scholarly journals PEDAGOGIA DO EXEMPLO: a autobiografia de Loyola e as missões na América Portuguesa do século XVI

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Leandro Lente de Andrade ◽  
Marcos Roberto de Faria
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Radical Change ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Fundamental Importance ◽  
Spiritual Exercises ◽  
Religious Order ◽  
Secular Clergy ◽  
Self Examination ◽  
Practical Conduct

Tendo em vista a dimensão educacional dos jesuítas na Europa e a expressiva ação dos homens de preto nas terras além-mar, marcando por mais de dois séculos o período colonial brasílico, o artigo analisa dois documentos do fundador da ordem religiosa Companhia de Jesus, Inácio de Loyola: a Autobiografia e os Exercícios Espirituais; e, também, as cartas dos primeiros jesuítas em missão na América portuguesa do século XVI. Nesse sentido, é tomada a característica pedagógica jesuítica do exemplo. A Autobiografia é interpretada como uma obra elaborada com a finalidade de expor um exemplo a ser seguido e, portanto, norteadora do modus procedendi jesuítico. Os Exercícios Espirituais como fruto dessa pedagogia, como um manual de imersão mística possibilitando a conversão e a alteração radical na conduta moral, religiosa e prática do exercitante por meio do autoexame. Assim, os missionários pioneiros reproduzem a fundamental importância da ação exemplar como meio de ensino. No entanto, o embate com os maus exemplos dos colonos e do clero secular parecem desfavorecer as investidas dos padres, fazendo com que o desafio da conversão do gentio tenha dificuldades além das relações entre jesuítas e nativos.EXAMPLE PEDAGOGY: Loyola's autobiography and Missions in 16th century Portuguese AmericaABSTRACTConsidering the educational dimension of the Jesuits in Europe and the expressive action of the men in black in the lands beyond the sea, marking for more than two centuries the Brazilian colonial period, the article analyzed two documents of the founder of the religious order Company of Jesus, Ignatius of Loyola: the Autobiography and the Spiritual Exercises; and also the letters of the first Jesuits on mission in Portuguese America of the sixteenth century. In this sense, the Jesuit pedagogical characteristic of the example is taken. The Autobiography is interpreted as a work elaborated with the purpose of exposing an example to be followed and, therefore, guiding the Jesuit modus procedendi. The Spiritual Exercises as a result of this pedagogy, as a manual of mystical immersion enabling the conversion and radical change in the moral, religious and practical conduct of the exerciser through self-examination. Thus, the pioneer missionaries reproduce the fundamental importance of exemplary action as a means of teaching. However, the clash with the bad examples of settlers and secular clergy seems to disadvantage the priests' onslaughts, making the challenge of the conversion of the gentile difficult beyond relations between Jesuits and natives.Keywords: Jesuits. Pedagogy of the Example. Autobiography. Spiritual Exercises. Letters. Missions.PEDAGOGÍA DEL EJEMPLO: la autobiografía y las misiones de Loyola y las misiones en América Portuguesa del siglo XVIRESUMENTomando en cuenta la dimensión educativa de los jesuitas en Europa y la expresiva acción de los hombres de negro en las tierras más extremas del mar, marcando por más de los siglos el período colonial brasilero, el artículo analiza dos documentos del fundador del orden religioso Compañía de Jesús, Ignacio de Loyola: la Autobiografía y los Ejercicios Espirituales; y también las las cartas de los primeros jesuitas en misión en la América portuguesa del siglo XVI. En ese sentido, se toma la característica pedagógica jesuítica del ejemplo. La Autobiografía es interpretada como una obra elaborada con la finalidad de exponer un ejemplo a seguir y, por lo tanto, orientadora del modus procedendi jesuítico. Los Ejercicios Espirituales como fruto de esta pedagogía, como un manual de inmersión mística posibilitando la conversión y la alteración radical en la conducta moral, religiosa y práctica del ejercitante por medio del autoexamen. Así, los misioneros pioneros reproducen la fundamental importancia de la acción ejemplar como medio de enseñanza. Sin embargo, el embate con los malos ejemplos de los colonos y del clero secular parece desfavorecer las embestidas de los sacerdotes, haciendo que el desafío de la conversión del gentil tenga dificultades más allá de las relaciones entre jesuitas y nativos.Palabras clave:Jesuitas. Pedagogía del Ejemplo. Autobiografía. Ejercicios Espirituales. Cartas. Misiones.

‘Insolence and pride’: problems with the representation of the South-East Asian Portuguese communities in Alexander Hamilton's ‘A New Account of the East Indies’ (1727)

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-235
Author(s):  
STEFAN HALIKOWSKI-SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
East Asia ◽  
East Asian ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
East Indies ◽  
Historical Developments ◽  
Rhetorical Tropes

AbstractOne of the most influential European printed sources on South-East Asia at the turn of the eighteenth century was the Scottish sea-captain Alexander Hamilton's memoirs. The picture he paints of the Portuguese communities that had existed since the period of Portuguese ascendancy in the sixteenth century is overwhelmingly negative. But a close textual and empirical analysis of his text shows that not only was he frequently misinformed in terms of the historical developments relating to that community, but that he merely conforms to a set of standard rhetorical tropes we can associate with the Black Legend, which had grown up in Protestant countries of northern Europe since the 16th century to denigrate Portugal and her achievements. This article urges that this key text consequently be used with far greater circumspection than has hitherto been the case.

Confessions

2018 ◽  
pp. 18-41
Author(s):  
Matthew D. O'Hara
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Free Will ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Religion And Spirituality ◽  
The Future

This chapter discusses the conceptual and practical tools of Catholicism that many colonial subjects used to shape their futures. Christianity came with a host of ideas and practices that influenced one's relationship to the future, even the future of eternity in the form of salvation or damnation. Introduced through European missionaries in the sixteenth century, such concepts as free will and sin demanded new ways not only of thinking about religion and spirituality but also of living and relating to time. The chapter draws on a rich body of scholarship related to these themes but also delves into a unique set of primary sources, especially the intriguing genre of confession manuals. When examined over the arc of the colonial period, these sources reveal an evolving sense of individual futuremaking through the tools of Catholicism.

scholarly journals Co się stało z konfessyjonistą? Dzieje leksemu w polszczyźnie

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 207-219
Author(s):  
Paulina Michalska-Górecka
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Counter Reformation ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
History Of

The history of the lexeme konfessyjonista shows that the word is a neologism that functioned in the literature of the sixteenth century in connection with religious documents/books, such as the Protestant confessions. Formally and semantically, it refers to Confessio Augustana, also to her Polish translations, and to the Konfesja sandomierska, as well as konfessyja as a kind of genre. In the Reformation and Counter-Reformation period, the word konfessyja was needed by the Protestants; the word konfessyjonista was derived from him by the Catholics for their needs. The lexeme had an offensive tone and referred to a confessional supporter as a supporter of the Reformation. Perhaps the oldest of his certifications comes from an anonymous text from 1561, the year in which two Polish translations of Augustana were announced. The demand for a konfessyjonista noun probably did not go beyond the 16th century, its notations come only from the 60s, 70s and 80s of this century.

Reorientation of Confucian Social Thought in the Age of Wang Yangming

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying-shih Yü
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Political Thinking ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
New Era ◽  
Wang Yangming ◽  
Merchant Class ◽  
History Of ◽  
Confucian Scholar

This essay examines how the most notable Neo-Confucian scholar Wang Yangming (1472-1529) re-oriented his Confucian project in the context of Ming despotism. It argues that Confucianism took a decidedly new turn in the sixteenth century and that Wang Yangming was at the center of this development from the sixteenth century to the early decades of the eighteenth. Details how Wang shifted the earlier central role of Confucian intellectuals in implementing reforms under the imperial support to enlightening the ordinary Chinese people, specifically including the merchant class, that they could realize the Dao or the Moral Way in their daily lives. This shift not only led to a new era of social and political thinking in the history of Confucianism, but also to the rise of the merchant class to unprecedented social and cultural prominence in the 16th century.

The Colonial Economy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavio Versiani
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Political Influence ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Slave Labor ◽  
Private Initiative ◽  
Colonial Economy ◽  
Colonial Government ◽  
Productivity Gains

The chapter deals with characteristics of the Brazilian colonial period (from 1500 to independence from Portugal in 1822) that have exercised a significant influence on later developments. Three aspects of the institutional framework of Portuguese colonization are emphasized: the relations between the colonial government and the private sector; the pattern of access to land by colonists; and the widespread use of slave labor. It is argued that colonial policies were detrimental to private initiative, hampering access to productivity gains from industrialization in the eighteenth century. Distribution of land, in large tracts, to privileged individuals was instrumental in establishing a pattern of inequality in wealth, power, and political influence; the landless majority helped to bring about an elastic supply of labor in later periods. Slavery, which dominated the labor market from the sixteenth century to the nineteenth, was an element of the inequality in income distribution that persists to the present.

Digital Resources: Online Finding Aid for the Archivo General de Centro América

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosemary A. Joyce ◽  
Russell N. Sheptak
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
National Endowment ◽  
Digital Resources ◽  
Document Collections ◽  
Reference Number ◽  
History Of ◽  
Original Record ◽  
Opening Up

The Online Finding Aid for the Archivo General de Centro América will provide increased ways for researchers to identify documents of interest in a widely distributed microfilm copy of this primary resource for the history of Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Chiapas (Mexico). The original archive, located in Guatemala, houses approximately 147,000 registered document collections from the colonial period, ranging in date from the 16th century to independence from Spain in 1821. The microfilm copy, composed of almost 4,000 reels of microfilm, is organized according to basic keywords designating the original province in colonial Guatemala, a year, and a subject-matter keyword. Also associated in the basic records of the finding aid (which are already available online) are the reference number assigned each document in the original archive, and the specific reel(s) on which it is found. With funding from the National Endowment for the Humanities, enhanced records are being created for documents dating between 1700 and 1821 identified as associated with Guatemala, the administrative heart of the colony, for which there are no published indices. Enhanced records add names of people and places not recorded in the original record, opening up the microfilm collection, and through it, the original archive, to broader social history including studies of the roles of women, indigenous people, and African-descendant people.

An Interjection of the Royal Prerogative Into the Legal and Ecclesiastical Affairs of Cheshire in the Fifteen Seventies

1973 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 226-236
Author(s):  
Michael B. Pulman
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Infinite Series ◽  
Central Government ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Successful Completion ◽  
The South ◽  
Definition Of

It has been remarked that the dissolution of the monasteries amounted to an infinite series of adjustments. This could hardly be more true than it is in the case of what happened to the lands of the dissolved abbey of St. Werburgh in Chester—a city about one hundred and seventy miles northwest of London, situated in a section of the country that was, at least compared with much of the south, uncouth and backward. Here the process of adjustment was so protracted, and in the end productive of so much acrimony, that the intervention of the highest authority in the land—that of the queen herself—was directly necessary for its successful completion, and, even with that intervention, a final concord was scarcely achieved before the 16th century gave way to the seventeenth. In Cheshire, the upheaval caused by the sudden disappearance of the regular Church was long in settling down. Settlement there was, eventually, but it was so slow in coming that one might consider amending the definition of the dissolution mentioned above to read: an infinite series of adjustments, almost infinitely prolonged.What happened in Cheshire can be seen from at least two viewpoints. It can be viewed as providing spectacular evidence as to who benefited the most from Henry VIII's attack upon the ecclesiastical institution; or it can be cited as a case study of just how the central government exercised its control over local affairs during the latter sixteenth century. Here I am concerned with both.

The Mexican Inquisition and the Indians: Sources for the Ethnohistorian

1978 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard E. Greenleaf
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Social Organization ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Culture Shock ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Colonial Mexico ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
Catholic Culture ◽  
Burial Rites ◽  
Religious Syncretism

The Holy Office of the Inquisition in colonial Mexico had as its purpose the defense of Spanish religion and Spanish-Catholic culture against individuals who held heretical views and people who showed lack of respect for religious principles. Inquisition trials of Indians suggest that a prime concern of the Mexican Church in the sixteenth century was recurrent idolatry and religious syncretism. During the remainder of the colonial period and until 1818, the Holy Office of the Inquisition continued to investigate Indian transgressions against orthodoxy, and to provide the modern researcher with unique documentation for the study of mixture of religious beliefs. The “Procesos de Indios” and other subsidiary documentation from Inquisition archives present crucial data for the ethnologist and ethnohistorian, preserving for him a view of native religion at the time of Spanish contact, eyewitness accounts of post-conquest idolatry and sacrifice, burial rites, native dances and ceremonies as well as data on genealogy, social organization, political intrigues, and cultural dislocation as the Iberian and Mesoamerican civilizations collided. As “culture shock” continued to reverberate across the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, Inquisition manuscripts reveal the extent of Indian resistance or accommodation to Spanish Catholic culture.

scholarly journals Relacionamentos e Conflitos no Universo Feminino: as Denunciantes no Tribunal do Santo Ofício na América Portuguesa (Século XVI)

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Juliana De Mello Moraes ◽  
Maria Cláudia De Faveri Luz
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Daily Life ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Occupational Profile ◽  
The Feminine ◽  
Great Relevance ◽  
Female Voices

Em Pernambuco, ao final do século XVI, muitas mulheres se dirigiram ao inquisidor para denunciar amigos, familiares, conhecidos ou desconhecidos. Apesar das inúmeras possibilidades para explicar essas ações, o ato de procurar o Santo Ofício no intuito de prestar seu depoimento denota a essas fontes grande relevância, pois as vozes femininas emergem nos registros inquisitoriais. Entretanto, as denúncias e seus protagonistas, ou seja, as denunciadoras, suas motivações e o conteúdo das acusações ainda carecem de estudos pormenorizados na historiografia brasileira. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa consiste na análise das denunciantes, ou seja, seu perfil sócio-ocupacional, bem como das relações de conflito que as envolviam e também aquelas suscitadas ou reforçadas pela presença do inquisidor. Constata-se que o esforço pela sobrevivência e as dificuldades do dia-a-dia emergem nas denúncias das mulheres, revelando que a inquisição contribuiu para aflorar lembranças, despertar temores e favorecer o rompimento de relações afetivas ou familiares. Relationships and Conflicts in the Feminine Universe: the Denouncers in the Tribunal of the Holy Office in Portuguese America (16th Century) In Pernambuco, at the end of the sixteenth century, many women went to the inquisitor to denounce friends, relatives, acquaintances or strangers. Despite the innumerable possibilities to explain these actions, the act of seeking the Holy Office in order to give their testimony denotes to these sources a great relevance, since the female voices emerge in the inquisitorial registers. However, the denunciations and their protagonists, that is, the denouncers, their motivations and the content of the accusations still lack detailed studies in the Brazilian historiography. In this sense, this research consists of the analysis of the denouncers, that is, their socio-occupational profile, as well as the conflict relations that involved them, as well as those raised or reinforced by the presence of the inquisitor. It is noted that the struggle for survival and the difficulties of daily life emerge in women's denunciations, revealing that the inquisition contributed to the emergence of memories, to the arousing of fears and to favor the rupture of affective or family relations.

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