NONSEXUAL INTERACTIONS IN THE BIG-HEADED GRASSHOPPER AULOCARA ELLIOTTI (THOMAS) (ORTHOPTERA: ACRIDIDAE)

1988 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 383-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A. Lockwood
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Physical Contact ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Direction Of Movement ◽  
Interactive Behaviors ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
The Individual

Nonsexual interactions of the big-headed grasshopper, Aulocara elliotti (Thomas), were examined under natural conditions in context of intrinsic (age and conspecificity of grasshoppers, speed and direction of movement and duration of interaction) and extrinsic (date, time of day, soil and air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and sunlight) factors. With respect of intrinsic factors, the developmental stage and conspecificity of interacting grasshoppers and the direction of approach by the individual initiating an interaction significantly affected interactive behaviors, including kicking, shifting, approaching, contact and pursuit. These three factors also influenced the outcome of interaction, especially the frequency of avoidance by residents. Among the extrinsic factors, time of day, soil temperature and relative humidity had the greatest affects on the aforementioned interactive behaviors. The time of year, relative humidity and wind speed significantly affected the outcome of interactions. Physical contact and pursuit were the only behaviors to significantly affect the outcome of interactions. Inferential evidence indicates that aggressive interactions may be the result of defense of territories based on limited, suitable microhabitats.

scholarly journals Solar Dish Field System Model for Spacing Optimization

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Igo ◽  
Charles E. Andraka
Keyword(s):  
Capital Investment ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Field Performance ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Impact

Dish Stirling power generation systems have been identified by DOE, Sandia National Laboratories, and Stirling Energy Systems (SES) as having the capability of delivering utility-scale renewable energy to the nation’s electrical grid. SES has proposed large plants, 20,000 units or more (0.5 GW rated power) in one place, in order to rapidly ramp up production automation. With the large capital investment needed in such a plant it becomes critical to optimize the system at the field level, as well as at the individual unit level. In this new software model, we provide a tool that predicts the annual and monthly energy performance of a field of dishes, in particular taking into account the impact of dish-to-dish shading on the energy and revenue streams. The Excel-based model goes beyond prior models in that it incorporates the true dish shape (flexible to accommodate many dish designs), multiple-row shading, and a revenue stream model that incorporates time-of-day and time-of-year pricing. This last feature is critical to understanding key shading tradeoffs on a financial basis. The model uses TMY or 15-minute meteorological data for the selected location. It can incorporate local ground slope across the plant, as well as stagger between the rows of dish systems. It also incorporates field-edge effects, which can be significant on smaller plants. It also incorporates factors for measured degraded performance due to shading. This tool provides one aspect of the decision process for fielding many systems, and must be combined with land costs, copper layout and costs, and O&M predictions (driving distance issues) in order to optimize the loss of power due to shading against the added expense of a larger spatial array. Considering only the energy and revenue stream, the model indicates that a rectangular, unstaggered field layout maximizes field performance. We also found that recognizing and accounting for true performance degradation due to shading significantly impacts plant production, compared with prior modeling attempts.

scholarly journals See, Feel, Taste: The Influence of Receptacle Colour and Weight on the Evaluation of Flavoured Carbonated Beverages

Foods ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Line Mielby ◽  
Qian Wang ◽  
Sidsel Jensen ◽  
Anne Bertelsen ◽  
Ulla Kidmose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Interaction ◽  
The Other ◽  
Combined Effects ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Carbonated Beverages ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Extrinsic And Intrinsic Factors

A study was designed to assess whether the individual and combined effects of product-intrinsic and product-extrinsic factors influence the perception of, and liking for, carbonated beverages. Four hundred and one participants tasted samples of one of three flavours (grapefruit, lemon, or raspberry) of carbonated aromatised non-alcoholic beer. The beverages were served in receptacles that differed in terms of their colour (red or black) and weight (lighter—no added weight, or heavier—20 g weight added). Each participant received the same beverage in each of the four different receptacles, and rated how much they liked the drink. They also evaluated the intensity of each beverage’s sweetness, bitterness, sourness, and carbonation. The results revealed a significant influence of the colour of the receptacle on perceived carbonation, with the beverages tasted from the red receptacles being rated as tasting more carbonated than when served in black receptacles. In terms of flavour, the participants liked the raspberry beverage significantly more than the others, while also rating it as tasting sweeter and less bitter than either of the other flavours. Furthermore, there was a more complex interaction effect involving the weight of the receptacle: Specifically, the perceived bitterness of the beverage moderated the relationship between the receptacle weight and the perceived carbonation. At high levels of bitterness, the drinks were perceived to be more carbonated when served from the heavier receptacle as compared to the lighter one. These findings highlight the complex interplay of product extrinsic and intrinsic factors on the flavour/mouthfeel perception and preference for beverages, and stress the importance of taking both internal product development and external packaging into account in the design of health-oriented beverages.

Neuropsychological Aspects of Focal Dystonia in Musicians

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-75
Author(s):  
Friederike Borngräber ◽  
Alexander Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Botulinum Toxin A ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Individual Therapy ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Local Injections ◽  
The Individual

Abstract. Musician’s dystonia (MD) is a focal, task-specific neurological movement disorder that presents with loss of voluntary motor control when playing the instrument and affects up to 1–2 % of professional musicians. The current pathophysiological understanding of MD is that of a network disease, involving the sensorimotor cortex, basal ganglia, cerebellum and the limbic system. Various extrinsic factors, e.g. high temporal and spatial sensorimotor constraints on the instrument or more than 10 000 hours of accumulated practice time, as well as intrinsic factors, e.g. high levels of anxiety and perfectionism, and even genetic factors have been identified to increase the risk to develop MD. From a neuropsychological point of view, two phenotypes of MD can be distinguished with high or low psychological stress, which should be taken into account to adapt the individual therapy. Treatment options for MD include medication with trihexyphenidyl, local injections of botulinum toxin A, retraining, ergonomic changes of the instrument, and in patients with high psychological stress also antidepressants and behavioral therapy.

Influences of weather and time of day on trap catches of bush fly,Musca vetustissima Walker (Diptera: Muscidae)

1986 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. G. Vogt
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
New South ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Weather Variables ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Catch Rates ◽  
Trap Catches

AbstractField populations of Musca vetustissima Walker were sampled in a region of New South Wales at 2-h intervals on 35 occasions between spring 1984 and autumn 1985 using wind-oriented fly traps. Ambient temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity and wind speed explained 84·3% of the within-day deviance of total catches (both sexes combined). Temperature and solar radiation jointly explained 82·6% of this deviance (71·1 and 11·5%, respectively), indicating that the other variables, although significant, did not greatly affect trap catches. As air temperature increased, log catch rates increased non-linearly up to a maximum at 27·5°C and declined thereafter. Log catch rates increased linearly as solar radiation increased and declined linearly as relative humidity and wind speed increased. Changes in log catch rates with time of day were explained almost entirely by the four weather variables, i.e. when weather effects were removed, time of day effects were no longer significant. These weather variables also accounted for 79·9% of the between-day variation in logarithms of trap catches. Relative responses of males and females to traps differed significantly with respect to relative humidity, wind speed and time of day. Male catches tended to increase relative to female catches between 1200 h and 1800 h and also declined more slowly with increases in relative humidity and wind speed. Separate models are presented for standardization of male and female catch rates; the estimates differ from those obtained from observed sex ratios and total catch rates, but the differences are small compared to the observed day-to-day variation in catch rates.

scholarly journals Meaning of Success: perception of medical students, and faculty-A Qualitative Study from a medical school in Mauritius

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 905-914
Author(s):  
Indrajit Banerjee ◽  
Jared Robinson ◽  
Bhavna Munoosingh ◽  
Nidhi Jain ◽  
Ramya Shanmugamurthi Amsadevi
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Undergraduate Medical Students ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Definition Of Success ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Individual

Background: The objective of this study was to find what undergraduate medical students and teaching faculty perceive success to be. Methods: A descriptive phenomenological qualitative study was designed and conducted on faculty and medical students at Sir Seewoosagur Ramgoolam Medical College, Mauritius. NVivo 12 (Windows) Plus software was implemented for data analysis and thematic analysis was performed. Results: The codes/nodes namely being: Satisfaction, Accomplishment, Actions, Motivations, Extrinsic Factors and Intrinsic Factors were identified in the transcribed data. Satisfaction was described as the positive emotions and notions intimately related as well as synonymously associated with success. Accomplishment as the attainment and fulfilment of any physical, mental, emotional, social, occupational, personal goal or desire by an individual. Actions was the arsenal of physical processes, acts of planning, goal setting or forethinking exercised by the individual. Motivations was the drive to attain the preset goal or notion be it positive or negative, applies to factors that enable a subject to strive forwards. Extrinsic Factors were the external determinants and definition of success perceived by the subject. Intrinsic Factors were the subject’s internal organic, comprehension and definition of success. The themes generated were: Products of Success, Mechanisms of Success and Concepts of success. Conclusion: A tangible demarcation is noticeable between the preconceived general impression of success and the vast multifactorial cohort of intrinsic and extrinsic factors coupled to the highly emotional aspects which were brought forth.                    

scholarly journals Birch pollen grains in the air of Szczecin in 2000-2004

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 325-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Małgorzata Puc
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Meteorological Parameters ◽  
Birch Pollen ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Pollen Concentration ◽  
Pollen Seasons ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Two Peaks

Betula pollen is a common cause of pollinosis in northern and central Europe. The aim of the study was to characterize the birch pollen seasons in Szczecin in 2000 - 2004 and diurnal periodicity of pollen in the air. Measurements were performed using the volumetric method. The analysed meteorological parameters were the maximum temperature, relative humidity, rainfall and wind speed. The beginning and end of a season were established by the 95% method. During five studied years the highest concentration of birch pollen in the air was noted in 2003, with the pollen season starting in the middle of April and lasting till the 11<sup>th</sup> of May. The highest pollen count of 5736 grains per 1m<sup>3</sup> was observed in the end of April. Two peaks of the of birch pollen grains per 1m<sup>3</sup> were observed daily. The highest concentration was noted between 2-4 p.m. A positive and statistically significant correlation was found between the birch pollen concentration and air temperature and wind speed. A negative correlation was found in case of the relative humidity. Besides the individual rhythm of pollination, the meteorological conditions are the most important factors influencing the birch pollen concentration in the air.

Forecasting diurnal variations in meteorological parameters for predicting fire behaviour

1989 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 791-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Beck ◽  
A. C. F. Trevitt
Keyword(s):  
Wind Speed ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Absolute Humidity ◽  
Diurnal Variations ◽  
Day Length ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Daily Maximum ◽  
Fire Behaviour ◽  
Julian Date ◽  
Time Of Year

Empirical models for predicting diurnal variations in air temperature, wind speed, and relative humidity, given daily maximum and minimum values, latitude, and Julian date, have been developed. Solar heating during the daytime is quantitatively depicted using a truncated sine function, and nighttime cooling is characterized by an exponential decay function. Daily wind-speed trends echo diurnal temperature patterns, and relative humidity is modelled as a function of temperature by assuming that absolute humidity remains constant throughout the day. The time of occurrence of daily maxima and minima in temperature and wind speed varies seasonally according to changes in day length. Maximum temperature and wind speed typically occur later in the day than the maximum solar insolation. The magnitude of this lag depends on both time of year and latitude. The models were parameterized for two locations in Australia and observed, and modelled variations in temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were used to forecast diurnal trends in fire behaviour. Predicted fire behaviour compared favourably in the two cases considering the very simple modelling approach employed.

scholarly journals Reviewing Motivations for Engaging in Decision Support Social Networks

2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Antunes ◽  
João Paulo Costa
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Social Network ◽  
Decision Support ◽  
Decision Processes ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Electronic Networks ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Linguistic Barriers ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Networks Of Practice

This paper reviews the motivations for people to engage in decision support social networks, from existing connections between social network sites and decision support. The paper points out the three intertwined levels that influence interactions and motivation of people when engaged in social network participation: communities, networks and electronic networks of practice. Participating in social networks draws upon the interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors refer to motivation embedded in the action itself (comes within the individual), rather than from external rewards or extrinsic factors such as money or recognition. The paper also identifies some problems in engaging in decision support social networks and discusses potential solutions, namely: to create and maintain a critical number of users; the issue of time in decision processes; linguistic barriers and issues of confidentiality.

scholarly journals Exploring Intrinsic Motivation and Knowledge Sharing from the Perspective of Islamic Teaching

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 334-352
Author(s):  
Zuraina Dato’ Mansor ◽  
Nor Siah Jaharuddin
Keyword(s):  
Intrinsic Motivation ◽  
Knowledge Sharing ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Public Higher Education ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Motivation Factors ◽  
Explorative Study ◽  
The Individual

Every individual hastheoption whether to share,or not to share their knowledge. Literature suggeststhatthemotivation to share can be influenced by intrinsic or extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors are normally initiated and are relative totheindividual’sinterest,or intention. Extrinsic motivation is subject to the work environment, the support system, andthe individual’s organisation. Thus, the intention to share can be relative to the environment surrounding the individual. This paper aims to explain the intrinsic motivation factors for Knowledge Sharing (KS)among academics from a public higher education institutionin Malaysia. In addition, it was proposedto study intention,and examine whether this was relevant to the concept based on Islamic teaching. Usingthe explorative study, the paper discussed the results based on a qualitative approachwhereeighteen academics were interviewedto collect data.Social Determination Theory (SDT) was usedand, based on Islamic teaching, the paper studypaid particularattention tothe concept ofbrotherhood and ‘ikhlas’(sincerity).Thefindings of the study were thatacademicsactingassubject matter experts, understood their roleto share knowledge and intrinsic motivation was a significant influence in their willingness to share. Further, based on Islamic teaching, it was found thatthe concept of ‘ikhlas’,or sincerity,and the concept of ‘happy to help’, or‘happy to see people happy’,matched and coincidedwhen they sharedtheirknowledge.

scholarly journals EXPLANATION OF INTRINSIC AND EXTRINSIC JOB SATISFACTION VIA MIRROR MODEL

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 627-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Çetin BEKTAŞ
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Working Environment ◽  
Psychological State ◽  
Extrinsic Factors ◽  
Intrinsic Factors ◽  
Fundamental Factor ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Effectiveness And Efficiency ◽  
The Individual

One of the most important issues focused by managers is to ensure effectiveness and efficiency of human resources in organizations. How can effectiveness and efficiency be achieved in an organization? Answer of this question relies heavily on job satisfaction of personnel. Job satisfaction refers to the general attitude developed by the individual towards her/his job. For this reason, job satisfaction cannot be seen but felt. This feeling depends also on working environment and environmental conditions. As an abstract concept, job satisfaction consists of many components. However, more simply, factors ensuring job satisfaction are basically divided into two groups; namely, intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction factors. Intrinsic factors refer to the attitude of the individual towards her/his job while the extrinsic factors refer to the factors related to the working environment. When combined, these two factor groups ensure individual to get job satisfaction. These two fundamental factor groups reflect both physiological and psychological state of the individual.  Job satisfaction is associated with not only financial gains but also the socio-psychological gains brought by the job. In addition, colleagues and superiors of the personnel play an important role in personnel satisfaction. Achievement of job satisfaction will be reflected to the organization as positive outputs. In the light of the literature review, effects/reflections of intrinsic and extrinsic job satisfaction on/to the organization are explained via mirror model. As is known, mirror reflects any image directly back to it. As shown in the model, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation factors have positive effects on the organization. In other words, these factors have positive reflections on the organization. These positive outputs and reflections generally emerge as a sense of organizational citizenship, high motivation and increase in organizational learning and job satisfaction. 

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document