societal Peace: The Case of Pakistan

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 443-452
Author(s):  
Tahir Ashraf ◽  
Bushra Fatima
Keyword(s):  
Religious Institutions ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Social Fabric ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Religious Rituals ◽  
Foreign Intervention ◽  
Democratic System ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Societal Dimensions

Purpose: The central objective of this research is to look at causes behind the phenomenon of terrorism faced by Pakistan. In the contemporary era, Pakistan is facing and suffering from the destructive and gravest issue of terrorism. It has become a major problem not only for the federation as well as for the citizens of Pakistan. Terrorism has made the Pakistani society, where people do not feel secure, a society that lacks a responsible system. The factors that caused terrorism are societal despotism, economic inconsistency, political uncertainty, religious dogmatism as well as foreign intervention or international stratagem. Design/Methodology/Approach: Qualitative method has been used in this study. Secondary sources including newspapers and research articles have been used to evaluate reasons as well as the dynamics of the phenomenon of terrorism which has severely damaged social fabric of the Pakistani society. Findings: The article has evaluated the major causes of multiple societal dimensions of terrorism and found that unsystematic government set-up, non-democratic system, absence of law and order and frustration and collapse of law enforcement organizations, incursion, and ingress of refugees, weaponization as well as talibanization. It has also revealed that role of religious institutions, madrassas and religious sermons delivered on the occasion of daily life religious rituals are major reasons of the extremism prevailing in the Pakistani society. Implications/Originality/Value: So, it is concluded that the major causes of multiple societal dimensions of terrorism are religious institutions, hate-speeches delivered at different ceremonies of religious and social rituals.

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