The impact of iron supplementation toward hemoglobin levels on teenage girls in Bangli regency, Bali, Indonesia

Background: The prevalence of anemia in teenage girls in Indonesia was 33.1%. Department of health’s data in 2009, showed that 33.7% of teenage girls suffered anemia and the prevalence of anemia in Indonesia amounted to 57.1% suffered by teenage girls. Assorted studies showed the negative impact of anemia due to iron deficiency of nutrients to the growth and development of children and adolescents. Anemia in children and adolescents will lead to growth and development that are not optimal and reduce learning achievement because easy to get tired, loss of passion and cannot concentrate. Besides that, iron deficiency anemia will also cause low of Intelligent Quotient (IQ) as well as a decrease in the learning ability. One of the efforts to control anemia in teenage girls is to provide iron supplementation.Methods: The method used in this research was the one group pretest-posttest design. The study was conducted on all the teenage girls who were in 7 juniors high school (SMP) in Bangli regency with total of 1556 respondents. The criteria used for adolescents was when Hbg <12 g/dl then it is called anemia.Results: The average prevalence of anemia among teenage girls in Bangli regency was 36.8%. The highest incidence number of anemia in teenage girls in SMP 4 Tembuku by 66.7% and the lowest incidence of anemia in SMP 3 Susut by 22.4%. That iron supplementation in teenage girls suffered anemia had a significant impact on the reduction of anemia incidence in teenage girls. The average reduction in the incidence of anemia in teenage girls was 24.9%.Conclusions: Iron supplementation at a dose twice a week for 3 consecutive months can decrease the prevalence of anemia in teenage girls as much as 24.9% with an increase in hemoglobin levels ranged from 1.42 to 2.20 g/dl. Statistically, showed that iron supplementation had a significant impact on the reduction of anemia incidence in teenage girls.

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Role of Iron Supplementation in Reducing Severity of Depression: A Review

Asian Journal of Allied Health Sciences (AJAHS) ◽

10.52229/ajahs.v5i1.646 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 67-76

Author(s):

OJS Admin

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Iron Supplementation ◽

Reproductive Age ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Essential Nutrient ◽

Severity Of Depression ◽

The Impact ◽

Clinical Problems

Depression is a public health disorder, ranking third after respiratory and cardiac diseases. There were many evidences that iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is one of the foremost causes regarding nutritional pointof view for depression. We reviewed these evidences that IDAlinking to depression. We identified seventeen studies in four databases including randomized-controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies assessing the impact of IDAand iron supplementation on the risk of depression. We extracted data on the basis of sample size, geographical region, measures of depression, hemoglobin, iron levels and intake of iron supplementation and critically appraised the results from the studies. Eleven out of sixty one studies were experimental, which indicated that dietary supplementation particularly iron supplementation had an association (r − 0.19 to −0.43 and ORs 1.70–4.64) with severity of depression. Evidences showed that women of reproductive age were more vulnerable to iron deficiency anemia than other population. Low ferritin and low hemoglobin level were associated with severity of depression. Iron is an essential nutrient for all living creatures, as a cofactor of various enzymes and plays significant role in environmental stimulant for the articulation of numerous virulence factors. Many clinical problems are caused by iron deficiency. Therefore, this review intended to highlight the important role of iron supplementation in reducing the severity of depression.

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Iron Protein Succinylate in the Management of Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Comparative Study with Ferrous Sulphate at Low and High Therapeutic Doses

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13030968 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 968

Author(s):

Katia Urso ◽

Javier Leal Martínez-Bujanda ◽

Jaime Moscoso del Prado

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Iron Supplementation ◽

Ferrous Sulphate ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Tolerability Profile ◽

Iron Protein ◽

Elemental Iron ◽

Therapeutic Doses ◽

The Impact

Oral iron supplementation constitutes the first line treatment for iron deficiency anemia (IDA), with daily doses between 80 mg and 200 mg of elemental iron. Ferrous salts, such as ferrous sulphate (FeSO4), while efficacious, frequently give rise to gastrointestinal side effects. In the present paper we attempted to directly compare the efficacy of an alternative to the FeSO4 formulation, which presents a better tolerability profile, iron protein succinylate (Ferplex®). In a diet-induced anemia model, rats were treated by oral gavage with vehicle, FeSO4, or Ferplex® at a human-dose equivalent of 80 mg and 200 mg of elemental iron. We evaluated the change in anemia-related hematological and biochemical parameters, conducting a histological examination of the intestine at sacrifice. Results indicate that both types of iron supplementation are equally effective in the treatment of IDA, restoring hemoglobin, hematocrit, erythrocytes, free iron and transferrin levels in 15 days, with no statistical differences between treated groups and control. The impact of anemia on body weight was also attenuated following treatment with both iron supplements. Thrombocyte and reticulocyte levels, altered by the anemic condition, returned to homeostasis after 15 days of either FeSO4 or Ferplex® treatment. Importantly, the lower and higher doses of iron were equally effective, thus supporting the current school of thought which states that lower therapeutic doses are sufficient for management of IDA. In addition, the study shows for the first time that oral treatment with Ferplex® does not increase serum hepcidin. Finally, Ferplex® induced minimal iron depositions in the intestinal tissue compared to FeSO4.

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Iron Deficiency and Iron Homeostasis in Low Birth Weight Preterm Infants: A Systematic Review

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu11051090 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (5) ◽

pp. 1090 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Jorge Moreno-Fernandez ◽

Julio J. Ochoa ◽

Gladys O. Latunde-Dada ◽

Javier Diaz-Castro

Keyword(s):

Birth Weight ◽

Iron Deficiency ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Preterm Infants ◽

Premature Infants ◽

Systematic Reviews ◽

Growth And Development ◽

Iron Status ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

The Impact

Iron is an essential micronutrient that is involved in many functions in humans, as it plays a critical role in the growth and development of the central nervous system, among others. Premature and low birth weight infants have higher iron requirements due to increased postnatal growth compared to that of term infants and are, therefore, susceptible to a higher risk of developing iron deficiency or iron deficiency anemia. Notwithstanding, excess iron could affect organ development during the postnatal period, particularly in premature infants that have an immature and undeveloped antioxidant system. It is important, therefore, to perform a review and analyze the effects of iron status on the growth of premature infants. This is a transversal descriptive study of retrieved reports in the scientific literature by a systematic technique. PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines were adapted for the review strategy. The inclusion criteria for the studies were made using the PICO (population, intervention, comparison, outcome) model. Consequently, the systematic reviews that included studies published between 2008–2018 were evaluated based on the impact of iron status on parameters of growth and development in preterm infants.

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Evaluation of One Egg per Day on Iron and Anemia Status Among Young Malawian Children: A Randomized Controlled Trial

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab045_079 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 697-697

Author(s):

Rochelle Werner ◽

Charles Arnold ◽

Bess Caswell ◽

Lora Iannotti ◽

Chessa Lutter ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Linear Regression ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Regression Models ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Linear Regression Models ◽

And Control ◽

The Impact ◽

Prevalence Of Anemia

Abstract Objectives Young children with complementary feeding diets that lack diversity and have low micronutrient density are at risk of iron deficiency anemia. Our objectives were to determine the impact of supplementing diets with 1 egg/day on: (1) plasma ferritin, soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations; and (2) the prevalence of iron deficiency (ID), anemia, and iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Methods Children age 6–9mo in the Mangochi District of Malawi were individually randomized to receive 1 egg/day for 6mo (n = 331) or continue their usual diet (n = 329). Venous blood samples were collected at enrollment and a 6mo follow-up by assessors masked to group assignment. Plasma ferritin, sTfR, c-reactive protein (CRP), and α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) were assessed using ELISA and hemoglobin was measured using Hemocue analyzers. Ferritin and sTfR were corrected for inflammation using CRP and AGP in linear regression models. Ferritin, sTfR, and hemoglobin concentrations were compared between groups using linear regression models, adjusting for baseline values. The prevalence ratios (PR) of ID (fer < 12μg/L, sTfR >8.3mg/L, or total body iron< 0mg/kg), anemia (Hb< 11g/dL), and IDA (Hb < 11g/dL and ID) were compared between egg and control groups using binomial or Poisson regression models. Results A total of 585 children were included in this analysis (Egg: n = 286; Control: n = 299). At enrollment, the prevalence of anemia and IDA was 61% and 55%. At the 6mo follow-up, there was no difference between groups in inflammation-adjusted ferritin (geometric mean [95% CI]; Egg: 6.52µg/L [5.98,7.10]; Control: 6.82 [6.27, 7.42]) or sTfR (Egg: 11.34mg/L [10.92,11.78]; Control: 11.46 [11.04,11.89]) concentrations. There was also no difference in mean hemoglobin concentration between groups (mean [95%CI]; Egg: 11.0g/L [10.8,11.1]; Control:11.1 [11.0,11.3]). Overall, 43% of children had anemia, 89% had ID, and 40% had IDA. No group-level differences were observed in the prevalence of anemia [PR: 1.15 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.38)], ID [PR: 0.99 (0.94, 1.05)], or IDA [PR: 1.12 (0.92, 1.36)]. Conclusions Iron and anemia indices did not differ between the egg intervention group and control group. Other interventions are needed to address the high prevalence of iron deficiency and anemia among young, Malawian children. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

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Association of Iron Supplementation Programs with Iron-Deficiency Anemia Outcomes among Children in Brazil

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu13051524 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (5) ◽

pp. 1524

Author(s):

Carolina Thalya da Silva Paulino ◽

Marislei Nishijima ◽

Flavia Mori Sarti

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Deficiency Anemia ◽

Fixed Effects ◽

Iron Supplementation ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Federal Programs ◽

Government Programs ◽

Lengths Of Stay ◽

Social Inequities ◽

High Prevalence

Anemia remains a condition with high prevalence in populations worldwide, and the prevalence of anemia among children under five years old in Brazil is approximately 40%, being higher in communities marked by social inequities. Diverse government programs during recent decades targeted iron-deficiency anemia, considering its impacts throughout the lifetime. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of two government iron supplementation programs on health outcomes related to iron-deficiency anemia among children up to 4 years old in Brazilian municipalities. A longitudinal panel encompassing data from 5570 municipalities from 1998 to 2019 was investigated using a difference-in-differences framework with multiple interventions and distinct times of adhesion, and fixed-effects models were estimated to control for invariant municipal characteristics throughout the period in order to ensure comparability. The results indicate significant effects of the federal programs in reducing hospitalizations and lengths of stay due to iron-deficiency anemia, especially in non-poor municipalities. There was complementarity in the effects of the programs; however, neither of the programs influenced mortality rates. Thus, it is important to consider possible improvements in the operationalization of the programs, in order to achieve better results in the reduction of severe iron-deficiency anemia among children up to 4 years old.

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A22 PREVALENCE OF IRON DEFICIENCY AND SUPPLEMENTATION PRACTICES FOR PATIENTS ON HOME PARENTERAL NUTRITION

Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology ◽

10.1093/jcag/gwab002.021 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 289-291

Author(s):

L Russell ◽

R Mangat ◽

J Plant ◽

S Hansen ◽

D Armstrong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Parenteral Nutrition ◽

Serum Iron ◽

Iron Supplementation ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Categorical Variables ◽

Continuous Variables ◽

Prescribing Practices ◽

Sex Diagnosis ◽

Funding Agencies

Abstract Background Iron deficiency (ID) is common in patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN), likely due to a lack of iron in the PN formula. There is no clear consensus on how often serum iron should be tested or iron supplementation should be given, at which dose or route, in patients on long-term PN. Within the Hamilton Health Sciences (HHS) home PN (HPN) program, the prevalence of ID or iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is unknown. This knowledge will contribute to better iron prescribing practices with ultimate benefit on patient’s health. Aims To assess the prevalence of ID and IDA in patients enrolled in the HHS HPN Program. The secondary aim was to assess supplementation practices for patients enrolled in the HPN program according to gastrointestinal(GI) diagnosis and duration on PN. Methods We conducted a retrospective study including consecutive adult patients enrolled in the HHS-HPN program from January 2015 to November 2020. We collected data on demographics (age, sex, and GI diagnosis), iron supplementation (dose, duration, and route), and information related to iron-deficiency (hemoglobin, serum iron, ferritin, TIBC, and folate) at pre-set intervals (enrollment, 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, 30, 36, 48, 60 months) and last measured. ID was defined as ferritin ≤45μg/L or serum iron ≤9μmol/L. IDA was defined as hemoglobin <130g/L in men or <120g/L in women in the context of ID. Data were expressed as median (IQR) for continuous variables and n/N(%) for categorical variables. Chi2 was performed to assess differences between groups and logistic regression to assess predictors of ID and IDA. The analysis was conducted using SPSS software(v26). Results The analysis included 125 HPN patients (50 males, median age of 55 (40–65) years). Patients received PN for a median of 195 (83–521) days. The most common diagnoses were malignancy (36.8%) and inflammatory bowel disease (23.2%); the most common indications for HPN was short bowel (29.6%) and bowel obstruction (27.2%). Iron profiles were measured in 77% of patients. At enrollment, 42.2% of patients had ID and 38.9% had IDA. Only 13% of patients with ID and 22.8% with IDA had iron supplementation (Figure 1). A total of 38 patients received iron either oral or IV (oral=44.7% vs IV=55.3%; p=0.66). There was no correlation between low levels of serum iron or ferritin with iron supplementation (p=0.23, 0.45 respectively). Age, sex, diagnosis, or reason for PN did not correlate with ID or IDA at any time point. Conclusions Iron-deficiency and IDA are common in patients enrolled in the HHS HPN program independently of age, sex, diagnosis and reason for PN. Prospective studies are needed to implement the most effective way to ensure proper monitoring and treatment of iron deficiency in this population. Funding Agencies None

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The Importance of Iron To Support Optimum Cognitive Development

World Nutrition Journal ◽

10.25220/wnj.v05.s1.0004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1-1) ◽

pp. 25-32

Author(s):

Rini Sekartini

Keyword(s):

Iron Deficiency ◽

Iron Supplementation ◽

Fetal Brain ◽

Nutrient Deficiency ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Neural Systems ◽

Brain Anatomy ◽

Micronutrient Status ◽

The Central Nervous System

The fetal brain anatomy development starts during the last trimester of pregnancy and continue in early months of life. This critical process makes it vulnerable to insufficient nutrition, while brain growth continues into adulthood, micronutrient status can affect functioning beyond childhood. Iron is an important nutrient for the production and growth of cells in the immune and neural systems. Iron deficiency (ID) is the most common nutrient deficiency in the world, affecting about half of all pregnant women and their offspring. Iron deficiency anemia has long been believed to have an effect on the central nervous system. Iron deficiency in late trimester and in newborn leads to abnormal cognitive function and emotional control that may continue in adulthood. In summary, despite some evidence that iron supplementation enhances cognitive performance. Evidence of the role of iron in brain development and the effect of iron deficiency or iron supplementation on early development is uncertain.

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