scholarly journals Diplomatic Dominos: South America and the Recognition of [the State of] Palestine

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanford R. Silverburg ◽  
Angélica Johanna Alba Cuéllar
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
Geographical Region ◽  
South American ◽  
Central Theme ◽  
Current State ◽  
American States ◽  
Diplomatic Recognition

<h2>All but one of the states in South American have extended some type of diplomatic recognition to Palestine.  There is a discussion of the meaning of diplomatic recognition in the current state system with its importance. The central theme of this paper is an examination of the process and an explanation for South American states’ provision of diplomatic recognition to Palestine while one other in the same cultural-geographical region has not.</h2>

scholarly journals Pleistocene Mammals from Pampean Region (Argentina). Biostratigraphic, Biogeographic, and Environmental Implications

Quaternary ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
José Luis Prado ◽  
María Teresa Alberdi ◽  
Jonathan Bellinzoni
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
The State ◽  
Historical Study ◽  
South American ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Sedimentary Sequences ◽  
Pampean Region ◽  
Mammalian Faunas ◽  
Pleistocene Mammals ◽  
Fossil Records

The Pampean Region contains sedimentary sequences with abundant mammal fossil records, which constitute the chronological outline of the Plio–Pleistocene of South America. These classic localities have been used for more than a century to correlate with other South American regions. Throughout this time, a series of misinterpretations have appeared. To understand the stratigraphic significance of these localities and the geochronological situation of each unit referring to the Pleistocene, a critical historical study of the antecedents was carried out, evaluating the state of each unit. The biostratigraphic studies of the Pampean Region’s mammalian faunas improved the understanding of biogeographic changes taking into account the environmental fluctuations of the Pleistocene.

scholarly journals The biology and conservation status of Central and South American Falconiformes: a survey of current knowledge

1995 ◽  
Vol 5 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 325-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard O. Bierregaard
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Conservation Status ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
South American ◽  
Current State ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Extreme North ◽  
América Del Sur

SummaryBased on an extensive literature review for the 81 species of Falconiformes (excluding vultures) that breed primarily in Central and South America, I summarize the current state of our knowledge of the biology and conservation status of these birds. Most of what is known about the diurnal raptors in the region is based on studies carried out in the southern U.S.A., the Petén of Guatemala, extreme north-eastern South America (Venezuela through the Guianas) and Chile. The least-known species are residents of primary forest, especially in the generaAccipiter, LeucoptemisandMicrastur. Nests remain undescribed for 19 species, and less than five nests have been described for an additional 12 species. No prey data are available for six species and only anecdotal data have been published for a further 25 species. Breeding behaviour is unknown for 27 species and known only anecdotally for an additional 18. The migratory habits of 28 species are poorly understood. Available data permit a reasonable assessment of the conservation status for 39 species and a well-educated guess for another 31, but any assessment for the remaining 11 would be speculation at best.Basado en un estudio muy extensivo de la literatura para 81 especies de Falconiformes(excluyendo Cathartidae) que se aparean principalmente en Centro y Sur América, hago un resumen de nuestro conocimiento más actual de la biologia y el estado de conservación en que se encuentran estas aves. La mayor parte de la información que se tiene sobre raptores diurnos de la región está basada en estudios que fueron llevados acabo en el sur de los Estados Unidos, el Petén en Guatemala, la parte noreste de América del Sur (Venezuela hasta las Guianas) y Chile. Las especies menos conocidos son residentes de bosque primario, especialmente de los génerosAccipiter, Leucoptemis y Micrastur. Falta describir nidos para 19 especies y menos de cinco nidos han sido descritos para 12 especies adicionales. No hay informacion sobre la alimentatión para seis especies y solamente información anecdotal ha sido publicada para 25 especies adicionales. Comportamiento de apareo se desconoce para 27 especies y solamente es conocido por anécdotas par 18 especies adicionales, Las costumbres migratorias de 28 especies se conocen muy poco. Información disponible permite juzgar razonablemente el estado de conservación para 39 especies y se puede estimarlo para 31 más, pero el juzgar de los 11 que restan seria solamente especulación.

Introduction

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugh Pemberton ◽  
Pat Thane ◽  
Noel Whiteside
Keyword(s):  
Pension System ◽  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
British Government ◽  
Present Scheme ◽  
Flat Rate ◽  
Current State ◽  
Pension Age ◽  
State Pension ◽  
Deep Crisis

In 2002, the British government announced the establishment of a Pensions Commission to assess the state of the country's pension system. In its first report, the Commission confirmed that the nation's pension system is in deep crisis. How come some offer better pension security than that in Britain? How do they cope with similar pressures? In its proposals for extensive reform, the Pensions Commission hopes to plug the holes in the current state system for those (mainly women) with interrupted careers and caring responsibilities. The Commission has three proposals: raising the state pension age to 67, or perhaps 69, by 2050; the creation of a more generous basic state pension by allowing the earnings-related second state pension to evolve into a flat-rate top-up to the present scheme; and the automatic enrolment of all workers into a National Pensions Savings Scheme. This introduction also looks at pension reforms abroad in areas such as Europe, including Germany and Sweden.

DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF THE STATE SYSTEM OF COUNTERING THE SHADOW ECONOMY IN ORDER TO ENSURE THE ECONOMIC SECURITY OF RUSSIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (175) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
O.L. Taran ◽  
◽  
I.L. Taran ◽  
E.V. Berezhnaya ◽  
G.N. Ter-Akopov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Shadow Economy ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The State ◽  
State System ◽  
Scientific Article ◽  
Russian Economy ◽  
Current State ◽  
State Of Affairs ◽  
Goals And Objectives

The article discusses some areas of improvement and development of the state system of counteraction to the shadow economy in order to ensure the economic security of Russia. Based on the study of modern trends in the development of the socio-economic system of Russia, it is shown that the current state of affairs in the socio-economic system of Russia requires the development and adoption of a socio-economic policy (strategy) to counteract the shadow economy of the state, which can be understood as the activity defined by strategic and tactical plans. bodies of state power and management to dedenevize the country’s economy with clearly defined goals and objectives of each involved department. Within the framework of the proposed study, it was determined that in Russia there is no complex regulatory act that determines the policy of the state with clearly defined goals and objectives of countering the shadow economy. In the absence of such a regulatory legal act, all measures to counter the shadow economy implemented in Russia can be characterized as targeted measures to counteract individual manifestations of the shadow economy without taking into account both regional specifics and strategic interests of ensuring the economic security of the state. To solve the problems highlighted in the study and in order to improve and develop the state system for countering the shadow economy in order to ensure the economic security of Russia, within the framework of the proposed article, a mechanism for countering the shadow economy has been developed, which will ensure the coordination and participation of all interested parties in the de-shadowing of the Russian economy. The mechanism of the state system of counteraction to the shadow economy proposed in the scientific article will give an economic and social effect when introduced, which can be calculated as the ratio of the obtained positive effect from reducing the scale of the shadow sector of the economy and increasing the economic security of the state to the costs incurred for the implementation of the proposed mechanism.

Tadpole and advertisement call of Rhinella pombali (Baldissera, Caramaschi & Haddad, 2004) (Amphibia, Anura, Bufonidae)

Zootaxa ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2370 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANA CAROLINA CALIJORNE LOURENÇO ◽  
DÉLIO BAÊTA ◽  
ALINE CRISTINE LOPES DE ABREU ◽  
JOSÉ P. POMBAL JR.
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Species Group ◽  
Minas Gerais ◽  
The State ◽  
Southeastern Brazil ◽  
Advertisement Call ◽  
South American ◽  
The South

Most species of the South American bufonid toads are placed in Rhinella Fitzinger, 1828 (Frost 2009). Currently, this genus contains 77 species and most of them are distributed in Central and South America (Frost 2009). According to Baldissera et al. (2004), the R. crucifer species group is composed of five species: R. abei (Baldissera, Caramaschi & Haddad, 2004), R. crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821), R. henseli (A. Lutz, 1934), R. ornata (Spix, 1824), and R. pombali (Baldissera, Caramaschi & Haddad, 2004). This species group is widely distributed in northern Argentina, southeastern Brazil, and Uruguay (Baldissera et al. 2004; Frost 2009), and can be found in ponds and streams in forests and open areas (Heyer et al. 1990; Baldissera et al. 2004; Pombal & Gordo 2004; Eterovick & Barata 2006). Herein we describe the tadpole and advertisement call of Rhinella pombali, a species distributed throughout the Atlantic forest and in its transitional areas with the Cerrado in the State of Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil (Frost 2009).

scholarly journals Why Might We Fight? International Resource Conflicts and Water Security in South America

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton Carlos Bragatti ◽  
Maria Luísa Telarolli de Almeida Leite
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
South America ◽  
Natural Resources ◽  
Water Security ◽  
South American ◽  
Resource Conflicts ◽  
American States ◽  
The World ◽  
Global Population

In a context of accelerated climate change, increasing scarcity, and global population growth, environmentalissues and natural resources have become a matter of heightened concern for international security.Competition for access to and use of scarce natural resources are increasingly part of the nations’ geostrategicpolicies. South America, one of the richest regions in the world in terms of natural resources, especiallywater, attracts the international interest. This article builds up a picture of such water resources and presentsevidence suggesting the urgent need for more effective cooperation among South American states to establishguidelines for the management and defense of the region’s natural wealth.

scholarly journals A new synonym and seventeen new distributional records in South American Cerambycidae (Coleoptera), with notes on Chlorethe scabrosa Zajciw, 1963

2020 ◽  
Vol 60 ◽  
pp. e20206010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Santos-Silva ◽  
Juan Pablo Botero ◽  
Francisco Eriberto de Lima Nascimento ◽  
Weliton Dias Silva
Keyword(s):  
South America ◽  
Rio De Janeiro ◽  
The State ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
South American ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Brazilian State ◽  
New Synonym ◽  
State Records

We studied 18 cerambycid beetle species native to South America. Seventeen represent new state records in Brazil. Particularly, Chlorethe scabrosa Zajciw, 1963 is newly reported for the state of Rio de Janeiro with exclusion of C. brachyptera Zajciw, 1963. The Brazilian state of the type locality of Dufauxia guaicurana Lane, 1955 is fixed. Pirangoclytus mendosus (Galileo & Martins, 1996) is synonymized with P. mniszechii (Chevrolat, 1862), and its holotype is a female. Variation on Trypanidius maculatus Monné & Delfino, 1980 is commented. New country and department records for Paraguay are also provided.

A Synopsis of Dicliptera (Acanthaceae) in Brazil, with the Description of Two New Species

2020 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 340-348
Author(s):  
James Lucas da Costa-Lima ◽  
Earl Celestino de Oliveira Chagas
Keyword(s):  
New Species ◽  
South America ◽  
The State ◽  
Northeastern Brazil ◽  
Mato Grosso ◽  
The North ◽  
New Synonyms ◽  
Two New Species ◽  
Mato Grosso Do Sul ◽  
A New Species

Abstract—A synopsis of Dicliptera (Acanthaceae) for Brazil is presented. Six species are recognized: Dicliptera ciliaris, D. sexangularis, and D. squarrosa, widely distributed in South America; D. purpurascens, which ranges from the North Region of Brazil (in the state of Acre) to eastern Bolivia; D. gracilirama, a new species from the Atlantic Forest of northeastern Brazil; and D. granchaquenha, a new species recorded in dry and semideciduous forests in Bolivia and western Brazil, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Furthermore, we propose new synonyms and designate lectotypes for eleven names. An identification key to the six accepted Dicliptera species in Brazil is provided.

On the Development of Islamic Jurisprudence

1999 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Murad Wilfried Hofmann
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Current State ◽  
Islamic Jurisprudence ◽  
The Status ◽  
Sensitive Issues ◽  
Status Of Women ◽  
Islam And Democracy

This article examines the state of Islamic jurisprudence with regard to many sensitive issues, such as the status of women and minorities in Islam, Islam and Democracy, hudud punishments. The author explores the current state of Islamic discourse on jurisprudence and identifies three approaches-traditional, secular and reformist. The paper explores the positions of the traditional ulama and the reformist muj­tahids on the mentioned topics and finds the reformist position more sensible and closer to the position of ihe Qur'an and Sunnah. This paper while advocating neo-ijtihad, makes an impressive case for the merit???? and Islamic credibility of the reformist jurisprudence.

scholarly journals Assessing the Level of Renewable Energy Development in the European Union Member States. A 10-Year Perspective

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3765
Author(s):  
Jarosław Brodny ◽  
Magdalena Tutak ◽  
Peter Bindzár
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Energy Development ◽  
The State ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Current State ◽  
Renewable Energy Development ◽  
European Union Countries

The global economic development is, to a great extent, dependent on access to large amounts of cheap energy sources. The growing social awareness of ecology and the enormous damage to the Earth’s ecosystem due to the production of energy from conventional sources have forced fundamental changes in the energy sector. Renewable energy is considered to be an opportunity for such changes. The current state of the art allows such changes to be made without restricting economic development. Therefore, activities related to the energy transition are being taken all over the world. The European Union has definitely managed to achieve the most tangible effects in this regard. This article presents the findings of the research aimed at presenting the current state of renewable energy in the European Union and analyzing the changes reported in this sector in the last decade. The research was carried out using a selected set of 11 indicators characterizing renewable energy in individual countries. These indicators were selected on the basis of literature review and own studies of the state of renewable energy and its development prospects. Based on these indicators, changes in the energy structure of individual European Union countries between 2008–2018 were determined. The study is divided into two main stages. The principal components analysis (PCA) was used for the first analysis. In turn, the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) was adopted to assess the level of renewable energy development in the European Union countries. Both these methods and the extended statistical analysis were applied to determine the state of renewable energy development in the European Union countries in the studied period and to divide the Member States into classes with different levels of development. The results of the study showed that the EU countries are characterized by significant differences in the development of RES during the period in question. The unquestionable leaders in this respect are Sweden, Austria, Finland, and Latvia. Based on the findings, it is possible to evaluate the effects of activities related to renewable energy development and to prepare assumptions for future activities. Additionally, both the research and its findings broaden the knowledge of the directions of renewable energy development in individual European Union countries. This is particularly important in the context of changes related to the need to reduce harmful substance emissions and the implementation of the European Green Deal idea.

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