scholarly journals Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni Leaves Extract as a Nutraceutical with Hypoglycemic Activity in Diabetic Rats

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 182-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keri Lestari ◽  
Abdurahman Ridho ◽  
Nuning Nurcayani ◽  
Zelika Mega Ramadhania ◽  
Melisa Intan Barliana
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Stevia Rebaudiana ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Hypoglycemic Activity ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sugar Solution ◽  
Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus is growing every year, including in Indonesia. Medicinal herbs were used empirically for lowering blood glucose. One of potential herb to have hypoglycemic activity is Stevia. Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni leaves contain stevoside, a natural, low-calorie sweetener that is 300 times sweeter than saccharose. In this study, we aimed to explore the hypoglycemic activity of S. rebaudiana Bertoni leaves extract in a rat model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: Male Wistar rats were feed high-fat, high-carbohydrate feed and sugar solution for 74 days to induce a diabetic rat model. The animals were then divided into five groups consisting of a negative control group treated with 2% Pulvis Gom Arabicum; a positive control group treated with Metformin 45 mg/kg body weight (BW); and three test groups treated with aqueous extract of S. rebaudiana Bertoni leaves at doses of 3.125, 6.25 and 12.5 mg/kg BW for 36 days. Blood glucose was measured on days 14, 28 and 36.RESULTS: The results showed that blood glucose levels over 36 days were significantly (p=0.043) lower in the group treated with S. rebaudiana Bertoni leaves extract. Further Newman-Keuls analysis suggested that the hypoglycemic activity of S. rebaudiana Bertoni leaves extract was dose-dependent. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that S. rebaudiana Bertoni leaves extract has a potential role as a hypoglycemic agent in the treatment of T2DM.KEYWORDS: Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, nutraceuticals, hypoglycemic, diabetic rats

scholarly journals Comparative efficacy of powdered form of stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) leaves and glimepiride in induced diabetic rats

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 211-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
MH Sumon ◽  
M Mostofa ◽  
MS Jahan ◽  
MEH Kayesh ◽  
MA Haque
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Stevia Rebaudiana ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Stevia Rebaudiana Bertoni ◽  
Powdered Form

Now a day, various medicinal plants are becoming popular for the treatment of different diseases. Some medicinal plants are being used for the treatment of diabetes all over the world. The study was conducted to investigate the effects of powdered form of Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) leaves on blood glucose concentration and body weight in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats and for its efficacy study with a patent drug, Glimepiride. The effects of powdered form of Stevia leaves was evaluated in the Streptozotocin (STZ; 55 mg/kg body weight as single intraperitoneal injection) induced diabetic rats and for this, powdered form of Stevia leaves was orally administered at three different dose rates of 150 mg/kg, 200 mg/Kg and 250 mg/Kg body weight, respectively once a day for 3 weeks. Changes in the blood glucose levels and body weights were measured and the data obtained were compared with that of Glimepiride statistically by using Student's unpaired t-test. The powdered form of Stevia leaves produced significant (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) hypoglycemic effects on Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats in comparison with that of the standard drug, Glimepiride. Powdered form of Stevia leaves at a dose rate of 250 mg/Kg decreased body weight significantly (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05) in STZ-induced diabetic rats. From this study, it was observed that powdered form of Stevia leaves possessed both hypoglycemic and body weight reducing effects. Key words: Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, glimepiride, streptozotocin, diabetic rat doi: 10.3329/bjvm.v6i2.2338 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2008). 6 (2): 211-215

Anti-diabetic activity of diphenhydramine in diabetic rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5067-5070
Author(s):  
Pang Jyh Chayng ◽  
Nurul Ain ◽  
Kaswandi Md Ambia ◽  
Rahim Md Noah
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Insulin Level ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Group Iv ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Group I

The purpose of this project is to study the anti-diabetic effect of on a diabetic rat model. A total of Twenty male Sprague rats were used and it randomly distributed into four groups which are Group I: , Group II: negative control, Group III: and Group IV: and . In diabetic model were induced with via injection at the dosage of 65mg/kg. and FBG (Fasting Blood Glucose) level of diabetic rats were assessed every three days. Blood was collected via cardiac puncture at day 21 after the induction of treatment. Insulin level of the rats was assessed with the Mercodia Rat Insulin ELISA kit. FBG level of group I (12.16 ±3.96, p&lt;0.05) and group IV (11.34 ±3.67, p&lt;0.05) were significantly decreased. Meanwhile, the for all rats did not show any significant increase. However, the insulin level was escalated in group IV (0.74+0.25, p&lt;0.05) significantly. The present study shows that the and the combination of and lowered blood glucose level and enhanced insulin secretion.

Exercise and Stevia Rebaudiana (R) Extracts Attenuate Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Rats: Possible Underlying Mechanisms

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 1117-1132
Author(s):  
Abdelaziz M. Hussein ◽  
Elsayed A. Eid ◽  
Ismaeel Bin-Jaliah ◽  
Medhat Taha ◽  
Lashin S. Lashin
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Stress ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Cardiomyopathy ◽  
Caspase 3 ◽  
Stevia Rebaudiana ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Type 2 Diabetic

Background and Aims: In the current work, we studied the effects of exercise and stevia rebaudiana (R) extracts on diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) in type 2 diabetic rats and their possible underlying mechanisms. Methods: : Thirty-two male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly allocated into 4 equal groups; a) normal control group, b) DM group, type 2 diabetic rats received 2 ml oral saline daily for 4 weeks, c) DM+ Exercise, type 2 diabetic rats were treated with exercise for 4 weeks and d) DM+ stevia R extracts: type 2 diabetic rats received methanolic stevia R extracts. By the end of the experiment, serum blood glucose, HOMA-IR, insulin and cardiac enzymes (LDH, CK-MB), cardiac histopathology, oxidative stress markers (MDA, GSH and CAT), myocardial fibrosis by Masson trichrome, the expression of p53, caspase-3, α-SMA and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) by immunostaining in myocardial tissues were measured. Results: T2DM caused a significant increase in blood glucose, HOMA-IR index, serum CK-MB and LDH, myocardial damage and fibrosis, myocardial MDA, myocardial α-SMA, p53, caspase-3, Nrf2 and TH density with a significant decrease in serum insulin and myocardial GSH and CAT (p< 0.05). On the other hand, treatment with either exercise or stevia R extracts significantly improved all studied parameters (p< 0.05). Moreover, the effects of stevia R was more significant than exercise (p< 0.05). Conclusion: Both exercise and methanolic stevia R extracts showed cardioprotective effects against DCM and Stevia R offered more cardioprotective than exercise. This cardioprotective effect of these lines of treatment might be due to attenuation of oxidative stress, apoptosis, sympathetic nerve density and fibrosis and upregulation of the antioxidant transcription factor, Nrf2.

scholarly journals Diabetes mellitus increased integrins gene expression in rat endometrium at the time of embryo implantation

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abbas Bakhteyari ◽  
Yasaman Zarrin ◽  
Parvaneh Nikpour ◽  
Zeinab Sadat Hosseiny ◽  
Zeinab Sadat Hosseiny ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Group Treatment ◽  
Embryo Implantation ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Genes Expression ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle

Background: Diabetes mellitus deeply changes the genes expression of integrin (Itg) subunits in several cells and tissues such as monocytes, arterial endothelium, kidney glomerular cells, retina. Furthermore, hyperglycemia could impress and reduce the rate of successful assisted as well as non-assisted pregnancy. Endometrium undergoes thorough changes in normal menstrual cycle and the question is: What happens in the endometrium under diabetic condition? Objective: The aim of the current study was to investigate the endometrial gene expression of α3, α4, αv, Itg β1 and β3 subunits in diabetic rat models at the time of embryo implantation. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group, diabetic group, pioglitazone-treated group, and metformin-treated group. Real-time PCR was performed to determine changes in the expression of Itg α3, α4, αv, β1, and β3 genes in rat’s endometrium. Results: The expression of all Itg subunits increased significantly in diabetic rats’ endometrium compared with control group. Treatment with pioglitazone significantly reduced the level of Itg subunits gene expression compared with diabetic rats. While metformin had a different effect on α3 and α4 and elevated these two subunits gene expression. Conclusion: Diabetes mellitus significantly increased the expression of studied Itg subunits, therefore untreated diabetes could be potentially assumed as one of the preliminary elements in embryo implantation failure.

scholarly journals BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS AND THE MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE OF KIDNEY WISTAR RAT DIABETES MELLITUS UNDER THE EFFECT OF LAWSONIA INERMIS (LINN.) LEAVES ETHANOLIC EXTRACT

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 257
Author(s):  
Mutiara Indah Sari ◽  
Maya Anjelir Antika ◽  
Dwi Rita Anggraini
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Wistar Rat ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Lawsonia Inermis ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Glucose Levels

 Objective: Lawsonia inermis (Linn.) leaves are one of the alternative medicines to treat diabetes mellitus in Indonesia. We investigated the blood glucose level (BGL) of the L. inermis (Linn.) leaves ethanolic extract (LLEE) leaves and evaluated the histopathological alterations in diabetic rats.Methods: This study was an experimental study with posttest - only control group design. Alloxan (120 mg/kg, intraperitoneally)-induced diabetic rats. 35 of Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided randomly into five groups, i.e. K: Normal control, P1: Diabetic control, and P2, P3, and P4 (200 mg/kg body weight [BW], 400 mg/kg BW, and 600 mg/kg BW of LLEE, orally) for 28 days. At the end of the treatment, the rats were sacrificed to obtain the kidney for histopathological evaluation using hematoxylin and eosin technique. BGLs were conducted using a glucose meter (GlucoDR).Results: One-way ANOVA test showed that dose 400 mg/kg BW of the LLEE was related to BGL of alloxan-induced diabetic rats (p=0.000). The histopathological of kidney showed glomerular inflammation (GI), epithelial membrane lining degeneration, vascular congestion, and interstitial tubule hemorrhage at diabetic control (P1). Meanwhile, treated with 600 mg/kg BW of LLEE (P4) showed increase cellular regeneration as normal architecture of the kidney.Conclusion: The LLEE at dose 400 mg/kg BW effective decreased BGL and was able to restore the kidney destruction of alloxan-induced diabetic rats at dose 600 mg/kg BW.

scholarly journals Anti-hyperglycemic Effects of Diacerein in Alloxan-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Wistar Albino Rats

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-113
Author(s):  
Arsalan Uqaili ◽  
Samia Siddiqui ◽  
Roomi Aijaz ◽  
Yar Muhammad Nizammani ◽  
Navaid Kazi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Diabetic Control ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Group B ◽  
Group D

Objective: To determine the anti-hyperglycemic effects of interleukin-1 inhibitor (diacerein) in alloxan induced diabetic albino wistar rats. This experimental study was performed at the Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Sciences, Sindh Agriculture University, Tando Jam within 6 months from April 2016 to September 2016. Total of 160 adult Albino Wistar Rats having an average of 200 to 300 grams body weights were selected. Animals were categorized into 4 groups as; Group A (n=15): Control rats – receive 0.9% normal saline as placebo Experimental Groups Group B (n=15): Experimental Control (Diabetic rats) - Alloxan50 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneal. Group C (n=15): Diabetic rats + Diacerein (30 mg/kg/day) orally daily. Group D (n=15): Diabetic rats + Diacerein (50 mg/kg/day) orally daily. Animals were kept and treated as per the NIH Guideline for Use and Care of Laboratory Animals. Diabetes mellitus was induced via a single intraperitoneal injection of 50 milligram/kg alloxan monohydrated dissolved in aseptic 0.9% saline. After 72 hours, blood specimens were taken from the caudal vein of the rats and glucose level>200 mg/dL was taken as diabetes. Experimental rats were given diacerein approximately 30 and 50 mg orally for 6 weeks. At the completion of experiment the body weight was measured of each animal by electronic measuring balance and blood sample was taken from each animal of all groups to assess the blood glucose level and HbA1c level. Data were recorded via self-made proforma and analysis was done by using SPSS version 20. Results: Average body weight of Diabetic control (Group B) was 193.33±22.50 grams, which was lower in contrast to Diacerein treated group C 202.47±25.70 grams and significantly lower as compared to Diacerein treated group D as  212.6±23.43 grams. A significant increase in blood glucose levels 182.07±10.63 mg/dl was noted in the Diabetic control (Group B) compared to Diacerein treated group C (110.13± 8.54 mg/dl) and group D (85.87±8.41 mg/dl) (P=0.001). HbA1c was markedly raised in the Group B- diabetic controls, while diacerein treated diabetic rats (groups C and D) showed a significant decrease in HbA1c (P=0.001). Conclusion: It was concluded that Diacerein achieves the Euglycemic state by reducing the levels of blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in Alloxan-Induced diabetes mellitus in Wistar Albino Rats.

scholarly journals Effect of Baluran Gum Arabic on Blood Glucose Level in Diabetic Rat (Rattus Novergicus )

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Hidayat Teguh Wiyono ◽  
Eva Tyas Utami ◽  
Dinna Wahyu Putri Wardhani
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Normal Range ◽  
Reduce Blood Glucose ◽  
Reduce Blood Glucose Level

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease which indicated with increasing blood glucose level. Carbohidrate, protein, mineral and secondary metabolite (alkaloid, tannin and saponin) can be benefical to treat diabetes mellitus. Rats were randomly divided into three groups. First, control group. Second, STZ group, untreated diabetic. Third, STZ+GA 15% group, diabetic treated with GA 15%. Result showed that blood glucose level before STZ induction on control and STZ group within normal range 78,57±11,90 mg/dL and 74,85±6,86 mg/dL. Blood glucose level significantly increase after STZ induction on STZ and STZ+GA 15% group become 375±6,53 mg/dL and 346,42±50,23 mg/dL. Diabetic rat treated with GA 15% revealed decrease in blood glucose level compared to untreated diabetic rat. Blood glucose level on STZ+GA 15% group continuously decrease become 96,42±13,45 mg/dL and 82,14±9,19 mg/dL. In conclusion, GA 15% could reduce blood glucose level on diabetic rat.

scholarly journals Allogeneic diabetic mesenchymal stem cells transplantation in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat

2008 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 328 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qing-Yu Dong ◽  
Li Chen ◽  
Guan-Qi Gao ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
Jun Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Pancreatic Regeneration ◽  
Insulin Producing Cells ◽  
The Status

Background: Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are multipotent stroma cells which can provide a potential therapy for diabetes mellitus. But the mechanism is still controversial. Also, the status of BM-MSCs under hyperglycemia is not known. In the present study, we investigated the status of BM-MSCs in experimental-diabetic rat and demonstrated the rescue of experimental diabetes by diabetic MSCs transplantation. Methods: BM-MSCs were cultured and the potential of multiple-differentiation was identified through induction into osteoblasts. MSCs of passage 3 were used for the following experiment. The MSCs were labeled with 5-bromo-2?-deoxyuridine (BrdU). Diabetes in rats was induced by STZ injection. The rats were divided into three groups: normal control group (no DM, rats treated with saline through tail vein, n=10); DM control group (DM, no transplantation of MSCs, n=20); experimental group (DM and transplantation of MSCs, n=20). Body weight and blood glucose of the rats were monitored during the experiment after transplantation of MSCs. Paraffin sections of pancreas were obtained from rats of each group. Immuno-histochemistry analysis and double immunofluorescence were used to detect the BM-MSCs in the pancreatic tissue and their differentiating state. Results: MSCs were 89.5% labeled by BrdU and DAPI, which was green/blue double stained under fluorescent microscopy. Transplantation of diabetic MSCs resulted in a reduction of hyperglycemia on day 45 in experimental diabetic rats compared with control rats (17.7 mM ±3.9 vs 27.8 mM ± 2.1, P < 0.05), There was also a difference between MSC-treated experimental diabetic rats and control rats in body weight (232.7 g ±19.7 vs 133.3g ±13.1, P < 0.05). Histological and morphometric analysis of the pancreas of experimental diabetic rats showed the presence and differentiation of transplanted MSCs into insulin-producing cells which evidenced by double-staining of anti-BrdU and insulin. Also, there were many small islets throughout the sections. Their mean area and diameter analysis revealed that they were smaller thancontrol islets (1835.7 ± 175.8 µm2 vs 13257.2 ± 1457.6 µm2; 43.5 ± 3.7 µm vs 119.9 ± 5.8 µm, respectively, P < 0.05). Conclusion: Allogeneic MSCs transplantation can reduce blood glucose level in recipient rats. A relatively small quantity of transplanted diabetic MSCs survive and transdifferentiate into insulin-producing cells in the pancreas of recipient rats. Upon transplantation these cells initiate endogenous pancreatic regeneration by neogenesis of islet of recipient origin. The present study demonstrates that diabetic MSCs retains its stemness and potential to induce pancreatic regeneration on transplantation.

scholarly journals Antioxidant and anti-diabetic effects of caffeic acid in a rat model of diabetes

2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1227-1232
Author(s):  
Wenguang Xu ◽  
Qiong Luo ◽  
Xiuying Wen ◽  
Ming Xiao ◽  
Qijian Mei
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Caffeic Acid ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Fasting Blood Glucose ◽  
Antioxidant Potential ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Histopathological Analysis ◽  
Acid Administration

Purpose: To determine the antioxidant and anti-diabetic potential of a natural flavonoid, caffeic acid in a streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model.Methods: Experimental diabetes was induced in Wistar rats using streptozotocin injection. Caffeic acid was administered orally on daily basis for 5 weeks. A glucometer was used to monitor fasting blood glucose levels. Insulin levels were estimated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The antioxidant potential of caffeic acid was measured by determining the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT), and levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) in rat liver. Standard assays were performed to determine the lipid profile of the rats. Histopathological analysis was performed to determine differences in microscopic structures of pancreas among the different treatment groups.Results: Caffeic acid administration resulted in significant enhancement of serum insulin level, and decrease in blood glucose level of diabetic rat models (p < 0.05). Caffeic acid exerted antioxidant effects by significantly increasing GSH levels and activities of CAT and SOD (p < 0.05). Histologicalexamination of the pancreas depicted normal islet morphology under caffeic acid administration in diabetic rats.Conclusion: These results reveal the antioxidant potential and anti-diabetic effect of caffeic acid in a diabetic rat model and point towards the potential applicability of caffeic acid in the management of diabetes mellitus. Keywords: Diabetes mellitus, Streptozotocin, Caffeic acid, Phenolics, Anti-diabetic, Antioxidant

scholarly journals Superoxide dismutase 3 prevents early stage diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262396
Author(s):  
Ji-Yeon Lee ◽  
Mirinae Kim ◽  
Su Bin Oh ◽  
Hae-Young Kim ◽  
Chongtae Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Diabetic Retinopathy ◽  
Rat Model ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Photopic Negative Response ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Diabetic Rat Model

Purpose To identify the effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD)3 on diabetes mellitus (DM)-induced retinal changes in a diabetic rat model. Methods Diabetic models were established by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in Sprague-Dawley rats. After purification of the recombinant SOD3, intravitreal injection of SOD3 was performed at the time of STZ injection, and 1 and 2 weeks following STZ injection. Scotopic and photopic electroretinography (ERG) were recorded. Immunofluorescence staining with ɑ-smooth muscle actin (SMA), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), Flt1, recoverin, parvalbumin, extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3), 8-Hydroxy-2’deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and tumor necrosis factor-ɑ (TNF-ɑ) were evaluated. Results In the scotopic ERG, the diabetic group showed reduced a- and b-wave amplitudes compared with the control group. In the photopic ERG, b-wave amplitude showed significant (p < 0.0005) reduction at 8 weeks following DM induction. However, the trend of a- and b-wave reduction was not evident in the SOD3 treated group. GFAP, Flt1, 8-OHdG and TNF-ɑ immunoreactivity were increased, and ɑ-SMA, PEDF and SOD3 immunoreactivity were decreased in the diabetic retina. The immunoreactivity of these markers was partially recovered in the SOD3 treated group. Parvalbumin expression was not decreased in the SOD3 treated group. In the diabetic retinas, the immunoreactivity of recoverin was weakly detected in both of the inner nuclear layer and inner plexiform layer compared to the control group but not in the SOD3 treated group. Conclusions SOD3 treatment attenuated the loss of a/b-wave amplitudes in the diabetic rats, which was consistent with the immunohistochemical evaluation. We also suggest that in rod-dominant rodents, the use of blue on green photopic negative response (PhNR) is effective in measuring the inner retinal function in animal models of diabetic retinopathy. SOD3 treatment ameliorated the retinal Müller cell activation in diabetic rats and pericyte dysfunction. These results suggested that SOD3 exerted protective effects on the development of diabetic retinopathy.

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