scholarly journals SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR CORPORATE COMMUNICATIONS IN GEOGRAPHICALLY DEFINED MARKETS USING THE EXAMPLE OF THE SALE OF CONSTRUCTION FINANCING IN RURAL AREAS

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-193
Author(s):  
Christian Enz
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Mortgage Lending ◽  
The Other ◽  
Corporate Communications ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Savings Banks ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
New Business ◽  
Interest Policy ◽  
Chi Square Test

Private mortgage lending business is an important business segment for retail banks. There are two main reasons for this. Firstly, the comparatively low risk. On the one hand, because many years of experience in this segment enable optimal risk management. On the other hand, the financed properties also provide optimum security. Due to the small size of this business segment, private construction financing was unattractive for major banks for a long time. On the other hand, this division was a core business for regional banks and savings banks. However, as a result of the banking crisis in 2007 and 2008 and the ECB’s ongoing low-interest policy, the private mortgage lending sector is now attractive to all market participants. This is reflected in fiercer competition. The importance of customer communication has therefore also increased in the advertising for new business. Since financial and personnel resources are limited, corporate communications are faced with the challenge of addressing potential customers as efficiently as possible. Communication science has already developed a number of concepts for optimal, integrated communication. These are based on average consumers. Against the background of possible regional deviations in media usage and consumer behaviour, this work explains that banks and savings banks with a regionally defined business area should set different priorities within the communications mix than suprare­gional providers. To this end, a field study was conducted in rural areas of the Nuremberg metro­politan region and analysed using a chi-square test. The study revealed the continuing importance of branches and personal advice, despite increasing digitalisation. At the same time, the necessity of closely networking stationary sales and online offers in rural areas becomes clear.

scholarly journals The role of SMEs in innovation-oriented economic development

2017 ◽  
pp. 95-99
Author(s):  
Tamás Köpeczi-Bócz ◽  
Mónika Lőrincz
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
National Level ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sectoral Structure ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Knowledge Intensive ◽  
The One

Both at European and national level tertiary and quaternary sectors are concentrated in the metropolitan centre. In the rural areas only the sites of such sectors can be found the premises of which temporarily transform the sectoral structure of these areas, but from the regional development aspect they did not prove to be an effective strategy.The European Commission is now focusing on growth from innovation, which could become the driving force behind productivity growth and the economy’s long-term trend. The innovation-oriented economic development’s key players are on the one hand the knowledge-intensive enterprises, on the other hand the universities. Tertiary education can play a role – among others – in shaping and creating the development of knowledge intensive business environment and conditions, on the other hand it can assist the development of network contacts – another precondition of employment growth.

scholarly journals Innovation and Management by Regional Rural Banks in Achieving the Dream of Financial Inclusion in India: Challenges and Prospects.

2020 ◽  
pp. 222-234
Author(s):  
Anis ur Rehman
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
The State ◽  
Financial Inclusion ◽  
Credit Expansion ◽  
Achieving The Dream ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Political Interference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
The Government

The Regional Rural Banks are government-owned, regionally based and rurally oriented financial institutions specialized in catering to the credit needs of the neglected and weaker sections of the society. In the recent past, RRBs have become a potent mediator for financial inclusion in rural areas. This paper summarizes the innovative methods used by the employees of these banks in deposit mobilizations, credit expansion and recovery of the loan. The primary purpose of the research is to find the problems faced by officials of these banks in marketing their services to the rural customer. The opinions of these bank officials regarding the above factors and the functioning of these banks and their impact on society have also been studied. For this purpose, a sample of 96 bank officials of Aryavart bank and Purvanchal Bank have been taken from the rural areas of Uttar Pradesh. Methodological tools of the research methods were Frequency and Chi-square test of independence which have been used to test the hypotheses developed in the study. The research empirically confirms and theoretically proves that the employees and staff of these two regional rural banks in the state are making their earnest effort to channelize the savings of rural people by mobilization of deposits by motivating them to deposit their surplus money in the regional rural banks. The bank officials are making efforts to extend credit facilities in rural areas to uplift the people economically. The bank officials are facing problems in deposit mobilization, and credit expansion in the rural areas of the state and they are managing these problems very efficiently. Some political interference was found in the functioning of these banks. In the opinion of these bank officials, the overall working of these regional rural banks is proper. The results of the research can be useful for policymakers in the government to understand the hurdles faced by regional rural banks in reaching to the poor and needy sections of the society. The insights from this paper can help the policymakers to craft innovative schemes which enable these banks to reach the most inaccessible customers in rural areas. Keywords Regional Rural Banks, deposit mobilizations, credit expansion, financial inclusion, loan recovery.

scholarly journals Panoramic Radiographic Assessment of Agenesis of Mandibular Third Molars: A Hospital Based Study in Eastern Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (217) ◽  
Author(s):  
Pragya Regmee ◽  
Jyotsna Rimal ◽  
Ichha Kumar Maharjan ◽  
Surya Raj Niraula
Keyword(s):  
Panoramic Radiograph ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Molars ◽  
Radiographic Assessment ◽  
Review Committee ◽  
Oral Medicine ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Institutional Review ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Mandibular Third Molars

Introduction: Racial variation, genetic inheritance and various other factors can affect the jaw size and ultimately the tooth size and number. Studies for agenesis of mandibular third molars (M3s) have been carried out in various populations but data relating to these are not evident from most of the parts of Nepal. Hence, the objective of the present study is to determine the prevalence of agenesis among the population of patients visiting the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology of this institute. The study also sought the odds of agenesis of M3 in one side when there was missing M3 on the other side of the mandible. Methods: This study was conducted after the approval from Institutional Review Committee of BPKIHS. Two hundred and eighty four patients (568 sites of M3, bilaterally), visiting the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology were studied with Panoramic Radiograph to assess for agenesis of mandibular third molars, bilaterally. Percentage of agenesis was calculated and chi square test was applied where relevant. Odds ratio was also calculated. Results: Agenesis was seen in 28.7% of the participants. The Odds of M3 being missing on one side with concurrent missing M3 on the other side was 40.27 (Confidence Interval 19.34 to 83.87). Conclusions: Agenesis was highly prevalent in this study group. The likelihood of M3 being absent on one side, when there was concurrent missing M3 on the other side of mandible was also high.

Entrepreneurship vs. Bioentrepreneurship

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-58
Author(s):  
Sneha Upreti
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Future Perspective ◽  
Developed Country ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Great Idea ◽  
New Business ◽  
Innovative Idea ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Difference

The word bioentrepreneurship and entrepreneurship share the similarity in the fact that they must have a great and an innovative idea behind starting a business setup and to raise an investment. Also, they both must have a great idea about marketing of the related products and managing their start-up. If we talk about the difference, the common difference is the sector or field in which a startup is carrying on. In simple words, entrepreneurship is the process of launching any new business based on an innovative idea. On the other hand, bioentrepreneurship is the process that is started in the field of science (i.e., biotechnology). Nowadays, bio-industrialization is the key to being a modern and developed country, and this is the only reason bioentrepreneurs are highly in demand. Thus, this chapter will help you to understand the pillars to setup a startup based on biotechnology that has an excellent future perspective not only for entrepreneurs but also for the nation.

scholarly journals Performance verification of anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody detection by using four chemiluminescence immunoassay systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 57 (6) ◽  
pp. 429-434
Author(s):  
Yafang Wan ◽  
Zhijie Li ◽  
Kun Wang ◽  
Tian Li ◽  
Pu Liao
Keyword(s):  
False Positive ◽  
Detection System ◽  
False Positive Rate ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
The Other ◽  
Antibody Detection ◽  
Igg Antibody ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chemiluminescence Immunoassay ◽  
Chi Square Test

Objectives The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the analytical performance of seven kits for detecting IgM/IgG antibodies against coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) by using four chemiluminescence immunoassay systems. Methods Fifty patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection and 130 controls without coronavirus infection from the General Hospital of Chongqing were enrolled in the current retrospective study. Four chemiluminescence immunoassay systems, including seven IgM/IgG antibody detection kits for SARS-CoV-2 (A_IgM, A_IgG, B_IgM, B_IgG, C_IgM, C_IgG and D_Ab), were employed to detect antibody concentrations. The chi-square test, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and Youden’s index were determined to verify the cut-off value of each detection system. Results The repeatability verification results of the A, B, C and D systems are all qualified. D_Ab performed best (92% sensitivity and 99.23% specificity), and B_IgM performed worse than the other systems. Except for the A_IgM and C_IgG systems, the optimal diagnostic thresholds and cut-off values of the other kits and their recommendations are inconsistent with each other. B_IgM had the worst AUC, and C_IgG had the best diagnostic accuracy. More importantly, the B_IgG system had the highest false-positive rate for testing patients with AIDS, tumours and pregnancies. The A_IgM system test showed the highest false-positive rates among elderly individuals over 90 years old. COVID-2019 IgM/IgG antibody test systems exhibit performance differences. Conclusions The Innodx Biotech Total Antibody serum diagnosis kit is the most reliable detection system for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, which can be used together with nucleic acid tests as an alternative method for SARS-CoV-2 detecting.

scholarly journals The Chi-Square test: a frequency data based statistical device

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Frequency Data ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Medical Researchers ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Control And Eradication

“Cause Effect” relationships are very important and play a most vital and significant role in medical researchers to reveal efficacy of medication as preventive and curative measures towards control and eradication of various diseases and morbidity factors. The present paper, in this direction is an attempt to highlight the main applicability of - test ( chi- square test ) ; a most appropriate statistical device in testing statistical significance of the above mentioned relationships in studying impact of one on the other ; supplemented by a few citations thereof.

scholarly journals Exploring the association between adverse maternal circumstances and low birth weight in neonates: a nationwide population-based study in Bangladesh

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. e036162
Author(s):  
Md Mostaured Ali Khan ◽  
Md Golam Mustagir ◽  
Md Rafiqul Islam ◽  
Md Sharif Kaikobad ◽  
Hafiz TA Khan
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Low Birth Weight ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Study Designs

ObjectiveThis study is concerned with helping to improve the health and care of newborn babies in Bangladesh by exploring adverse maternal circumstances and assessing whether these are contributing towards low birth weight (LBW) in neonates.Study designs and settingsData were drawn and analysed from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2014. Any association between LBW and adverse maternal circumstances were assessed using a Chi-square test with determinants of LBW identified by multivariate logistic regression analysis.ParticipantsThe study is based on 4728 children aged below 5 years and born to women from selected households.ResultsThe rate of LBW was around 19.9% (199 per 1000 live births) with the highest level found in the Sylhet region (26.2%). The rate was even higher in rural areas (20.8%) and among illiterate mothers (26.6%). Several adverse maternal circumstances of the women included in the survey were found to be significant for increasing the likelihood of giving birth to LBW babies. These circumstances included the women being underweight (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.26, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.49); having unwanted births (AOR 1.22, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.44); had previous pregnancies terminated (AOR 1.28, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.57); were victims of intimate partner violence (AOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.45) and taking antenatal care <4 times (AOR 1.23, 95% CI 1.03 to 1.48). Other important risk factors that were revealed included age at birth <18 years (AOR 1.42, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.83) and intervals between the number of births <24 months (AOR 1.25, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.55). When taking multiple fertility behaviours together such as, the ages of the women at birth (<18 years with interval <24 months (AOR 1.26, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.57) and birth order (>3 with interval <24 months (AOR 1.68, 95% CI 1.18 to 2.37), then the risk of having LBW babies significantly increased.ConclusionThis study finds that adverse maternal circumstances combined with high-risk fertility behaviours are significantly associated with LBW in neonates. This situation could severely impede progress in Bangladesh towards achieving the sustainable development goal concerned with the healthcare of newborns.

scholarly journals Risk factors for esophageal cancer in a low-incidence area of Brazil

2013 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Orlando Milhomem Mota ◽  
Maria Paula Curado ◽  
José Carlos Oliveira ◽  
Edesio Martins ◽  
Daniela Medeiros Milhomem Cardoso
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Esophageal Cancer ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Significant Risk ◽  
Oral Sex ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Control Study

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVESEsophageal cancer is the eighth commonest type of cancer worldwide, occupying sixth place in terms of mortality. Smoking and alcohol use are known risk factors for this type of cancer. The aim here was to evaluate the risk factors for esophageal cancer in a low-incidence area.DESIGN AND SETTINGCase-control study in Goiânia, with 99 cases of esophageal cancer and 223 controls.METHODSThe variables were sociodemographic, dietary, occupational and lifestyle data. The sample was analyzed using the chi-square test, Mann-Whitney test and Mantel-Haenszel approach for multivariate analysis. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated with 5% significance and 95% confidence intervals.RESULTSThe risk of esophageal cancer was higher in patients ≥ 55 years (OR = 1.95; P < 0.001). Patients from rural areas were at greater risk of esophageal cancer (OR = 4.9; P < 0.001). Smoking was a risk factor among the cases (OR = 3.8; P < 0.001), as was exposure to woodstoves (OR = 4.42; P < 0.001). The practice of oral sex was not a risk factor (OR = 0.45; P = 0.04). Consumption of apples, pears, vegetables, cruciferous vegetables and fruit juices were protective against esophageal cancer.CONCLUSIONIn a region in which the incidence of esophageal cancer is low, the most significant risk factors were exposure to woodstoves, smoking and living in rural areas.

scholarly journals Level of Satisfaction in the Use of the Wraparound Hawley and Thermoplastic Maxillary Retainers

2019 ◽  
Vol 90 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adenilson Silva Chagas ◽  
Karina Maria Salvatore Freitas ◽  
Rodrigo Hermont Cançado ◽  
Fabricio Pinelli Valarelli ◽  
Luiz Filiphe Gonçalves Canuto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Level Of Satisfaction ◽  
Intergroup Comparison ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Orthodontic Patients ◽  
Better Than

ABSTRACT Objective To compare the level of satisfaction in the use of wraparound Hawley and thermoplastic maxillary retainers. Materials and Methods The study sample included 70 orthodontic patients (24 males and 46 females), who were in the retention stage (mean age = 20.80 years). All patients wore the two types of maxillary retainer for 1 month each, along with a 3×3 fixed mandibular retainer. After the use of each retainer, the patients responded to a questionnaire evaluating the level of satisfaction with their use of the maxillary retainer. Intergroup comparison was performed by independent t tests. Chi-square test was used to evaluate preference for the type of retainer by gender. Results The thermoplastic retainer was better for swallowing and the wraparound Hawley appliance was better for hygiene and durability. The other factors evaluated (adaptation, speech, comfort, esthetics, satisfaction, and fitting) did not show significant differences between the retainers. There was also no significant difference in preference for the appliances. Conclusions Regarding the overall satisfaction and the preference, there was no difference between the wraparound Hawley and thermoplastic retainers. The wraparound Hawley appliance was better in hygiene and resistance than the thermoplastic retainer; and the thermoplastic appliance was better than the wraparound Hawley for swallowing fluids and saliva.

Cytokine Gene Polymorphisms in Turkish Patients with Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia.

Blood ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 104 (11) ◽  
pp. 4441-4441
Author(s):  
Kursat Ozdilli ◽  
Fatma Oguz ◽  
Hulya Bilgen ◽  
Yeliz Duvarci ◽  
Halim Issever ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Lymphoblastic Leukemia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Cytokine Gene ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Ifn Γ

Abstract Cytokines are chemical mediators between cells and they bind on their own specific receptors on the target cells. Cytokine gene polymorphism may be implicated in the pathogenesis of infections autoimmun disease and malignancies via their effect on cytokine production and regulation. Leukemic cells proliferate under the influence of cytokines. It is known that acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) which is sensitive to some cytokine gene is one of the hematological malignances derived from lymphoid tissue. Our aim is to determined frequencies of selected cytokines (TNF-α, TGF-β, IL-10, IL-6, IFN-γ) in childhood ALL patients and unrelated healthy control groups. We also investigated weather these polymorphism might contribute to the pathogenesis of ALL. Method: Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primers (PCR-SSP) using “ One lamda” kit in 44 ALL patients and 50 unrelated healthy individuals. Allelic frequencies were determined 24 polymorphism located within 16 cytokine genes. Genotype frequencies between ALL patients and controls were compared using Chi-Square Yates, Fisher’s Exact Tests and Stepwise Logistic Regression Analysis (SLRA). Results: The frequency of TGF-β(TT/GG) allel (29,5% versus 8%, respectively;in chi-square p=0,007,odds ratio=4,82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1,49–16,16; in SLRA p=0,002, OR=15,26,95% CI 2,77–84,05), TGF-β(TC/GG) allel (36,4% versus 10%, respectively; in chi-square p=0,002,odds ratio=5,14, 95% CI 1,69–15,59; in SLRA p=0,005,OR=10,21, 95% CI 2,02–51,61), IL-6(GC) allel (38,6% versus 8%, respectively; in chi-square p<0,001; odds ratio 7,24; 95% CI 2,20–23,76; in SLRA p=0,02,OR=6,37, 95% CI 1,22–33,15), IL-10(GCC/ATA) allel (36,4% versus 8%, respectively; in chi-square p=0,001, odds ratio 6,57, 95% CI 1,99–21,64; in SLRA p=0,01,OR=8,04, 95% CI 1,40–46,04), IFN-γ(TA) allel (54,5% versus 10%, respectively; in chi-square p<0,001, odds ratio 10,8, 95% CI 3,60–32,40; in SLRA p<0,001,OR=29,43, 95% CI 5,47–158,35) frequencies were found higher in patients with ALL compared to the control group. On the other hand IFN-γ(TT) allel (20% versus 48%, respectively; p=0,005; odds ratio 0,27; 95% CI 0,11–0,70), IFN-γ(AT)(0% versus 22%, respectively; p=0,001; odds ratio 1,28; 95%CI 1,10–1,48; fisher’s exact=0,001) and IL-6(CA)(0% versus 22%, respectively; in chi-square p<0,001; odds ratio 1,28; 95% CI 1,10–1,28; fisher’s exact=0,001) allel frequencies were found higher in the control group compared to the patients with ALL.TNF-α(GG) allel frequency was higher both in patients with ALL and in the control group (72% versus 85%). As a conclusion higher frequency in TGF-b(TT/GG),TGF-b(TC/GG),IL-6(GC), IL-10(GCC/ATA) and IFN-g(TA) allels may predispose to ALL.On the other hand IFN-g(TT), IFN-g(AT) and IL-6(CA) allels might be the preventive factor for ALL The present study is rather significant that it is the study which assessed the relation of the cytokines in patients with ALL compared to the control group taken from the genetic pool of The Turkish population but larger groups of studies must be done in future.

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