scholarly journals An update on inflammatory markers in metabolic syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 852
Author(s):  
Akshay Prashanth Giri ◽  
Lokesh Shanmugam
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Tnf Alpha ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Major Health ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Global Threat

Metabolic syndrome is an emerging global threat as a major health burden. It is widely presumed that Metabolic syndrome is associated with a low grade chronic inflammatory phenomenon. This inflammatory state is due to the imbalance between the pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Studies have been performed on various inflammatory markers in metabolic syndrome like hsCRP, TNF-alpha, Adiponectin, IL-6, IL-10. Articles were chosen from indexed journals from various search engines. Pro inflammatory cytokines like hsCRP, TNF – alpha, Interleukin -6 were found to be increased and anti-inflammatory cytokines like Interleukin – 10 were reduced in metabolic syndrome.  

scholarly journals Galantamine alleviates oxidative stress alongside anti-inflammatory and cardio-metabolic effects in subjects with the metabolic syndrome in a randomized trial

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carine Teles Sangaleti ◽  
Keyla Yukari Katayama ◽  
Kátia De Angelis ◽  
Tércio Lemos de Moraes ◽  
Amanda Aparecida Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Autonomic Regulation ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

AbstractBackgroundThe metabolic syndrome (MetS) is an obesity-driven disorder with pandemic proportions and limited treatment options. Oxidative stress, low-grade inflammation and altered autonomic regulation, are important components of MetS pathophysiology. We recently reported that galantamine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor and an FDA-approved drug (for Alzheimer’s disease) alleviates the inflammatory state in MetS subjects. Here we examined the effects of galantamine on oxidative stress in parallel with inflammatory and cardio-metabolic parameters in subjects with MetS.MethodsThe effects of galantamine treatment, 8 mg daily for 4 weeks, followed by 16 mg daily for 8 weeks or placebo were studied in randomly assigned subjects with MetS (n=22 per group) of both genders. Oxidative stress, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase activities, lipid and protein peroxidation, and nitrite levels were analyzed before and at the end of the treatment. In addition, plasma cytokine and adipokine levels, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and other relevant cardio-metabolic indices were analyzed. Autonomic regulation was also examined by heart rate variability (HRV) before treatment, and at every 4 weeks of treatment.ResultsGalantamine treatment significantly increased antioxidant enzyme activities, including SOD (+1.65 USOD/mg protein, [95% CI 0.39 to 2.92], P=0.004) and CAT (+0.93 nmol/mg, [95% CI 0.34 to 1.51], P=0.011), decreased lipid peroxidation (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, -5.45 pmol/mg, [95% CI -10.97 to 0.067], P=0.053) and systemic nitrite levels (-0.05 nit/mg protein, [95% CI -0.21 to 0.10], P=0.038) compared with placebo. In addition, galantamine significantly alleviated the inflammatory state and insulin resistance, and decreased the low frequency/high frequency ratio of HRV, following 8 and 12 weeks of drug treatment.ConclusionLow-dose galantamine alleviates oxidative stress, alongside beneficial anti-inflammatory, and metabolic effects, and modulates autonomic regulation in subjects with MetS. These findings are of considerable interest for further studies with galantamine to ameliorate MetS pathophysiology.

scholarly journals Impact of Obesity-Induced Inflammation on Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (9) ◽  
pp. 4798
Author(s):  
Gopi Battineni ◽  
Getu Gamo Sagaro ◽  
Nalini Chintalapudi ◽  
Francesco Amenta ◽  
Daniele Tomassoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Cardiovascular Risks ◽  
Necrosis Factor Alpha ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Newcastle Ottawa Scale ◽  
Poor Outcomes

Overweight and obesity are key risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Obesity is currently presented as a pro-inflammatory state with an expansion in the outflow of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), alongside the expanded emission of leptin. The present review aimed to evaluate the relationship between obesity and inflammation and their impacts on the development of cardiovascular disease. A literature search was conducted by employing three academic databases, namely PubMed (Medline), Scopus (EMBASE), and the Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). The search presented 786 items, and by inclusion and exclusion filterers, 59 works were considered for final review. The Newcastle–Ottawa Scale (NOS) method was adopted to conduct quality assessment; 19 papers were further selected based on the quality score. Obesity-related inflammation leads to a low-grade inflammatory state in organisms by upregulating pro-inflammatory markers and downregulating anti-inflammatory cytokines, thereby contributing to cardiovascular disease pathogenesis. Because of inflammatory and infectious symptoms, adipocytes appear to instigate articulation and discharge a few intense stage reactants and carriers of inflammation. Obesity and inflammatory markers are strongly associated, and are important factors in the development of CVD. Hence, weight management can help prevent cardiovascular risks and poor outcomes by inhibiting inflammatory mechanisms.

Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of a Hypoglycemic Fraction fromCucurbita ficifoliaBouché in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mice

2012 ◽  
Vol 40 (01) ◽  
pp. 97-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Roman-Ramos ◽  
J. C. Almanza-Perez ◽  
A. Fortis-Barrera ◽  
S. Angeles-Mejia ◽  
T. R. Banderas-Dorantes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Vascular Complications ◽  
Preventive Treatment ◽  
Hypoglycemic Activity ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Clinical Conditions

Type 2 diabetes is characterized by oxidative stress and a chronic low-grade inflammatory state, which also play roles in the pathogenesis of this disease and the accompanying vascular complications by increasing the production of free radicals and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Cucurbita ficifolia Bouché (C. ficifolia) is an edible Mexican plant whose hypoglycemic activity has been demonstrated in several experimental and clinical conditions. Recently, D-chiro-inositol has been proposed as the compound responsible for the hypoglycemic effects; however, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of this plant has not yet been explored. The aim of this research is to study the influence of a hypoglycemic, D-chiro-inositol-containing fraction from the C. ficifolia fruit (AP-Fraction) on biomarkers of oxidative stress, as well as on the inflammatory cytokines in streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The AP-Fraction obtained from the mature fruit of C. ficifolia contained 3.31 mg of D-chiro-inositol/g of AP-Fraction. The AP-Fraction was administrated daily by gavage to normal mice for 15 days as a preventive treatment. Then these animals were given streptozotocin, and the treatments were continued for an additional 33 days. Pioglitazone was used as a hypoglycemic drug for comparison. Administration of the AP-Fraction significantly increased glutathione (GSH) and decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver without significantly affecting the levels in other tissues. The AP-Fraction reduced TNF-α and increased IL-6 and IFN-γ in serum. Interestingly, the AP-Fraction also increased IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine. These results suggest that C. ficifolia might be used as an alternative medication for the control of diabetes mellitus and that it has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in addition to its hypoglycemic activity.

Fitness is associated with lower inflammatory markers in obesity: the FATCOR study

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽  
Author(s):  
H Midtboe ◽  
A Ulvik ◽  
K Meyer ◽  
P.M Ueland ◽  
H Halland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing ◽  
Serum Levels ◽  
Peak Oxygen Uptake ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Funding Source ◽  
Amyloid A ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Overweight Subjects

Abstract Background Obesity is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, but exercise has anti-inflammatory properties. It is unknown whether the anti-inflammatory effects of fitness may influence the obesity-associated inflammation. Purpose To assess levels of inflammatory markers in fit vs. unfit overweight and obese subjects without known cardiovascular disease. Methods Peak oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured by treadmill cardiopulmonary exercise testing in 566 subjects (mean age 48±9 years, 60% women) with body mass index >27.0 kg/m2 in the FAT associated CardiOvasculaR dysfunction (FATCOR) study. Fitness was defined from age- and sex adjusted reference levels of VO2max. Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A (SAA) and calprotectin were assessed by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and log transformed before inclusion in analyses. Results Fit subjects (n=147) were older and had less metabolic syndrome, obesity and hypertension compared to unfit subjects (n=419) (all p<0.05). Serum levels of CRP and SAA were lower in fit subjects vs. unfit (p<0.01), while serum calprotectin showed no difference (p=0.06). In multivariable logistic regression analyses, lower CRP (odds ratio [OR] 0.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61–0.87, p<0.001) and SAA (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.40–0.93, p=0.02) remained associated with being fit after adjusting for age, sex, obesity, metabolic syndrome and hypertension. When looking at obese (n=357, fit n=53) and overweight subjects (n=209, fit n=94) separately, lower CRP (OR 0.60, 95% CI 0.46–0.78, p<0.001) and SAA (OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.24–0.83, p=0.01) remained associated with being fit in obese, but not in overweight subjects after adjustment for age, sex and metabolic syndrome. Conclusion Fitness was associated with lower circulatory inflammatory markers in obesity independent of cardiometabolic risk factors. Our results suggest that fitness may promote cardiovascular benefit through the anti-inflammatory properties of exercise also in obesity. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Public grant(s) – National budget only. Main funding source(s): The Western Norway Regional Health Authority

scholarly journals Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in COVID-19 Patients: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms, Immune Functions, Immunopathology and Immunomodulatory Drugs to Counter Cytokine Storm

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 436
Author(s):  
Ali A. Rabaan ◽  
Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed ◽  
Javed Muhammad ◽  
Amjad Khan ◽  
Anupam A Sule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Molecular Pathways ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Immunomodulatory Drugs ◽  
Alveolar Cells ◽  
Systemic Complications ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Pro Inflammatory Cytokines

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a severe pandemic of the current century. The vicious tentacles of the disease have been disseminated worldwide with unknown complications and repercussions. Advanced COVID-19 syndrome is characterized by the uncontrolled and elevated release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppressed immunity, leading to the cytokine storm. The uncontrolled and dysregulated secretion of inflammatory and pro-inflammatory cytokines is positively associated with the severity of the viral infection and mortality rate. The secretion of various pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 leads to a hyperinflammatory response by recruiting macrophages, T and B cells in the lung alveolar cells. Moreover, it has been hypothesized that immune cells such as macrophages recruit inflammatory monocytes in the alveolar cells and allow the production of large amounts of cytokines in the alveoli, leading to a hyperinflammatory response in severely ill patients with COVID-19. This cascade of events may lead to multiple organ failure, acute respiratory distress, or pneumonia. Although the disease has a higher survival rate than other chronic diseases, the incidence of complications in the geriatric population are considerably high, with more systemic complications. This review sheds light on the pivotal roles played by various inflammatory markers in COVID-19-related complications. Different molecular pathways, such as the activation of JAK and JAK/STAT signaling are crucial in the progression of cytokine storm; hence, various mechanisms, immunological pathways, and functions of cytokines and other inflammatory markers have been discussed. A thorough understanding of cytokines’ molecular pathways and their activation procedures will add more insight into understanding immunopathology and designing appropriate drugs, therapies, and control measures to counter COVID-19. Recently, anti-inflammatory drugs and several antiviral drugs have been reported as effective therapeutic drug candidates to control hypercytokinemia or cytokine storm. Hence, the present review also discussed prospective anti-inflammatory and relevant immunomodulatory drugs currently in various trial phases and their possible implications.

scholarly journals In vitro evidence for the involvement of H2S pathway in the effect of clodronate during inflammatory response

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosangela Montanaro ◽  
Alessio D’Addona ◽  
Andrea Izzo ◽  
Carlo Ruosi ◽  
Vincenzo Brancaleone
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Inos Expression ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

AbstractClodronate is a bisphosphonate agent commonly used as anti-osteoporotic drug. Throughout its use, additional anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties have been reported, although the benefits described in the literature could not solely relate to their inhibition of bone resorption. Thus, the purpose of our in vitro study is to investigate whether there are underlying mechanisms explaining the anti-inflammatory effect of clodronate and possibly involving hydrogen sulphide (H2S). Immortalised fibroblast-like synoviocyte cells (K4IM) were cultured and treated with clodronate in presence of TNF-α. Clodronate significantly modulated iNOS expression elicited by TNF-α. Inflammatory markers induced by TNF-α, including IL-1, IL-6, MCP-1 and RANTES, were also suppressed following administration of clodronate. Furthermore, the reduction in enzymatic biosynthesis of CSE-derived H2S, together with the reduction in CSE expression associated with TNF-α treatment, was reverted by clodronate, thus rescuing endogenous H2S pathway activity. Clodronate displays antinflammatory properties through the modulation of H2S pathway and cytokines levels, thus assuring the control of the inflammatory state. Although further investigation is needed to stress out how clodronate exerts its control on H2S pathway, here we showed for the first the involvement of H2S in the additive beneficial effects observed following clodronate therapy.

scholarly journals Regulation of the Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-10 during Pregnancy

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piyali Chatterjee ◽  
Valorie L. Chiasson ◽  
Kelsey R. Bounds ◽  
Brett M. Mitchell
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

scholarly journals Obesity Related Alterations in Plasma Cytokines and Metabolic Hormones in Chimpanzees

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pramod Nehete ◽  
Elizabeth R. Magden ◽  
Bharti Nehete ◽  
Patrick W. Hanley ◽  
Christian R. Abee
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Inflammatory Cytokines ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Interleukin 1 ◽  
Interleukin 10 ◽  
Interleukin 4 ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Soluble Cd40 Ligand ◽  
Killer Activity ◽  
Metabolic Hormones

Obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation and serves as a major risk factor for hypertension, coronary artery disease, dyslipidemias, and type-2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in metabolic hormones, inflammatory cytokines, and immune function, in lean, overweight, and obese chimpanzees in a controlled environment. We observed increased plasma circulating levels of proinflammatory TH-1 cytokines, Interferon gamma, interleukin-6, interleukin-12p40, tumor necrosis factor, soluble CD40 ligand, and Interleukin-1βand anti-inflammatory TH-2 cytokines, Interleukin-4, Interleukin-RA, Interleukin-10, and Interleukin-13 in overweight and obese chimpanzees. We also observed increased levels of metabolic hormones glucagon-like-peptide-1, glucagon, connecting peptide, insulin, pancreatic peptide YY3–36, and leptin in the plasma of overweight and obese chimpanzees. Chemokine, eotaxin, fractalkine, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 were higher in lean compared to obese chimpanzees, while chemokine ligand 8 increased in plasma of obese chimpanzees. We also observed an obesity-related effect on immune function as demonstrated by lower mitogen induced proliferation, and natural killer activity and higher production of IFN-γby PBMC in Elispot assay, These findings suggest that lean, overweight, and obese chimpanzees share circulating inflammatory cytokines and metabolic hormone levels with humans and that chimpanzees can serve as a useful animal model for human studies.

scholarly journals Effect ofBifidobacterium lactisHN019 on inflammatory markers and oxidative stress in subjects with and without the metabolic syndrome

2018 ◽  
Vol 120 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-652 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luciana J. Bernini ◽  
Andréa N. Colado Simão ◽  
Cínthia H. B. de Souza ◽  
Daniela F. Alfieri ◽  
Liliane G. Segura ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Antioxidant Defenses ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
Baseline Values ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

AbstractBeneficial effects of probiotics have been reported on body weight, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, inflammatory state and oxidative stress in healthy subjects and in many metabolic and inflammatory diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects ofBifidobacterium lactisHN019 on inflammatory state and nitro-oxidative stress in patients with and without the metabolic syndrome (MetS). The usual diets of the thirty-three subjects were supplemented with probiotic milk for 90 d. Inflammatory markers and oxidative measurements were performed. In relation to the baseline values, subjects in both groups showed a decrease in homocysteine (P=0·02 andP=0·03, respectively), hydroperoxides (P=0·02 andP=0·01, respectively) and IL-6 levels (P=0·02). Increases in adiponectin (P=0·04) and nitric oxide metabolites (NOx,P=0·001) levels were only seen in the group with the MetS in relation to the baseline values, whereas only the individuals without the MetS had increases in total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter levels (P=0·002). In conclusion,B. lactisHN019 have several beneficial effects on inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers in healthy subjects and the MetS patients. Patients with the MetS showed a specific improvement in adiponectin and NOx levels, whereas a specific favourable effect was shown in the antioxidant defenses in healthy subjects. If the results obtained in the present study are confirmed, supplementation of fermented milk with probiotics in healthy subjects and patients with the MetS must be further discussed.

scholarly journals Adiponectin and highly sensitive C-reactive protein levels in obese children aged 9 to 15 years

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Frecilia Regina ◽  
Kristellina Tirtamulia ◽  
Sarah Maria Warouw
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Obese Group ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Obese Children ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Inflammatory State ◽  
The Mean

Background Childhood obesity is a widespread and growing problem associated with health problems such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. A low􀁗grade chronic inflammatory state, reflected by decreased adiponectin and increased highly sensitive C􀁗reactive  protein (hsCRP) levels, may play a role in metabolic syndrome associated with obesity.Objective To assess and compare adiponectin and hsCRP levels in obese and nonnal weight children.Methods We conducted a cross-sectional, case􀁗controlled study in Manado from May to July 2010. Subjects were selected from obese, but otherwise healthy children aged 9-15 years. Control subjects were schoolmates 'With normal body mass index (BMI). We perfonned physical examinations, measured blood pressure, weight and height, and calculated BMI for all subjects. After an overnight fast, all subjects were tested for fasting blood glucose, adiponectin and hsCRP levels.Results The mean adiponectin level in the obese group was 3.6 μg/mL (SD 1.43), lower than that of the normoweight group, 4.8 μg/mL (SD 1.67) (P<0.0001). The mean hsCRP level in the obese group was 3.3 mg/L (SD 3.62) while that of the normoweight group was 0.8 mg/L (SD 1.39) (P<0.0001). There was no inverse correlation between adiponectin and hsCRP levels in obese group (r= 0.048; P= 0.362).Conclusions Lower adiponectin and higher hsCRP levels in the obese group is consistent 'With a low-grade chronic inflammatory state. Other factors that influence adiponecrin and hsCRP production or inflammatory pathways of other adipokines need further evaluation. Early intervention is needed to reduce body weight in obese children.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document