scholarly journals Comparing Three Methods of Calculation Economic Threshold and Injury Levels for Land Snail Monacha cantiana (Montagu) on Sugarbeet in Nubaryia, Egypt

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ahmed Mahmoud M. Ebieda ◽  
Adel A. Abo El-Ftooh
Keyword(s):  
Land Snail ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Effective Technique ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Methods Of Calculation ◽  
Other Hand

This investigation is the first to determine Monacha cantiana's EIL and ETL. This study was accomplished during two seasons to identify EIL and ETL of M. cantiana in West Nubaryia region in Egypt. Four infested techniques (SnP, SnM, ILnP and ILnP %) and three methods (i.e. 1WRB, Chi-square and the equation of Pedigo et al. 1986) were applied to calculate EIL and ETL. Generally, at SnP, SnM, ILnP and ILnP%, the EIL values for RWL and RYL ranged from 5.0 to 6.4, 35.1 to 44.7, 14.9 to 18.3 and 48.4 to 55.0, respectively. The EIT values for SYL at the techniques infested above ranged from 5.9 to 8.7 SnP, 41.4 to 58.7 SnM, 16.7 to 26.7 ILnP and 53.1 to 73.1 ILnP%. For RWL and RYL, range ETL values were 3.8 to 5.3, 22.4 to 38.4, 8 to 14.6 and 32.5 to 44.0 at SnP, SnM, ILnP and ILnP%, respectively. Nonetheless the corresponding values for RYL were 4.4-5.1, 22.4-35.8, 8-11.9 and 32.5-38.7. On the other hand, the aforementioned SYL treatment values were 4.0 to 7.0, 26.8 to 46.9, 10.3 to 21.4 and 37.0 to 58.0, respectively. Chi-square were only significant for root weight and their losses, therefore, it was neglected. The ranges in SnP expression were very closely. So, It could be inferred that SnP with Pedigo et al. 1986) or 1WRB is an effective technique for EIL or ETL determination.

Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in Turkish Patients with Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 4441-4441
Author(s):  
Kursat Ozdilli ◽  
Fatma Oguz ◽  
Hulya Bilgen ◽  
Yeliz Duvarci ◽  
Halim Issever ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cytokine Gene ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ifn Γ

Abstract Cytokines are chemical mediators between cells and they bind on their own specific receptors on the target cells. Cytokine gene polymorphism may be implicated in the pathogenesis of infections autoimmun disease and malignancies via their effect on cytokine production and regulation. Leukemic cells proliferate under the influence of cytokines. It is known that acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) which is sensitive to some cytokine gene is one of the hematological malignances derived from lymphoid tissue. Our aim is to determined frequencies of selected cytokines (TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-6, IFN-γ) in childhood ALL patients and unrelated healthy control groups. We also investigated weather these polymorphism might contribute to the pathogenesis of ALL. Method: Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) using “ One lamda” kit in 44 ALL patients and 50 unrelated healthy individuals. Allelic frequencies were determined 24 polymorphism located within 16 cytokine genes. Genotype frequencies between ALL patients and controls were compared using Chi-Square Yates, Fisher’s Exact Tests and Stepwise Logistic Regression Analysis (SLRA). Results: The frequency of TGF-β(TT/GG) allel (29,5% versus 8%, respectively;in chi-square p=0,007,odds ratio=4,82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1,49–16,16; in SLRA p=0,002, OR=15,26,95% CI 2,77–84,05), TGF-β(TC/GG) allel (36,4% versus 10%, respectively; in chi-square p=0,002,odds ratio=5,14, 95% CI 1,69–15,59; in SLRA p=0,005,OR=10,21, 95% CI 2,02–51,61), IL-6(GC) allel (38,6% versus 8%, respectively; in chi-square p<0,001; odds ratio 7,24; 95% CI 2,20–23,76; in SLRA p=0,02,OR=6,37, 95% CI 1,22–33,15), IL-10(GCC/ATA) allel (36,4% versus 8%, respectively; in chi-square p=0,001, odds ratio 6,57, 95% CI 1,99–21,64; in SLRA p=0,01,OR=8,04, 95% CI 1,40–46,04), IFN-γ(TA) allel (54,5% versus 10%, respectively; in chi-square p<0,001, odds ratio 10,8, 95% CI 3,60–32,40; in SLRA p<0,001,OR=29,43, 95% CI 5,47–158,35) frequencies were found higher in patients with ALL compared to the control group. On the other hand IFN-γ(TT) allel (20% versus 48%, respectively; p=0,005; odds ratio 0,27; 95% CI 0,11–0,70), IFN-γ(AT)(0% versus 22%, respectively; p=0,001; odds ratio 1,28; 95%CI 1,10–1,48; fisher’s exact=0,001) and IL-6(CA)(0% versus 22%, respectively; in chi-square p<0,001; odds ratio 1,28; 95% CI 1,10–1,28; fisher’s exact=0,001) allel frequencies were found higher in the control group compared to the patients with ALL.TNF-α(GG) allel frequency was higher both in patients with ALL and in the control group (72% versus 85%). As a conclusion higher frequency in TGF-b(TT/GG),TGF-b(TC/GG),IL-6(GC), IL-10(GCC/ATA) and IFN-g(TA) allels may predispose to ALL.On the other hand IFN-g(TT), IFN-g(AT) and IL-6(CA) allels might be the preventive factor for ALL The present study is rather significant that it is the study which assessed the relation of the cytokines in patients with ALL compared to the control group taken from the genetic pool of The Turkish population but larger groups of studies must be done in future.

scholarly journals SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CORPORATE COMMUNICATIONS IN GEOGRAPHICALLY DEFINED MARKETS USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE SALE OF CONSTRUCTION FINANCING IN RURAL AREAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-193
Author(s):  
Christian Enz
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Mortgage Lending ◽  
The Other ◽  
Corporate Communications ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Savings Banks ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Business ◽  
Interest Policy ◽  
Chi Square Test

Private mortgage lending business is an important business segment for retail banks. There are two main reasons for this. Firstly, the comparatively low risk. On the one hand, because many years of experience in this segment enable optimal risk management. On the other hand, the financed properties also provide optimum security. Due to the small size of this business segment, private construction financing was unattractive for major banks for a long time. On the other hand, this division was a core business for regional banks and savings banks. However, as a result of the banking crisis in 2007 and 2008 and the ECB’s ongoing low-interest policy, the private mortgage lending sector is now attractive to all market participants. This is reflected in fiercer competition. The importance of customer communication has therefore also increased in the advertising for new business. Since financial and personnel resources are limited, corporate communications are faced with the challenge of addressing potential customers as efficiently as possible. Communication science has already developed a number of concepts for optimal, integrated communication. These are based on average consumers. Against the background of possible regional deviations in media usage and consumer behaviour, this work explains that banks and savings banks with a regionally defined business area should set different priorities within the communications mix than suprare­gional providers. To this end, a field study was conducted in rural areas of the Nuremberg metro­politan region and analysed using a chi-square test. The study revealed the continuing importance of branches and personal advice, despite increasing digitalisation. At the same time, the necessity of closely networking stationary sales and online offers in rural areas becomes clear.

scholarly journals A Study on Using the University Library and Reading Habits of Students: A Study on Tishk International University Students in Erbil, Iraq

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 224
Author(s):  
Bünyamin Celik
Keyword(s):  
Academic Success ◽  
The Other ◽  
University Education ◽  
Reading Habits ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
University Library ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Library Use ◽  
International University ◽  
The University

The library uses habits of the students and their choices what to read change dramatically from student to student. Reading habits of newspapers are indicated very low in statistics, while reading habits of books were relatively much higher. In addition, the habits of library use are different, so the underlying reasons should be delved into. The aim of this study is to reveal the use of the university library and reading habits of Tishk International University Education Faculty students. 200 students who were randomly chosen from 530 students from different departments of the Faculty participated in this survey voluntarily. Descriptive and correlational research model was used in the study. In the analysis of the data, the questionnaire technique and the &ldquo;chi-square test&rdquo; was used. According to the results of the study; students&rsquo; use of the university library and reading habits were found to be high (strong habits). On the other hand, it was concluded that students&rsquo; newspaper reading habits were lower than those of reading books. Students who think that they have not read enough books, magazines and similar reading sources have cited the problem of not finding time as a reason and the lack of the printed media and publishing in the country. In addition, it is clear that students with a high frequency of library use have academic success and a strong reading habit. On the other hand, no significant relationship was found between the frequency of reading the books and the levels of income and the level of education of parents.

Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in Turkish Patients with Childhood Chronic Myeloid Leukemia.

Blood ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 106 (11) ◽  
pp. 4368-4368
Author(s):  
Kursat Ozdilli ◽  
Fatma Oguz ◽  
Yeliz Duvarci ◽  
Hulya Bilgen ◽  
Sema Anak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
Myeloid Leukemia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Cytokine Gene ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Genotype Frequencies

Abstract Cytokines are necessary for normal hematopoiesis in the bone marrow and provide a means of fine-tuning bone marrow function in response to stimulation. Several of cytokines generated during both innate and adaptive immune responses stimulate the growth and differantiation of bone marrow progenitor cells. The vast majority of polymorphism found in cytokine genes and their reseptors are located in non coding regions. Cytokine gene polymorphism may be implicated in the pathogenesis of infections, autoimmun disease and malignancies via their effect on cytokine production and regulation. It is known that leukemic cells proliferate under the influence of cytokines. Our aim is to analyze cytokine gene profiles in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)in order to clarify the pathogenesis of CML. Genomic DNA from 26 CML patients were analysed. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) using “ One lamda” kit in 26 childhood CML patients 60 unrelated healthy individuals. Genotype frequencies between CML patients and controls were compared using Chi-Square Yates, Fisher’s Exact Tests. In this study; 26 CML patients with a mean age of 15,6±5,3 and 60 healthy controls with a mean age of 18,2±5,4 were investigated. In CML patients the frequencies of TGF-b(TC/GG) genotype (in chi-square p=0,01,odds ratio(OR)=3,46, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1,3–9,04) and IL-10 (GCC/ATA) genotype (in chi-square p=0,04,OR=3,3, 95% CI 0,9–11,1 were found higher in patients with CML compared to the control group. On the other hand IL-6 (CC) genotype (in chi-square p=0,012,OR=0,17, 95% CI 0,4–0,76 frequency was found higher in the control group compared to the patients with CML. As a conclusion higher frequency in TGF-b(TC/GG) and IL-10(GCC/ATA) genotype polymorphism were significantly higher in the patients with CML so it may predispose to CML. On the other hand IL-6 (CC) genotype might be the preventive factor for CML. The present study is rather significant that it is the study which assessed the relation of the cytokines in patients with CML compared to the control group taken from the genetic pool of The Turkish population, we believe studies like this will eventually help to understand the pathogenesis of CML and the role cytokines play in CML,but larger groups of studies must be done in future.

scholarly journals Hidden prosody in philology: yìyŭ 'transcriptions' in the 15th century

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chihkai Lin
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
High Tone ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Historical Resources ◽  
Chi Square Tests

This paper investigates how prosody is hidden behind transcriptions in historical resources. Three historical sources are used in the analysis. They are Chinese transcriptions from the 15th century in which Japanese, Korean and Ryukyuan phrases are recorded using Chinese characters. The argument concentrates on the prosodic patterns of disyllabic nouns in the three historical sources. The results of chi-square tests show that in the transcriptions Korean is significantly different from Japanese and Ryukyuan. In disyllabic nouns, the Chinese tonal category shăngshēng is favored in the first syllable of the Korean data to show changes from low to high tone. On the other hand, the transition is not salient in the Japanese and Ryukyuan data. In addition, the Chinese tonal cateogry yīnpíng is disfavored in the first syllable of the Korean data, whereas Chinese yīnpíng is not overtly excluded from the first syllable of Japanese and Ryukyuan data. This paper also discusses the projection of prosodic characteristics from Chinese onto the transcriptions: the second syllable in a disyllabic noun tends to be qùshēng.  

scholarly journals Effect of spacing on the performance of newly developed Aus rice Var. Binadhan-19

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 373-378
Author(s):  
Md Robiul Islam Akondo ◽  
Md Belal Hossain
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Design ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Plant Height ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Panicle Length ◽  
Straw Yield ◽  
Other Hand

An experiment was conducted at the experimental farm of BINA Sub-station, Gopalganj to determine the effect of spacing on the yield and yield attributing parameters of rice. Four spacings viz. 15 cm × 15 cm, 20 cm × 15 cm, 20 cm × 20 cm and 25 cm × 20 cm were included in the study. The experimental design was a randomized completely block with three replications. Spacing’s 15 cm × 15 cm, 20 cm × 15 cm, 20 cm × 20 cm and 25 cm × 20 cm were adopted 49, 42, 36 and 30 hills per square meter, respectively. Results revealed that different spacing performed significantly differed yield contributing characters (plant height, panicle length, number of effective and non-effective tillers, number of filled and unfilled grain, grain and straw yield of rice. Results indicated that the highest plant height (83.40 cm), panicle length (19.73), number of effective tillers per hill (11.00), number of total grains per panicle (87.73), number of filled grains per panicle (70.53), root length (16.07 cm), root weight (38.00 g per five plants), harvest index (38%), grain yield (4.19 t ha-1) and straw yield (4.50 t ha-1) were found with 25 cm × 20 cm spacing. On the other hand, maximum number of non-effective tillers per hill (1.60) was found in 15 cm × 15 cm spacing. Results of the present study revealed that 25 cm × 20 cm spacing was found to be the best for obtaining maximum grain yield of aus var. Binadhan-19. Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.6(3): 373-378, December 2019

scholarly journals PENETUAN ALE DAN AE LARVA LEPIDIOTA STIGMA F PADA TANAMAN TEBU

2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alimin, Edhi Martono, dan Witjaksono
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Light Trap ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Injury Level ◽  
Economic Threshold ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Economic Injury ◽  
Weight Proportion

This research was conducted to determine the value of Economic Injury Level (EIL) and Economic Threshold (ET) for the larvae of Lepidiota stigma instar 1, 2 and 3 in three different locations. The amount of larvae population and plant per m2 in the field, and the weight proportion of the vanished root or to-be-eaten by a larva were needed to determine the loss of result per m2 data on the maximum harvest outcome and the harvest outcome in the field per m2. The highest proportion value of the outcome loss per m2 based on the Walker Model, which has been modified on biological control with Nematode Entomo Patogen (NEP) Steinernema spp. combined with light trap, was in Tempel Sari, i.e. larvae instar 1 (0.0108), instar 2 (0.0174), and instar 3 (0.0221). The lowest value was in Grenjeng, i.e. larvae instar 1 (0.0048), instar 2 (0.0078), and instar 3 (0.0099). There were significant differences among the three instars, where the consumption greediness of instar 3 is higher than instar 1 and 2, so the proportion value of the outcome loss per m2 of larvae instar 3 in the respective locations was higher than that of the two other instars. Determination of EIL value based on the Bode & Calvin Models gave the highest EIL value in Grenjengwith larvae instar 1 in the amount of 15.50 with ET value 12.40, instar 2 in the amount of 9.59 with ET value 7.67, and instar 3 in the amount of 7.54 with ET value 6.03. On the other hand, the lowest EIL value was found in Tempel Sari, with larvae instar 1 in the amount of 6.97 with ET value 5.58, instar 2 in the amount of 4.31 with ET value 3.45, and instar 3 in the amount of 3.39 with ET value 2.71. 

scholarly journals Evaluation of the effect of inactivation by microwave and autoclave in homeopathic medicines

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (36) ◽  
pp. 226-228
Author(s):  
Aurea Regina Telles Pupulin ◽  
Thiago Telles Pupulin ◽  
Bruno Reis ◽  
Carlos Moacir Bonato
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Aerial Part ◽  
The Other ◽  
Root Weight ◽  
Similar Response ◽  
Homeopathic Medicine ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Fresh Root

Background: The Brazilian Pharmacopoeia defines the sterilization process as a "method" intended to remove or destroy all forms of life, animal or plant, macroscopic or microscopic, saprophytic or not, present in the product concerned, without ensuring the complete inactivation of toxins or cellular enzymes. Microwaves are electromagnetic waves with frequencies ranging between 300MHz (300x106 Hz) and 300 GHz (300x109 Hz) and wavelengths from 1 m to 1 mm[1]. They are waves that lie within the region between TV waves and the infrared region within the spectrum of electromagnetic waves. According to the Technical Standards Textbook for Homeopathic Pharmacy, glass tubes may be reused after washed with running and purified water and inactivated by autoclaving at 120oC for 30 minutes or by a dry air buffer at 180oC for 30 minutes or at 140oC for 1 hour [2]. Aims: Current experiment evaluates the influence of ultra-diluted Sulphur with and without inactivation by autoclaving and microwaving for certain variables in the germination and growth of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench - cv TX623B). Methodology: Ten milliliters of Sulphur in homeopathic dinamizations (proposed by Hering - DH) 9DH, 18DH and 30DH inactivated by microwave and by autoclave heat, and control with water, were added to petri dishes in which 20 sorghum seeds were distributed. The experiment was conducted in a growth chamber (BOD) at 25oC and during a 16-h photoperiod. Double-blind methodology to avoid researcher’s possible interferences or trends, coupled to statistic treatment at the end of the experiment, was employed. Data underwent variance analysis and means were compared by Scott-Knott’s test at 5% probability. Results: Homeopathy Sulphur changed the evaluated parameters of 9DH, 18 DH and 30 DH dinamizations when compared to control (water). Differences existed with regard to effects of the different microwave-treated (M9DH, M18DH, M30DH) and autoclaving-treated (A9DH, A18DH, A30DH) dinamizations. Sulphur had no significant difference in the aerial length (CPA) when compared with that of control. In the case of the same homeopathic treatments previously undergoing autoclaving, the three dinamizations had a similar response to CPA. The same occurred with drugs submitted to microwaves. With regard to root’s growth (CSR), treatment with Sulphur inhibited growth in the dinamizations 18 DH and 30 DH when compared to control. This did not occur with 9 DH which had the same effect as that of water. In the case of groups treated with medicines 30 DH and 9DH undergoing microwaves, the same effect of water was reported. Consequently, microwaves inactivated the effect of homeopathic medicine. However, in 18DH under the effect of microwaves, the effect of drug 18DH was reported. Consequently, there was growth inhibition but no inactivation by microwaves. In the case of groups treated with autoclaved medicine, a greater root growth was reported. This fact shows that autoclaving altered the homeopathic medicine. In fact, it had an opposite effect when compared to control. On the other hand, when Fresh Root Weight was evaluated, differences in control were reported only for groups treated with autoclaved medicines. These results were similar to those of the group treated with medicine 18DH. An increase in the fresh root weight was reported agreeing with a greater root growth. Results related to the aerial part and to the root of the dry mass failed to show any significant difference among the groups. Conclusions: Results show that different physiological responses are produced posterior to the employment of homeopathic medicine, sometimes stimulating, sometimes inhibiting root growth . The aerial part was not influenced by any treatment. On the other hand, autoclaved medicines stimulated root growth[3] [4]. This fact shows changes in the homeopathic medicine under humid heat. Microwave treatments showed an inactivation for 9DH and 30DH, but not for 18DH. The latter had the same results as those treated with Sulphur 18DH. The above results suggest that microwaves may inactivate homeopathic medicines, albeit not entirely. Therefore, it may not be a reliable inactivation methodology.

A study of cometary eruptions through OH radio-lines

1999 ◽  
Vol 173 ◽  
pp. 249-254
Author(s):  
A.M. Silva ◽  
R.D. Miró
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
The Other ◽  
Initial Mass ◽  
Radio Lines ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Sudden Rise

AbstractWe have developed a model for theH2OandOHevolution in a comet outburst, assuming that together with the gas, a distribution of icy grains is ejected. With an initial mass of icy grains of 108kg released, theH2OandOHproductions are increased up to a factor two, and the growth curves change drastically in the first two days. The model is applied to eruptions detected in theOHradio monitorings and fits well with the slow variations in the flux. On the other hand, several events of short duration appear, consisting of a sudden rise ofOHflux, followed by a sudden decay on the second day. These apparent short bursts are frequently found as precursors of a more durable eruption. We suggest that both of them are part of a unique eruption, and that the sudden decay is due to collisions that de-excite theOHmaser, when it reaches the Cometopause region located at 1.35 × 105kmfrom the nucleus.

Closing the GAP—A 5Å Scanning Microscope

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 6-7
Author(s):  
A. V. Crewe
Keyword(s):  
Normal Form ◽  
The Other ◽  
Resolving Power ◽  
Scanning Microscope ◽  
Conventional Microscope ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Closing The Gap ◽  
Thermal Sources ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Transmission Microscope

We have become accustomed to differentiating between the scanning microscope and the conventional transmission microscope according to the resolving power which the two instruments offer. The conventional microscope is capable of a point resolution of a few angstroms and line resolutions of periodic objects of about 1Å. On the other hand, the scanning microscope, in its normal form, is not ordinarily capable of a point resolution better than 100Å. Upon examining reasons for the 100Å limitation, it becomes clear that this is based more on tradition than reason, and in particular, it is a condition imposed upon the microscope by adherence to thermal sources of electrons.

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