Islamic Traditionalism in the Syrian Provinces of the Ottoman Empire during the Age of Abdulhamid II (1876—1909)

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5 (103)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Dmitry Zhantiev
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Stable System ◽  
Political Ties ◽  
The Government ◽  
Late Ottoman

The article examines the reasons and main manifestations of Islamic traditionalism as a stable system of views that dominated the Syrian provinces of the Ottoman Empire in the last quarter of the 19th — early 20th centuries. Consideration of the main theses of the ideological heritage of Abu l-Huda al-Sayyadi, Salih al-Munayir, Yusuf al-Nabhani and their ideological supporters, as well as the socio-political ties between them, allows us to comprehend the strategies of Sultan Abdulhamid II to justify the sacred and lawful, from an Islamic point of view, the nature of the Sultan's power. The study makes it possible to assess the influence of Muslim traditionalist scholars of the late Ottoman period as the conductors of the government policy aimed at consolidating Muslims around the figure of the Ottoman Sultan-Caliph.

Fiscal Crisis and Structural Change in the Late Ottoman Economy

2015 ◽  
pp. 23-38
Author(s):  
Murat Birdal
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Fiscal Crisis ◽  
Tax Reforms ◽  
Foreign Markets ◽  
Fiscal Institutions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Late Ottoman

This chapter examines institutional change in the Ottoman economy with a focus on its financial crises and subsequent reform attempts. Traditional fiscal institutions functioned well until the late sixteenth century when the state introduced tax reforms and dismantled the traditional tımar system. In the nineteenth century, the administration sought solutions such as the debasement of the coinage and domestic borrowing to finance its deficits. In 1854, the government resorted to foreign borrowing and initiated reforms to improve its financial accounting to gain credibility in foreign markets. After twenty years of borrowing, the Porte defaulted in 1875, and in 1881 signed the Decree of Muharrem, which led to the establishment of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration (OPDA). The OPDA era saw unprecedented levels of foreign direct investment and played a pivotal role in the integration of the Ottoman Empire into the world economy.

scholarly journals SENSOR FILM DI INDONESIA DAN PERMASALAHANNYA Dalam Perspektif Sejarah (1945 – 2009)

2011 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 365
Author(s):  
Heru Erwantoro
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Movie Industry ◽  
Sensor Film ◽  
Political Policy ◽  
Art And Culture ◽  
The Government ◽  
Dutch Colonialism

AbstrakBanyak persoalan di dunia perfilman Indonesia, antara lain masalahpenyensoran, khususnya periode 1945 – 2009. Penelitian masalah tersebut dengan menggunakan metode sejarah menunjukkan, bahwa penyensoran film yang dilakukan oleh pemerintah Republik Indonesia didasarkan atas kepentingan politik dan kekuasaan pemerintah. Dalam praktik penyensoran, film masih dilihat sebagai sesuatu yang dapat mengganggu dan merugikan masyarakat dan negara. Film belum dilihat sebagai karya seni budaya, akibatnya, dunia perfilman nasional tidak pernah mengalami kemajuan. Hal itu berarti penyensoran film yang dilakukan pada periode tersebut, pada dasarnya tidak berbeda jauh dengan masa kolonial Belanda. Pada masa kolonial Belanda, sensor merupakan manifestasi kehendak pemerintah untuk menjaga kredibilitas pemerintah dan masyarakat Eropa di mata masyarakat pribumi. Begitu juga sensor pada periode 1945 – 2009, sensor pun lagi-lagi menjadi ajang perwujudan politik pemerintah, tanpa mau memahami film dari persfektif para sineas. Kondisi itu masih ditambah lagi dengan mudahnya pelarangan-pelarangan penayangan film yangdilakukan oleh berbagai kalangan. Bagi para sineas, sensor fim hanya menjadi mimpi buruk yang menakutkan. AbstractThere are many issues in Indonesia’s movie industry. One of them is censorship,especially in the period of 1945-2009. This researh, supported by method inhistory, shows that censorship done by the government was based on political and governmental interests. The government thought that films could harm the society and the state as well. They do not think films as products of art and culture, ending up in the stagnancy in Indonesia’s movie industry. This situation more or less is similar to what happened in the time of Dutch colonialism. During that time censorship was manifestation of government policy in showing the credibility of European government and society before native Indonesians. During 1945-2009 censorship was also manifestation of government’s political policy without understanding films from the filmmaker’s point of view. Not to mention the movement to easily ban films by various group in the society. Censorship is a nightmare for filmmakers. 

State, Family and Anticorruption Practices in the Late Ottoman Empire

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iris Agmon
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
The Other ◽  
Private Sphere ◽  
The Family ◽  
Global Nature ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Late Ottoman Empire ◽  
Late Ottoman

This chapter employs the nexus of state and family as a lens for examining the question of anticorruption in the later Ottoman Empire. More specifically, the chapter focuses on how the government sought to prevent corruption in the department that handled property inherited by orphans—thereby shining a light on the involvement of the state in the private sphere of the family. While stressing the global nature of the modernization undergone by the Ottoman state in the nineteenth century, the author also demonstrates the unique features of a political culture that shaped these processes as well. On the one hand, she emphasizes how the reforms transformed the empire into a modern centralized state and that preventing corruption was a major issue on the reformers’ agenda; but, on the other hand, she claims that anticorruption measures were also an important matter in earlier periods, albeit embedded in different historical circumstances.

scholarly journals Os programas de inclusão digital do Governo Federal sob a óptica da competência informacional | Federal digital inclusion programmes from the viewpoint of informational competency

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elaine R. de Oliveira Lucas ◽  
Taliana Da Silva Martins
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Digital Divide ◽  
Federal Government ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Electronic Government ◽  
Digital Inclusion ◽  
The Government ◽  
Digital Exclusion ◽  
Effective Use

Resumo Apresenta um estudo sobre como o Governo Federal trabalha as desigualdades causadas pela exclusão digital. Neste contexto foram mapeadas as iniciativas públicas em inclusão digital na esfera federal, nos últimos dez anos considerando-as sob a óptica do conceito de competência informacional. Constatou-se que a política de governo eletrônico brasileiro está atrelada às iniciativas de inclusão digital e que o setor federal brasileiro está investindo na construção de uma infra-estrutura tecnológica de acesso e na capacitação tecnológica do cidadão. Ademais, cabe ainda ao Governo Federal aumentar os investimentos nas ações que possibilitam as camadas menos favorecidas da sociedade desenvolverem competências necessárias para o uso efetivo da informação, como recurso para o exercício da cidadania.Palavras-chave inclusão digital; competência informacional; governo eletrônico; exercício da cidadania; tecnologia da informaçãoAbstract This is a study on how the Federal Government faces inequalities caused by digital exclusion (or “digital divide”). It maps out public initiatives in digital inclusion in the federal sphere in the last ten years, considered from the point of view of the concept of “informational competency”. Brazilian e-government policy is tied to digital inclusion and the federal government invests in building a technlogical acces infrastructure and in technological citizenship. Moreover, the government must increase investment in actions allowing least-favoured strata of society to develop the necessary competencies for the effective use of information as a resource for citizenship. Keywords digital inclusion; informational competency; electronic government; citizenship; information technology

The role of graining in ensuring food security

2020 ◽  
pp. 75-79
Author(s):  
R. M. Gambarova
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Systems Approach ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Grain Production ◽  
The Government ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Grain Farms

Relevance. Grain is the key to strategic products to ensure food security. From this point of view, the creation of large grain farms is a matter for the country's selfsufficiency and it leading to a decrease in financial expense for import. Creation of such farms creates an abundance of productivity from the area and leads to obtaining increased reproductive seeds. The main policy of the government is to minimize dependency from import, create abundance of food and create favorable conditions for export potential.The purpose of the study: the development of grain production in order to ensure food security of the country and strengthen government support for this industry.Methods: comparative analysis, systems approach.Results. As shown in the research, if we pay attention to the activities of private entrepreneurship in the country, we can see result of the implementation of agrarian reforms after which various types of farms have been created in republic.The role of privateentrepreneurshipinthedevelopmentofproduction is great. Тhe article outlines the sowing area, production, productivity, import, export of grain and the level of selfsufficiency in this country from 2015 till 2017.

The Young Turks' Crime against Humanity

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taner Akçam
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
Armenian Genocide ◽  
Ethnic Cleansing ◽  
Turkish Republic ◽  
Young Turks ◽  
East And West ◽  
Late Ottoman Empire ◽  
New Evidence ◽  
Late Ottoman

Introducing new evidence from more than 600 secret Ottoman documents, this book demonstrates in detail that the Armenian Genocide and the expulsion of Greeks from the late Ottoman Empire resulted from an official effort to rid the empire of its Christian subjects. This book goes deep inside the bureaucratic machinery of Ottoman Turkey to show how a dying empire embraced genocide and ethnic cleansing. Although the deportation and killing of Armenians was internationally condemned in 1915 as a “crime against humanity and civilization,” the Ottoman government initiated a policy of denial that is still maintained by the Turkish Republic. The case for Turkey's “official history” rests on documents from the Ottoman imperial archives, to which access has been heavily restricted until recently. It is this very source that the book now uses to overturn the official narrative. The documents presented here attest to a late-Ottoman policy of Turkification, the goal of which was no less than the radical demographic transformation of Anatolia. To that end, about one-third of Anatolia's 15 million people were displaced, deported, expelled, or massacred, destroying the ethno-religious diversity of an ancient cultural crossroads of East and West, and paving the way for the Turkish Republic. By uncovering the central roles played by demographic engineering and assimilation in the Armenian Genocide, this book will fundamentally change how this crime is understood and show that physical destruction is not the only aspect of the genocidal process.

Reasons for the Onset of the Uniat Clergy’s Movement Towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the Beginning of the 19th Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 ◽  
pp. 293-317
Author(s):  
Protopriest Alexander Romanchuk
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Latin Church ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
In The Beginning ◽  
Church Service ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article studies the system of pre-conditions that caused the onset of the uniat clergy’s movement towards Orthodoxy in the Russian Empire in the beginning of the 19th century. The author comes to the conclusion that the tendency of the uniat clergy going back to Orthodoxy was the result of certain historic conditions, such as: 1) constant changes in the government policy during the reign of Emperor Pavel I and Emperor Alexander I; 2) increasing latinization of the uniat church service after 1797 and Latin proselytism that were the result of the distrust of the uniats on the part of Roman curia and representatives of Polish Catholic Church of Latin church service; 3) ecclesiastical contradictions made at the Brest Church Union conclusion; 4) division of the uniat clergy into discordant groups and the increase of their opposition to each other on the issue of latinization in the first decades of the 19th century. The combination of those conditions was a unique phenomenon that never repeated itself anywhere.

Penerapan Hukum Wakaf Uang di Indonesia Perspektif Legal System Theory

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masdar Masdar
Keyword(s):  
System Theory ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Legal Culture ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Muslim Society ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government

Cash waqf in Indonesia has been long enough implemented based on some rules enacted by government and other rules defined by The Waqf Board of Indonesia (BWI). However, the implementation of cash waqf has not reached the level of success. Therefore, this article studies the application of cash waqf law in Indonesia according to Friedman’s legal system theory. The legal system theory of Friedman firstly looks at the substance of the law, which is the rules or regulations; and secondly it examines the structure of the law, encompassing the law enforcement agencies, such as judge, prosecutor, police and legal counselors. And lastly the theory examines the element of legal culture, which is a response from Muslim society. The first two examinations indicate that there is nothing to be a problem. But from the last examination there is a problem regarding the trust from Muslim society. From the legal culture point of view, the implementation of cash waqf by the government, which is performed by BWI, needs attracting society’s credentials in order to improve and maximize the performance of cash waqf in Indonesia.

Recommendations of The Ombudsman’s Dilemma: Between Law Enforcement Officials and Protection of Credibility

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Dyah Adriantini Sintha Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Public Service ◽  
Public Services ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Law Enforcement Officials ◽  
Muslim Majority ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Government ◽  
The One ◽  
Oversight Body

The Ombudsman as an external oversight body for official performance, in Fikih Siyasah (constitutionality in Islam) is included in the supervision stipulated in legislation (al-musahabah al-qomariyah). Supervision is done so that public service delivery to the community is in accordance with the rights of the community. This is done because in carrying out its duties, officials are very likely to conduct mal administration, which is bad public services that cause harm to the community. The Ombudsman is an institution authorized to resolve the mal administration issue, in which one of its products is by issuing a recommendation. Although Law No. 37 of 2018 on the Ombudsman of the Republic of Indonesia states that the recommendation is mandatory, theombudsman's recommendations have not been implemented. This is due to differences in point of view, ie on the one hand in the context of law enforcement, but on the other hand the implementation of the recommendation is considered as a means of opening the disgrace of officials. Recommendations are the last alternative of Ombudsman's efforts to resolve the mal administration case, given that a win-win solution is the goal, then mediation becomes the main effort. This is in accordance with the condition of the Muslim majority of Indonesian nation and prioritizes deliberation in resolving dispute. Therefore, it is necessary to educate the community and officials related to the implementation of the Ombudsman's recommendations in order to provide good public services for the community, which is the obligation of the government.

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