Comparative Study of 'BOD' and PH of Distillery Wastewater

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (01) ◽  
pp. 56-60
Author(s):  
Kamal Nabh Tripathi
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Cane Sugar ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Distillery Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Pollutants ◽  
Major Industry

Industrial processes create a variety of wastewater pollutants which are difficult and costly to treat. Production of ethyl alcohol in distilleries based on cane sugar molasses constitutes a major industry in Asia and South America. The world’s total production of alcohol from cane molasses is more than13 million m3/annum. The aqueous distillery effluent stream known as spent wash is a dark brown highly organic effluent and is approximately 12-15 times by volume of the product alcohol. It is one of the most complex, and strongest organic industrial effluents, having extremely high BOD values. of organic load. The paper reviews the status of BOD values before and after treatment of the distillery wastewater

scholarly journals Evaluation of Filamentous Fungi and Yeasts for the Biodegradation of Sugarcane Distillery Wastewater

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 1588
Author(s):  
Graziella Chuppa-Tostain ◽  
Melissa Tan ◽  
Laetitia Adelard ◽  
Alain Shum-Cheong-Sing ◽  
Jean-Marie François ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Filamentous Fungi ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Initial Ph ◽  
Distillery Wastewater ◽  
Load Removal ◽  
Cheap Alternative ◽  
Ph Increase ◽  
High Chemical Oxygen Demand

Sugarcane Distillery Spent Wash (DSW) is among the most pollutant industrial effluents, generally characterized by high Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), high mineral matters and acidic pH, causing strong environmental impacts. Bioremediation is considered to be a good and cheap alternative to DSW treatment. In this study, 37 strains of yeasts and filamentous fungi were performed to assess their potential to significantly reduce four parameters characterizing the organic load of vinasses (COD, pH, minerals and OD475nm). In all cases, a pH increase (until a final pH higher than 8.5, being an increase superior to 3.5 units, as compared to initial pH) and a COD and minerals removal could be observed, respectively (until 76.53% using Aspergillus terreus var. africanus and 77.57% using Aspergillus niger). Depending on the microorganism, the OD475nm could decrease (generally when filamentous fungi were used) or increase (generally when yeasts were used). Among the strains tested, the species from Aspergillus and Trametes genus offered the best results in the depollution of DSW. Concomitant with the pollutant load removal, fungal biomass, with yields exceeding 20 g·L−1, was produced.

Strategic Role of Zakat in Multidimensional Quality of Life in Sijunjung, Indonesia

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
Herlin Hamimi ◽  
Abdul Ghafar Ismail ◽  
Muhammad Hasbi Zaenal
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Absolute Poverty ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Being There ◽  
The Impact

Zakat is one of the five pillars of Islam which has a function of faith, social and economic functions. Muslims who can pay zakat are required to give at least 2.5 per cent of their wealth. The problem of poverty prevalent in disadvantaged regions because of the difficulty of access to information and communication led to a gap that is so high in wealth and resources. The instrument of zakat provides a paradigm in the achievement of equitable wealth distribution and healthy circulation. Zakat potentially offers a better life and improves the quality of human being. There is a human quality improvement not only in economic terms but also in spiritual terms such as improving religiousity. This study aims to examine the role of zakat to alleviate humanitarian issues in disadvantaged regions such as Sijunjung, one of zakat beneficiaries and impoverished areas in Indonesia. The researcher attempted a Cibest method to capture the impact of zakat beneficiaries before and after becoming a member of Zakat Community Development (ZCD) Program in material and spiritual value. The overall analysis shows that zakat has a positive impact on disadvantaged regions development and enhance the quality of life of the community. There is an improvement in the average of mustahik household incomes after becoming a member of ZCD Program. Cibest model demonstrates that material, spiritual, and absolute poverty index decreased by 10, 5, and 6 per cent. Meanwhile, the welfare index is increased by 21 per cent. These findings have significant implications for developing the quality of life in disadvantaged regions in Sijunjung. Therefore, zakat is one of the instruments to change the status of disadvantaged areas to be equivalent to other areas.

The Effect of Metallic and Ionic Species on the Performance of a Biological Effluent Treatment System

1977 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-212
Author(s):  
B. Volesky ◽  
Q. Samak ◽  
P. Waller
Keyword(s):  
Activated Sludge ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Original Data ◽  
Ionic Species ◽  
Threshold Concentration ◽  
Effluent Treatment ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Metallic Ions ◽  
Activated Sludge Systems

Abstract Review of the available results appearing in the recent literature is presented focusing particularly upon the effects of metallic ions such as Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Hg, V, Zn, Ni and Co. Some original data involving the effects of Na are presented and discussed. Development of parameters used in evaluating the influence of toxic or inhibitory species on the mixed microbial population of an activated sludge system is of crucial importance and different techniques employed such as BOD-COD-TOC-removal rates, Oxygen Uptake Rate, and others are discussed, showing relative inadequacy of currently applied assays. From the data available, certain trends can be discerned. There is a definite threshold concentration for each metallic ion, depending on the organic load of the feed. In the order of increasing toxicity to activated sludge systems reflected in lower BOD removals the following metals have been listed as inhibiting factors at concentrations starting from 1 ppm applied on a continuous basis: hexavalent chromium, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, trivalent chromium, copper and nickel. Metals in combination have not been reported to exhibit any significantly different effects as compared to those observed with individually introduced metallic ions. Tolerance of some activated sludge systems to shock loadings by various inorganic ions and metals is reviewed. The conclusions are of particular importance for estimating the performance of biox systems handling industrial effluents which are likely to contain toxic components of inorganic or metallic nature.

Mate Change Enhances Duetting Activity in the Siamang Gibbon (Hylobates Syndactulus)

Behaviour ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 96 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Geissmann
Keyword(s):  
Pair Bonding ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Bonding Effect ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mate Change ◽  
The Status ◽  
Partner Exchange ◽  
Directed Learning ◽  
Singing Activity

AbstractSiamang gibbons produce long and complex duet songs. The hypothesis that duetting may act as advertisement of the presence and the status of a mated pair has repeatedly been suggested for duetting birds. If a pair bonding effect of the duet is actually attained through a partner-directed learning effort resulting in a pair-specific duet, the learning investment should be concentrated into a time period as short as possible in order to avoid competitors. Therefore, after the formation of a new pair, an increase of singing activity should be expected. In order to test this prediction, the singing activity of a pair of captive siamang before and after a partner exchange was compared. In the newly formed pair, an increase in singing activity was observed. Additional observations on a second new pair show a similar trend. In this case, both new mates remained in their familiar place so that their singing activity was unlikely to be affected by the process of establishing a new territory.

scholarly journals ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PROFILING OF DAIRY WASTEWATER DEGRADING NATIVE EFFICIENT MICROBIAL ISOLATES

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 145
Author(s):  
Anupama Bhardwaj ◽  
Jagtar Singh ◽  
Sonia Chaman ◽  
Amit Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Dairy Wastewater ◽  
Organic Load ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistance Profile ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Profile ◽  
Surrounding Environment ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Microbial Isolates

Objective: The objective of this study is to make sure biotreatment process used for treatment of dairy wastewater (DWW) is safe for human and its surrounding environment; microbes were evaluated for their antibiotic resistance profile against commonly prescribed antibiotics. Methods: Microbes were isolated using spread plating and streaking method and used to treat DWW. Reduction in organic load in DWW was determined by comparing physicochemical parameters (PCP) of DWW before and after treatment process. After selection of efficient microbial isolates, they were evaluated for their antibiotic resistance profile using antibiotic disc diffusion method. Results: In this work, 53 microbes were isolated from DWW, and these microbial isolates were screened for DWW degradation capacity by analyzing PCP. Four microbial isolates E3, E5, E11 (bacterial isolates) and F5 (fungal isolate) showed highest reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were selected for profound degradation of DWW under optimized conditions. Efficient four microbial isolates individually performed better under anaerobic conditions by showing maximum reduction 84%, 75%, and 77% in COD, BOD, and DO, respectively. After 72 hrs of antibiotic susceptibility testing, E3 strain had shown 100%, E5 90%, E11 70%, and F5 80% susceptibility to antibiotics. Conclusion: The present study concluded that four microbial isolates had the potential of reducing the organic load of DWW along with lessor or negligible adverse effect on human or its surrounding environment and they appear to be most promising strains for treatment of DWW. 

scholarly journals Predicting the cumulative medical load of COVID-19 outbreaks after the peak in daily fatalities

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. e0247272
Author(s):  
Claudius Gros ◽  
Roser Valenti ◽  
Lukas Schneider ◽  
Benedikt Gutsche ◽  
Dimitrije Marković
Keyword(s):  
Phase Space ◽  
Sir Model ◽  
Reaction Model ◽  
Space Representation ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Short And Long Term

The distinct ways the COVID-19 pandemic has been unfolding in different countries and regions suggest that local societal and governmental structures play an important role not only for the baseline infection rate, but also for short and long-term reactions to the outbreak. We propose to investigate the question of how societies as a whole, and governments in particular, modulate the dynamics of a novel epidemic using a generalization of the SIR model, the reactive SIR (short-term and long-term reaction) model. We posit that containment measures are equivalent to a feedback between the status of the outbreak and the reproduction factor. Short-term reaction to an outbreak corresponds in this framework to the reaction of governments and individuals to daily cases and fatalities. The reaction to the cumulative number of cases or deaths, and not to daily numbers, is captured in contrast by long-term reaction. We present the exact phase space solution of the controlled SIR model and use it to quantify containment policies for a large number of countries in terms of short and long-term control parameters. We find increased contributions of long-term control for countries and regions in which the outbreak was suppressed substantially together with a strong correlation between the strength of societal and governmental policies and the time needed to contain COVID-19 outbreaks. Furthermore, for numerous countries and regions we identified a predictive relation between the number of fatalities within a fixed period before and after the peak of daily fatality counts, which allows to gauge the cumulative medical load of COVID-19 outbreaks that should be expected after the peak. These results suggest that the proposed model is applicable not only for understanding the outbreak dynamics, but also for predicting future cases and fatalities once the effectiveness of outbreak suppression policies is established with sufficient certainty. Finally, we provide a web app (https://itp.uni-frankfurt.de/covid-19/) with tools for visualising the phase space representation of real-world COVID-19 data and for exporting the preprocessed data for further analysis.

scholarly journals Intestinal helminthiasis as a relevant factor on immunological markers status of cutaneous leishmaniasis patients

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
ALEIDA VERDUGUEZ-ORELLANA ◽  
Ernesto Rojas Cabrera ◽  
Mery Arteaga Terrazas ◽  
Fidelia Barrientos Laura ◽  
Miguel Guzman-Rivero
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Intestinal Helminths ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Immunological Markers ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
Basic Sanitation

Abstract Background: The intestinal helminths and the tegumentary leishmaniasis are frequent in rain forest area of Bolivia by absence of basic sanitation services and the natural presence of sand fly, vector of Leishmania parasites. Each one of these infections triggers a specific immune response by the host, nevertheless there is scant information regarding the behaviour of immune response during simultaneous Leishmania and intestinal helminths infections. The purpose of this study was contributing to the knowledge on this matter. Results: Forty-four cutaneous leishmaniasis patients and thirty controls entered in the study. The percentage of eosinophils from peripheral blood and plasma concentration of IgE and TNF-α were increased at after antimony treatment, respect the values presented before treatment in Albendazole and Non Albendazole groups, those increases were not statically significant. A decrease between before and after antimony treatment was observed in the ratio CD4/CD8 in both groups, but only in the receiving Albendazole group it was presented differences statistically significant.Conclusions: Several changes in the status of immunological markers including the number of eosinophils were found after the antimony treatment of patients. No additional clinical, neither immunological benefit of Albendazole treatment could be documented probably because the contact of individuals with helminths is long-standing.

scholarly journals PENGARUH PERUBAHAN STATUS, EMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT, DAN PEMANFAATAN TEKNOLOGI INFORMASI TERHADAP KUALITAS PELAPORAN KEUANGAN

2017 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 495
Author(s):  
Nani Yuheti Yuniatin ◽  
Noer Azam Achsani ◽  
Hendro Sasongko
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Employee Engagement ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Financial Reports ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status

This study aimed to examine the effect of changes in status, employee engagement, and the utilization of information technology on the quality of financial reporting. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to examine changes in the status of Bogor Agricultural University. Moreover we employ a multiple regression analysis to examine the effect of employee engagement and information technology in performance financial of report.  In addition, Ultrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES) was used to examine the financial human resource mapping. The results of ANOVA test showed that there was no significant difference of the financial management of Bogor Agricultural University before and after the implementation of Public Service Board (BLU). Furthermore, multiple linear regression test results showed that the factors that affect the performance of financial reports are employee engagement and use of information technology. However, it is found that the factor that really affects the performace of financial reports is the use of information technology. Finally, the test results of the mapping showed that employee engagement of human resources staff of Bogor Agricultural University are in medium position indicating that it needs to be maintained and improved.

The United States

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Sharman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
Turn Of The Century ◽  
Patriot Act ◽  
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act ◽  
The Us ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Successful Prevention

This chapter begins by tracing the origins of the anti-kleptocracy cause in the United States, starting with the harsh Cold War environment and the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977. It explores the status quo ante of dictators being able to launder their funds in the US financial system with impunity immediately before and after the turn of the century. At this time, there was no law prohibiting American banks and other institutions receiving the proceeds of foreign corruption. The USA Patriot Act closed this legal loophole, yet practice lagged, and laws at first failed to have much of an impact. More recent cases indicate at least partial effectiveness, however, with instances of successful prevention and some looted wealth confiscated and returned.

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