scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles as Natural Nanosized Delivery Systems for Small-Molecule Drugs and Genetic Material: Steps towards the Future Nanomedicines

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mustafa Kotmakçı ◽  
Vildan Bozok Çetintaş
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Protein Delivery ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Small Molecule Drugs ◽  
The Common ◽  
Therapeutic Protocols ◽  
Targeting Ability

A new platform for drug, gene and peptide-protein delivery is emerging, under the common name of “extracellular vesicles”. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 30-1000 nm-sized cell-derived, liposome-like vesicles. Current research on EVs as nano-delivery systems for small-molecule drugs and genetic material, reveal that these tiny, biologically-derived vesicles carry a great potential to boost the efficacy of many therapeutic protocols. Several features of EVs; from efficacy to safety, from passive to active targeting ability, the opportunity to be biologically or chemically labelled, and most importantly, their eobiotic origin make them promising candidate for development of the next generation personalized nanomedicines. The aim of this article is to provide a view on the current research in which EVs are used as drug/genetic material delivery systems. Their application areas, drug loading and targeting strategies, and biodistribution properties are discussed.This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles: “Stealth Transport Aircrafts” for Drugs

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chunying Liu ◽  
Xuejing Lin ◽  
Changqing Su
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Drug Carrier ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Source Material ◽  
Material Transport ◽  
Disease Treatment ◽  
Small Molecule Drugs ◽  
Viral Particles ◽  
The Stability

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can deliver many types of drugs with their natural source material transport properties, inherent long-term blood circulation capabilities and excellent biocompatibility, and have great potential in the field of drug carrier. Modification of the content and surface of EVs according to the purpose of treatment has become a research focus to improve the drug load and the targeting of EVs. EVs can maximize the stability of the drugs, prevent immune clearance and achieve accurate delivery. Therefore, EVs can be described as \" stealth transport aircrafts \" for drugs. This chapter will respectively introduce the application of natural EVs as cell substitutes in cell therapy and engineered EVs as carriers of nucleic acids, proteins, small molecule drugs and therapeutic viral particles in disease treatment. It will also explain the drug loading and modification strategies of EVs, the source and characteristics of EVs. In addition, the commercialization progress of EVs drugs will be mentioned here, and the problems in their applications will be discussed in conjunction with the application of EVs in the treatment of COVID-19.

scholarly journals Extracellular Vesicles Derived fromAcholeplasma laidlawiiPG8

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 1120-1130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladislav M. Chernov ◽  
Olga A. Chernova ◽  
Alexey A. Mouzykantov ◽  
Irina R. Efimova ◽  
Gulnara F. Shaymardanova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Human Peripheral Blood ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Extracellular Vesicle ◽  
Ultrastructural Organization ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
The Common ◽  
Intensive Formation

Extracellular vesicle production is believed to be a ubiquitous process in bacteria, but the data on such a process in Mollicutes are absent. We report the isolation of ultramicroforms – extracellular vesicles from supernatants ofAcholeplasma laidlawiiPG8 (ubiquitous mycoplasma; the main contaminant of cell culture). Considering sizes, morphology, and ultrastructural organization, the ultramicroforms ofA. laidlawiiPG8 are similar to membrane vesicles of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. We demonstrate thatA. laidlawiiPG8 vesicles contain genetic material and proteins, and are mutagenic to lymphocytes of human peripheral blood. We show thatMycoplasma gallisepticumS6, the other mycoplasma, also produce similar structures, which suggests that shedding of the vesicles might be the common phenomenon in Mollicutes. We found that the action of stress conditions results in the intensive formation of ultramicroforms in mycoplasmas. The role of vesicular formation in mycoplasmas remains to be studied.

Evolutionary Timeline of Genetic Delivery and Gene Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natalie J. Holl ◽  
Han-Jung Lee ◽  
Yue-Wern Huang
Keyword(s):  
Gene Therapy ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Genetic Material ◽  
Elevated Risk ◽  
Hereditary Diseases ◽  
Physical Methods ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Small Molecule Drugs ◽  
Target Sites

: There are more than 3,500 genes that are being linked to hereditary diseases or correlated with elevated risk of certain illnesses. As an alternative to conventional treatments with small molecule drugs, gene therapy has arisen as an effective treatment with the potential to not just alleviate disease conditions but also cure them completely. In order for these treatment regimens to work, genes or editing tools intended to correct diseased genetic material must be efficiently delivered to target sites. There have been many techniques developed to achieve such a goal. In this article, we systematically review a variety of gene delivery and therapy methods that include physical methods, chemical and biochemical methods, viral methods, and genome editing. We discuss their historical discovery, mechanisms, advantages, limitations, safety, and perspectives.

Nanotechnologies in Protein Delivery

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 2736-2753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefano Salmaso ◽  
Sara Bersani ◽  
Alessandra Semenzato ◽  
Paolo Caliceti
Keyword(s):  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Protein Delivery ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Drug Candidate ◽  
Innovative Drug ◽  
Improved Stability ◽  
Innovative Materials ◽  
Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology ◽  
Therapeutic Protocols

The growth rate for biotech drugs, namely proteins, peptides, and oligonucleotides, is dictated by the parallel progresses in biotechnology and nanotechnology. Actually, biotechnology techniques have expanded enormously the arsenal of therapeutically useful peptides and proteins making these products of primary interest for future pharmaceutical market. Nevertheless, the exploitation of protein and peptide drugs is strictly related to the development of innovative delivery systems which should provide for controlled, prolonged, or targeted delivery, improved stability during storage and delivery, reduced adverse effects, increased bioavailability, improved patient compliance and allow for administration through the desired route and cope with cost-containment therapeutic protocols. Colloidal formulations ideally possess the physicochemical and biopharmaceutical requisites for protein delivery. Pharmaceutical nanotechnology is a tool of techniques applied to design, develop and produce these systems. It involves the investigation of innovative materials and production procedures for preparation of a variety of nanosized dosage forms, which range from solid nanoparticles to soluble bioconjugates. The research and development of innovative tailor made protein delivery systems, which must be designed according to the drug candidate pharmacological and physicochemical properties, is one of the primary aim of modern pharmaceutical technology. Therefore, as an unmet need exists for technologies that combine innovative drug delivery solutions, a close un-prejudicial interaction between academic and industrial researchers as well as business thought leaders is required.

Self-assembling peptide-based nanodrug delivery systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 4888-4911 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qian Wang ◽  
Nan Jiang ◽  
Bo Fu ◽  
Fan Huang ◽  
Jianfeng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Peptide Conjugates ◽  
Nanodrug Delivery ◽  
Self Assembling ◽  
Small Molecule Drugs ◽  
Delivery Strategies

The present review outlines the methods designing self-assembling peptide-based NDDs for small molecule drugs, with an emphasis on the different drug delivery strategies and their applications in using peptides and peptide conjugates.

scholarly journals Improving Release of Liposome-Encapsulated Drugs with Focused Ultrasound and Vaporizable Droplet-Liposome Nanoclusters

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 609
Author(s):  
Arvin Honari ◽  
Darrah A. Merillat ◽  
Aditi Bellary ◽  
Mohammadaref Ghaderi ◽  
Shashank R. Sirsi
Keyword(s):  
Small Molecule ◽  
Targeted Delivery ◽  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Drug Loading ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Droplet Surface ◽  
Target Tissue ◽  
High Drug ◽  
Small Molecule Drugs

Active targeted delivery of small molecule drugs is becoming increasingly important in personalized therapies, especially in cancer, brain disorders, and a wide variety of other diseases. However, effective means of spatial targeting and delivering high drug payloads in vivo are still lacking. Focused ultrasound combined with superheated phase-shift nanodroplets, which vaporize into microbubbles using heat and sound, are rapidly becoming a popular strategy for targeted drug delivery. Focused ultrasound can target deep tissue with excellent spatial precision and without using ionizing energy, thus can activate nanodroplets in circulation. One of the main limitations of this technology has been poor drug loading in the droplet core or the shell material. To address this need, we have developed a strategy to combine low-boiling point decafluorabutane and octafluoropropane (DFB and OFP) nanodroplets with drug-loaded liposomes, creating phase-changeable droplet-liposome clusters (PDLCs). We demonstrate a facile method of assembling submicron PDLCs with high drug-loading capacity on the droplet surface. Furthermore, we demonstrate that chemical tethering of liposomes in PDLCs enables a rapid release of their encapsulated cargo upon acoustic activation (>60% using OFP-based PDLCs). Rapid uncaging of small molecule drugs would make them immediately bioavailable in target tissue or promote better penetration in local tissue following intravascular release. PDLCs developed in this study can be used to deliver a wide variety of liposome-encapsulated therapeutics or imaging agents for multi-modal imaging applications. We also outline a strategy to deliver a surrogate encapsulated drug, fluorescein, to tumors in vivo using focused ultrasound energy and PDLCs.

Effect of chemical composition and sulfated modification of alginate in the development of delivery systems based on electrostatic interactions for small molecule drugs

2020 ◽  
Vol 263 ◽  
pp. 127235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zahra Nazemi ◽  
Mohammad Sadegh Nourbakhsh ◽  
Sahar Kiani ◽  
Hamed Daemi ◽  
Mohammad Kazemi Ashtiani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Electrostatic Interactions ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Small Molecule Drugs

scholarly journals Drug Transport across the Blood–Brain Barrier

2012 ◽  
Vol 32 (11) ◽  
pp. 1959-1972 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M Pardridge
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Small Molecule ◽  
Drug Transport ◽  
Delivery Systems ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Large Molecule ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Small Molecule Drugs ◽  
Blood Brain ◽  
The Brain

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) prevents the brain uptake of most pharmaceuticals. This property arises from the epithelial-like tight junctions within the brain capillary endothelium. The BBB is anatomically and functionally distinct from the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier at the choroid plexus. Certain small molecule drugs may cross the BBB via lipid-mediated free diffusion, providing the drug has a molecular weight <400 Da and forms <8 hydrogen bonds. These chemical properties are lacking in the majority of small molecule drugs, and all large molecule drugs. Nevertheless, drugs can be reengineered for BBB transport, based on the knowledge of the endogenous transport systems within the BBB. Small molecule drugs can be synthesized that access carrier-mediated transport (CMT) systems within the BBB. Large molecule drugs can be reengineered with molecular Trojan horse delivery systems to access receptor-mediated transport (RMT) systems within the BBB. Peptide and antisense radiopharmaceuticals are made brain-penetrating with the combined use of RMT-based delivery systems and avidin–biotin technology. Knowledge on the endogenous CMT and RMT systems expressed at the BBB enable new solutions to the problem of BBB drug transport.

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