Experimental Production of Composite Fiber for Additive Production Technology

In recent years, additive production technology has spread to almost all manufacturing areas. In most cases, a fiber is used as an input material in the 3D printing process, the required properties of which are mainly its strength and durability. With the ongoing development of the 3D printing techniques, the need to develop fibers that do not pose a burden to the environment comes to the fore. This paper points out the possibilities of producing fibers intended for additive production. The paper describes the fiber production on FilaFab PRO EX350 device used for producing fibers for the 3D printing technology. The aim of the paper is to describe the production of fibers and to compare commonly available fibers with the experimentally made ones. To run the tests, a clear fiber and a composite fiber with carbon powder filler were produced. The mechanical properties achieved by these experimentally produced fibers were compared in tensile tests with commonly available fibers purchased from sellers of 3D printing materials.

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PRODUCTION OF FIBER AS AN INPUT MATERIAL FOR THE 3D PRINTING PROCESS

MM Science Journal ◽

10.17973/mmsj.2021_6_2021031 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 (2) ◽

pp. 4414-4419

Author(s):

MARTIN POLLAK ◽

◽

MAREK KOCISKO ◽

ANNA BASISTOVA ◽

SIMONA HLAVATA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

3D Printing ◽

Glass Powder ◽

Tensile Tests ◽

New Materials ◽

Input Material ◽

Powder Filler ◽

Polymer Metal ◽

Mutual Comparison ◽

Plastic Products

Additive manufacturing, also known as 3D printing, is the process of joining organic, ceramic, polymer, metal and others materials. Most often used as input material are the ABS and PLA plastics. A large number of plastic products is constantly generated by industry, which beckons the idea how to manufacture these products in more environmentally friendly way. This paper deals with the possibility of producing a 3D printing fiber from a granular PLA material Ingeo 2003D with the addition of a mixture of color powder pigment and fiber from the selected PLA material with a glass powder filler. The production was carried out using the FilaFab PRO EX350 device, which is designed for fiber extrusion for 3D printing technology. The aim of the experiment was the creation of new materials in the form of fibers and their mutual comparison in tensile tests with commercially available materials intended for 3D printing.

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3D Printed Clamps for In Vitro Tensile Tests of Human Gracilis and the Superficial Third of Quadriceps Tendons

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11062563 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 2563

Author(s):

Ivan Grgić ◽

Vjekoslav Wertheimer ◽

Mirko Karakašić ◽

Željko Ivandić

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Fused Deposition Modeling ◽

Tensile Tests ◽

Biomechanical Properties ◽

Testing Procedure ◽

Laboratory Equipment ◽

Fused Deposition ◽

Custom Made ◽

3D Printed

Recent soft tissue studies have reported issues that occur during experimentation, such as the tissue slipping and rupturing during tensile loads, the lack of standard testing procedure and equipment, the necessity for existing laboratory equipment adaptation, etc. To overcome such issues and fulfil the need for the determination of the biomechanical properties of the human gracilis and the superficial third of the quadriceps tendons, 3D printed clamps with metric thread profile-based geometry were developed. The clamps’ geometry consists of a truncated pyramid pattern, which prevents the tendons from slipping and rupturing. The use of the thread application in the design of the clamp could be used in standard clamping development procedures, unlike in previously custom-made clamps. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) was used as a 3D printing technique, together with polylactic acid (PLA), which was used as a material for clamp printing. The design was confirmed and the experiments were conducted by using porcine and human tendons. The findings justify the usage of 3D printing technology for parts manufacturing in the case of tissue testing and establish independence from the existing machine clamp system, since it was possible to print clamps for each prepared specimen and thus reduce the time for experiment setup.

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Mimicking the Mechanical Properties of Aortic Tissue with Pattern-Embedded 3D Printing for a Realistic Phantom

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13215042 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 5042

Author(s):

Jaeyoung Kwon ◽

Junhyeok Ock ◽

Namkug Kim

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

3D Printing ◽

Mechanical Characteristics ◽

Aortic Wall ◽

Tensile Tests ◽

Human Aorta ◽

Aortic Tissue ◽

Medical Field ◽

Base Materials

3D printing technology has been extensively applied in the medical field, but the ability to replicate tissues that experience significant loads and undergo substantial deformation, such as the aorta, remains elusive. Therefore, this study proposed a method to imitate the mechanical characteristics of the aortic wall by 3D printing embedded patterns and combining two materials with different physical properties. First, we determined the mechanical properties of the selected base materials (Agilus and Dragonskin 30) and pattern materials (VeroCyan and TPU 95A) and performed tensile testing. Three patterns were designed and embedded in printed Agilus–VeroCyan and Dragonskin 30–TPU 95A specimens. Tensile tests were then performed on the printed specimens, and the stress-strain curves were evaluated. The samples with one of the two tested orthotropic patterns exceeded the tensile strength and strain properties of a human aorta. Specifically, a tensile strength of 2.15 ± 0.15 MPa and strain at breaking of 3.18 ± 0.05 mm/mm were measured in the study; the human aorta is considered to have tensile strength and strain at breaking of 2.0–3.0 MPa and 2.0–2.3 mm/mm, respectively. These findings indicate the potential for developing more representative aortic phantoms based on the approach in this study.

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Early changes in limb buds of chick embryos after thalidomide treatment

Development ◽

10.1242/dev.16.2.289 ◽

1966 ◽

Vol 16 (2) ◽

pp. 289-300

Author(s):

A. Jurand

Keyword(s):

Embryonic Development ◽

Experimental Investigations ◽

Experimental Production ◽

Chick Embryos ◽

Teratogenic Effects ◽

Limb Buds ◽

Experimental Animals ◽

Almost All ◽

Thalidomide Treatment

Since the first observations of hypoplastic and aplastic thalidomide deformities in infants (McBride, 1961; Lenz, 1962), the literature on this subject has grown to many hundreds of communications. Experimental investigations in almost all cases have been undertaken to show whether thalidomide and its metabolites have any teratogenic effects in experimental animals. Numerous review papers are available on this subject, e.g. Giroud, Tuchmann-Duplessis & Mercier-Parot (1962), Somers (1963), and Salzgeber & Wolff (1964). Chick embryos did not seem for some time to be suitable for experimental production of typical thalidomide deformities. However, Kemper (1962a, b), Yang, Yang & Liang (1962). Boylen, Home & Johnson (1963) and Leone (1963) have shown that thalidomide can produce a whole range of ectromelian deformities provided that it is introduced into the egg at a particular period of embryonic development.

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Bioprinting in ophthalmology: current advances and future pathways

Rapid Prototyping Journal ◽

10.1108/rpj-06-2018-0144 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 (3) ◽

pp. 496-514 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Nataraj Poomathi ◽

Sunpreet Singh ◽

Chander Prakash ◽

Rajkumar V. Patil ◽

P.T. Perumal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Cardiac Tissue ◽

Human Life ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

3D Models ◽

Eye Diseases ◽

Biological Research ◽

Content Type ◽

Almost All ◽

Time Of Operation

Purpose Bioprinting is a promising technology, which has gained a recent attention, for application in all aspects of human life and has specific advantages in different areas of medicines, especially in ophthalmology. The three-dimensional (3D) printing tools have been widely used in different applications, from surgical planning procedures to 3D models for certain highly delicate organs (such as: eye and heart). The purpose of this paper is to review the dedicated research efforts that so far have been made to highlight applications of 3D printing in the field of ophthalmology. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, the state-of-the-art review has been summarized for bioprinters, biomaterials and methodologies adopted to cure eye diseases. This paper starts with fundamental discussions and gradually leads toward the summary and future trends by covering almost all the research insights. For better understanding of the readers, various tables and figures have also been incorporated. Findings The usages of bioprinted surgical models have shown to be helpful in shortening the time of operation and decreasing the risk of donor, and hence, it could boost certain surgical effects. This demonstrates the wide use of bioprinting to design more precise biological research models for research in broader range of applications such as in generating blood vessels and cardiac tissue. Although bioprinting has not created a significant impact in ophthalmology, in recent times, these technologies could be helpful in treating several ocular disorders in the near future. Originality/value This review work emphasizes the understanding of 3D printing technologies, in the light of which these can be applied in ophthalmology to achieve successful treatment of eye diseases.

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Вплив параметрів адитивного формування на електричні властивості графітонаповненого композиту на основі полілактиду

Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design Technical Science Series ◽

10.30857/1813-6796.2020.5.9 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 150 (5) ◽

pp. 93-102

Author(s):

Н. В. Сова ◽

О. О. Слепцов ◽

Т. Р. Федорів ◽

А. О. Мартиненко ◽

М. Р. Кудлай ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrical Properties ◽

3D Printing ◽

Electrical Resistance ◽

Specific Resistance ◽

Polymer Melt ◽

Electrical Characteristics ◽

Additive Production ◽

Filled Composite ◽

Printing Parameters ◽

Bulk Electrical Resistance

Purpose. Investigate the effect of additive formation parameters on the properties of an antistatic composition based on polylactide (PLA). Methodology. Surface and bulk electrical resistance were determined by ASTM D257. Findings. The influence of additive formation parameters on the electrical properties of graphite-filled composite based on polylactide has been studied. It was found that the value of resistivity significantly depends on the printing conditions, namely the temperature, speed, thickness of the layer. Increasing the printing temperature helps to reduce the resistivity of the sample. Reducing the thickness of the polymer layer also reduces the resistivity at a print speed within 3000 mm / min It was found that the specific electrical characteristics are significantly different in the plane of the sample in contact with the printing platform. Concentric method of laying layers of polymer melt is less effective in terms of resistivity than mutually perpendicular. It was found that the electrical resistivity of samples made of material for 3D printing, which was previously subjected to drying below the resistance of the sample made of undried material. The programmed change of 3D printing parameters allows to control the specific resistance of graphite-filled composite based on polylactide in the range of three orders and to obtain products with properties from antistatic to statically dissipative materials. Additive production allows to obtain products of the desired configuration with adjustable electrical properties. Originality. The peculiarities of the change of antistatic properties of the polymer composite depending on the conditions of additive formation of experimental samples are investigated. Depending on the applied parameters of additive molding, it is possible to obtain products with properties from antistatic to statically dissipative materials. Practical value. Technological modes of additive molding of composite products based on polylactide and graphite have been developed. Energy consumption for additive formation of products of different mass is estimated.

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Fatigue Properties of 3D Welded Thin Structures

Volume 12: Mechanics of Solids, Structures, and Fluids ◽

10.1115/imece2020-23135 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Seyed M. Allameh ◽

Avery Lenihan ◽

Roger Miller ◽

Hadi Allameh

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

3D Printing ◽

Fatigue Testing ◽

Interfacial Area ◽

Tensile Tests ◽

Orientation Dependence ◽

Fatigue Tests ◽

Fatigue Properties ◽

Mig Welding ◽

Welded Structures

Abstract Additive manufacturing technology has matured enough to produce real industrial components. A newer method of 3D printing is the deposition of molten metal beads using a MIG weld torch. This involves a 3D printer equipped with a MIG torch layering the metals in desired shapes. It allows the fabrication of components made of MIG weld wires, currently available from various elements including Cu, Al, steel and alloys. Some of these structures made by 3D welding will have applications in critical load bearing conditions. The reliability of such components will be vital in applications where human lives are at stake. Tensile tests are conducted to verify the required strength of the fabricated parts which will undergo monotonic loading; however, fatigue tests are required for cases where cyclic loading will take place. Conventional tensile and fatigue testing requires macro-scale samples. With MIG welding, it is possible to make thin-walled structures. Fatigue testing on samples extracted from thin walls is made possible by microtesting. This study is focused on the mechanical properties of 3D welded structures made from MIG welding wires. Our earlier results showed orientation dependence of mechanical properties in 3D welded structures. They also showed the effect of substrates in expression of the orientation dependence. Welding on metal substrate produces weld beads that are harder at the substrate interfacial area. However, for structures welded on ceramics, the opposite is true. They exhibit a softer substrate interfacial area and a relatively harder top. Our newer results show fatigue properties of structures made by 3D welding. Microsamples measuring 0.2 mm × 0.2 mm × 1.0 mm were extracted from metal beads using a CNC mill along with an EDM. The contours of the samples were machined by milling and the back side was cut by electro discharge machining. Specimens were then polished to the desired size and mounted in the grippers of an E1000 Instron load frame. WaveMatrix® application software from Instron was used to control the machine and to obtain testing data. Fatigue tests were performed, and life cycles were determined for various stress levels up to over 5 million cycles. The preliminary results of tensile tests of these samples show strength levels that are comparable to those of parent metal, in the range of 600–950MPa. Results of fatigue tests show high fatigue lives associated with relatively high stresses. The preliminary results will be presented and the implications of the use of 3D welded rebar in 3D printing of reinforced concrete structures will be discussed.

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Preliminary Characterization of Novel LDPE-Based Wear-Resistant Composite Suitable for FDM 3D Printing

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma12162520 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (16) ◽

pp. 2520 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Piotr Olesik ◽

Marcin Godzierz ◽

Mateusz Kozioł

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Tensile Tests ◽

Waste Glass ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Path Direction ◽

Pin On Disc ◽

Static Tensile ◽

Fine Glass ◽

3D Printed ◽

Ldpe Composites

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) composites reinforced with finely powdered waste glass were identified as a potential material for 3D printed structures for use in low-duty frictional applications. A recently published 3D printing model was used to calculate the limits in the filament feed rate and printing speed. Tribological tests (pin-on-disc method) of the printed composites were performed for different print-path directions. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was performed on the samples and the composites showed a higher crystallinity compared with LDPE, which partially explains the higher elastic modulus of the composites determined during static tensile tests. Using a fine glass powder as reinforcement improved the wear resistance of LDPE by 50% due to the formation of a sliding film on the sample’s surface. An evident effect of friction direction vs. the printed path direction on wear was found; which was likely related to differences in the removal of friction products from the friction area for different print-path directions. The LDPE composites with fine waste glass particles are promising materials for low-duty frictional applications and should be the subject of further research.

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Modelling the semi-additive production technology in DEA

Omega ◽

10.1016/j.omega.2020.102385 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 102385

Author(s):

Mojtaba Ghiyasi ◽

Wade D. Cook

Keyword(s):

Production Technology ◽

Additive Production

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The Examination of Restrained Joints Created in the Process of Multi-Material FFF Additive Manufacturing Technology

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma13040903 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 903 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Janusz Kluczyński ◽

Lucjan Śnieżek ◽

Alexander Kravcov ◽

Krzysztof Grzelak ◽

Pavel Svoboda ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Additive Manufacturing ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽

Tensile Tests ◽

Lower Amount ◽

Internal Quality ◽

Experimental Production ◽

Destructive Testing ◽

Non Destructive

The paper is focused on the examination of the internal quality of joints created in a multi-material additive manufacturing process. The main part of the work focuses on experimental production and non-destructive testing of restrained joints of modified PLA (polylactic acid) and ABS (Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) three-dimensional (3D)-printed on RepRap 3D device that works on the “open source” principle. The article presents the outcomes of a non-destructive materials test in the form of the data from the Laser Amplified Ultrasonography, microscopic observations of the joints area and tensile tests of the specially designed samples. The samples with designed joints were additively manufactured of two materials: Specially blended PLA (Market name—PLA Tough) and conventionally made ABS. The tests are mainly focused on the determination of the quality of material connection in the joints area. Based on the results obtained, the samples made of two materials were compared in the end to establish which produced material joint is stronger and have a lower amount of defects.

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