The Dimensions of Allocations of Authority

2019 ◽  
pp. 31-52
Author(s):  
Alejandro E. Camacho ◽  
Robert L. Glicksman
Keyword(s):  
Regulatory Authority ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Key Dimensions ◽  
Degree Of Overlap

This chapter analyzes the three key dimensions for characterizing the allocation of regulatory authority. The most frequently analyzed dimension, centralization/decentralization, focuses on the scale(s) or level(s) of government-granted jurisdiction. The overlapping/distinct dimension considers the degree of overlap in governmental authority among multiple government bodies with concurrent jurisdictions. Two governmental entities have overlapping jurisdictions only to the extent that both their substantive and functional authority is concurrent. Finally, the coordinated/independent dimension, which uniquely focuses on the interaction between agencies, considers the extent to which authority is exercised independently or in coordination with other governmental entities. Coordination can vary in its degree of hierarchy and in its discretion, duration, frequency, and formality. Each dimension measures a particular component of regulatory authority, with each dimensional pole representing mostly different sets of policies and ultimately values tradeoffs over the appropriate design for managing social problems. The chapter thus explores the potential advantages and disadvantages of situating or shifting agency authority at each end of the spectrum represented by each dimension.

The Devil is in the Detail: Visualising Analogical Thought in Retail Location Decisionmaking

2003 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Clarke ◽  
William Mackaness ◽  
Barbara Ball ◽  
Masahide Horita
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Mapping ◽  
General Level ◽  
Causal Knowledge ◽  
Site Assessment ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Retail Location ◽  
Key Dimensions ◽  
Qualitative Responses ◽  
The Devil

Retailers use analogues (similar stores) routinely in the process of site assessment, either as a basic method of sales forecasting in its own right, or as a check on more complex quantitative models. In earlier stages of our research, we identified intuitive or qualitative causal knowledge structures derived from cognitive mapping interviews with UK retail directors to classify new sites according to their degree of likeness on these same attributes. Here, we focus on how the analogues identified by our qualitative system can be visualised effectively for use in location analysis. We discuss the role of analogy in retail location decisionmaking and the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of visualisation. We evaluate the visual aspects of the system developed in the course of our research with reference to users' qualitative responses. The central issue appears to be the value users place on the system being able to summarise analogues simply on key dimensions at a general level, as well as its ability to ‘drill down’ into the detail so that analogue representativeness can be established.

scholarly journals Ujian Nasional Dan Problem Sosial (Sebuah Analisis Terhadap Kebijakan Pendidikan Sebagai Proses Pengembangan Kepribadian)

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 223
Author(s):  
Hairiyah .
Keyword(s):  
Social Problems ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
Final Examination ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Interesting Discussion ◽  
Development Of Students

<p><em>National exam</em><em> or Final examination as an instrument to determine the student’s achievement by the end of this year still become an interesting discussion to be discussed. This theme is great interesting because it has big implications on many components including on the students. This paper will discuss the implications of national exam to personality development of students. It will begin with the basic policy implemented UN and be continued </em><em>with</em><em> the implications of the implementation of related social problems of personality development students. The writer also reveals about the advantages and disadvantages of many educational components as a result of the implementation of the UN.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong><em>Keyword</em></strong><em>; National Exam, Student’s personality development.</em></p>

scholarly journals Metode Pemahaman Islam Muḥammad Al-Ghazāli (Kajian Analisis Kitab Kaifa Nafham Al-Islām)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-170
Author(s):  
Munawir Darwis
Keyword(s):  
Social Problems ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Methodological Error ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
The People ◽  
Islamic Thought ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
Islamic Values

The Style of Islamic understanding has a correlation with the progress and welfare of its people. Methodological error to interpret Islam will be trapped in the stagnation of thought and decline of the people. Therefore, one of the efforts of the reformers of Islam was to reconstruct the methodology as an important tool in understanding Islam to be able to provide a solution to the problems of humanity and sovereignty. This research attempts to reveal how the approach used by Muhammad al-Ghazāli in understanding Islam, the background of his Islamic Thought and its advantages and disadvantages. Based on the result of the study, al-Ghazāli’s thought was influenced by educational background at Al-Azhar and social-political conditions in Egypt. One of the efforts made by al-Ghazāli was to call for a total return to the Islamic manhaj (way)  completely as the only way to overcome the religious and social problems of Muslims.This concept  methodologically is an effort to understand Islamic values ​​through the approach of the Qur'an and Sunnah which is interpreted through the spirit of rationality in the frame of moderation. Based on this approach Islam is not only understood as a doctrine but also a solutions to humanitarian and muslim problems.

Calibrated Proportionality

2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 92-122
Author(s):  
Rosalind Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Political Communication ◽  
Judicial Review ◽  
High Court ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
True Hybrid ◽  
Key Dimensions ◽  
Context Specific ◽  
Single Approach ◽  
Over Time

The High Court currently applies two different tests to determine the validity of laws that effectively burden the implied freedom of political communication (‘IFPC’) under the Constitution—a test of ‘structured proportionality’ and one of ‘calibrated scrutiny’. Both tests have potential advantages, and disadvantages, but there is also a case that, over time, the Court should again adopt a single approach to assessing the validity of laws burdening the IFPC. The article therefore explores what it might mean to create a true hybrid between the two current approaches—that is, a test of ‘calibrated proportionality’. Such an approach, it suggests, should be understood as having three key dimensions: first, explaining how and when certain context-specific ‘calibrating’ factors could usefully inform a test of ‘necessity’ and ‘adequacy in the balance’ under a test of structured proportionality; second, showing how attention to constitutional values can help calibrate the intensity of the Court’s application of the tests; and third, suggesting a well-identified continuum for calibrating the intensity of judicial review, based on four broad categories of case.

scholarly journals Sociological interpretation of social problems

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Oleksandr Katsora
Keyword(s):  
Social Problems ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
Historical Period ◽  
Value Conflict ◽  
Systematic Analysis ◽  
Social Pathology ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Sociological Approach ◽  
The Social ◽  
Sociological Approaches

In the article, the author analyzes the main sociological approaches to dealing the social problems, their historical development. Social problems are one of the hottest topics of modern society, which requires consideration of sociological science. The topic of social problems gains special significance in the context of social and economic tensions in ukrainian society. Of course, that social problems are not a phenomenon, that is present exclusively in the crisis period, but their worsening and spreading occurs in difficult socio-economic conditions. Therefore, the aim of the article is to analyze the main traditional and modern sociological approaches to understanding social problems. To achieve this goal, a systematic analysis (to describe the phenomenon of social problems) and a comparative-historical method (to outline traditional and modern sociological approaches to understanding social problems) were used.The article considers such sociological approaches to social problems as social pathology, social disorganization, functional and critical approaches, the approach of value conflict, constructionsite approach and the approach of «labelling». Each approach has its own peculiarities of consideration of social problems, that is related with the historical period in which it arose and settled down, and the views of members of a particular sociological approach to social problems. Moreover, considering the basic sociological approaches to understanding social problems, there is a certain evolution of these views. Two sociological groups of approaches to social problems that approach their definition from the objectivist and subjectivist side are substantiated and singled out. Also, the article discusses the main advantages and disadvantages of sociological approaches to dealing the social problems.

scholarly journals El teorema del sentido común guiado críticamente

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. C. F. Mansilla
Keyword(s):  
Critical Theory ◽  
Common Sense ◽  
Social Problems ◽  
Frankfurt School ◽  
Greek Philosophy ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Political Reality ◽  
The Social ◽  
Plausible Answer

RESUMENUn intento por comprender la realidad sociopolítica podría consistir en situarse entre posiciones que marcan polos opuestos en el espectro de las ideas. Desde la filosofía griega se conocen las bondades y desventajas de colocarse en puntos intermedios que se hallan entre actitudes extremas en lo concerniente a asuntos morales y sociales. Una de las respuestas plausibles es una forma de eclecticismo, que tendría la función de una síntesis fructífera. Este teorema del sentido común guiado críticamente se asienta en concepciones filosóficas clásicas, incluyendo la Escuela de Frankfurt. El ensayo pone como ejemplo principal el tratamiento de las utopías políticas.PLABARAS CLAVEARISTÓTELES, HABERMAS, HEGEL, SENTIDO COMÚN, TEORÍA CRÍTICA, UTOPÍAABSTRACTAn effort to understand the social-political reality could consist in taking a position between opposite poles in the spectrum of ideas. The advantages and disadvantages of placing oneself midway between extreme attitudes concerning moral and social problems have been aknowledged since Greek philosophy. A plausible answer is a form of eclecticism, which could have the function of a fertile synthesis. This theorem of a critically guided common sense is based on classic philosophic conceptions, including the Frankfurt School. This essay sets the analysis of political utopias as a main example.KEY WORDSARISTOTLE, COMMON SENSE, CRITICAL THEORY, UTOPY

Cryogenic atomic force microscopy

1991 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 54-55
Author(s):  
K. A. Fisher ◽  
M. G. L. Gustafsson ◽  
M. B. Shattuck ◽  
J. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Room Temperature ◽  
Rapid Freezing ◽  
Cryogenic Temperatures ◽  
Soft Or ◽  
Electrically Conductive ◽  
Force Microscopy ◽  
Flexible Molecules ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Atomic Force ◽  
Chemical Perturbation

The atomic force microscope (AFM) is capable of imaging electrically conductive and non-conductive surfaces at atomic resolution. When used to image biological samples, however, lateral resolution is often limited to nanometer levels, due primarily to AFM tip/sample interactions. Several approaches to immobilize and stabilize soft or flexible molecules for AFM have been examined, notably, tethering coating, and freezing. Although each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, rapid freezing techniques have the special advantage of avoiding chemical perturbation, and minimizing physical disruption of the sample. Scanning with an AFM at cryogenic temperatures has the potential to image frozen biomolecules at high resolution. We have constructed a force microscope capable of operating immersed in liquid n-pentane and have tested its performance at room temperature with carbon and metal-coated samples, and at 143° K with uncoated ferritin and purple membrane (PM).

A conduction-cooled stage for high-resolution Cryo-SEM

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1282-1283
Author(s):  
John G. Sheehan
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Liquid Nitrogen ◽  
Mechanical Stability ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Cold Trap ◽  
Nitrogen Gas ◽  
Particulate Suspensions ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Convection Cooling ◽  
Styrene Butadiene

The goal is to examine with high resolution cryo-SEM aqueous particulate suspensions used in coatings for printable paper. A metal-coating chamber for cryo-preparation of such suspensions was described previously. Here, a new conduction-cooling system for the stage and cold-trap in an SEM specimen chamber is described. Its advantages and disadvantages are compared to a convection-cooling system made by Hexland (model CT1000A) and its mechanical stability is demonstrated by examining a sample of styrene-butadiene latex.In recent high resolution cryo-SEM, some stages are cooled by conduction, others by convection. In the latter, heat is convected from the specimen stage by cold nitrogen gas from a liquid-nitrogen cooled evaporative heat exchanger. The advantage is the fast cooling: the Hexland CT1000A cools the stage from ambient temperature to 88 K in about 20 min. However it consumes huge amounts of liquid-nitrogen and nitrogen gas: about 1 ℓ/h of liquid-nitrogen and 400 gm/h of nitrogen gas. Its liquid-nitrogen vessel must be re-filled at least every 40 min.

Computer simulations for the TEM bend contour technique

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 134-135
Author(s):  
Vladimir Yu. Kolosov ◽  
Anders R. Thölén
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulations ◽  
Real Space ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Short Overview ◽  
Diffraction Contrast ◽  
Beam Method ◽  
Convergent Beam ◽  
Contour Technique

In this paper we give a short overview of two TEM applications utilizing the extinction bend contour technique (BC) giving the advantages and disadvantages; especially we consider two areas in which the BC technique remains unique. Special attention is given to an approach including computer simulations of TEM micrographs.BC patterns are often observed in TEM studies but are rarely exploited in a serious way. However, this type of diffraction contrast was one of the first to be used for analysis of imperfections in crystalline foils, but since then only some groups have utilized the BC technique. The most extensive studies were performed by Steeds, Eades and colleagues. They were the first to demonstrate the unique possibilities of the BC method and named it real space crystallography, which developed later into the somewhat similar but more powerful convergent beam method. Maybe, due to the difficulties in analysis, BCs have seldom been used in TEM, and then mainly to visualize different imperfections and transformations.

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