Induced Genetic Variations in Fruit Trees Using New Breeding Tools: Food Security and Climate Resilience

Fruit trees provide essential nutrients to humans by contributing to major agricultural outputs and economic growth globally. However, major constraints to sustainable agricultural productivity are the uncontrolled proliferation of the population, and biotic and abiotic stresses. Tree mutation breeding has been substantially improved using different physical and chemical mutagens. Nonetheless, tree plant breeding has certain crucial bottlenecks including a long life cycle, ploidy level, occurrence of sequence polymorphisms, nature of parthenocarpic fruit development and linkage. Genetic engineering of trees has focused on boosting quality traits such as productivity, wood quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Recent technological advances in genome editing provide a unique opportunity for the genetic improvement of woody plants. This review examines application of the CRISPR-Cas system to reduce disease susceptibility, alter plant architecture, enhance fruit quality, and improve yields. Examples are discussed of the contemporary CRISPR-Cas system to engineer easily scorable PDS genes, modify lignin, and to alter the flowering onset, fertility, tree architecture and certain biotic stresses.

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Potential applications of biogenic selenium nanoparticles in alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses in plants: A comprehensive insight on the mechanistic approach and future perspectives

Green Processing and Synthesis ◽

10.1515/gps-2021-0047 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 456-475

Author(s):

Efat Zohra ◽

Muhammad Ikram ◽

Ahmad A. Omar ◽

Mujahid Hussain ◽

Seema Hassan Satti ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Abiotic Stresses ◽

Crop Production ◽

Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽

Selenium Nanoparticles ◽

Future Research ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽

Biotic Stresses ◽

Agriculture Sector ◽

Developmental Growth ◽

Potential Applications

Abstract In the present era, due to the increasing incidence of environmental stresses worldwide, the developmental growth and production of agriculture crops may be restrained. Selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have precedence over other nanoparticles because of the significant role of selenium in activating the defense system of plants. In addition to beneficial microorganisms, the use of biogenic SeNPs is known as an environmentally friendly and ecologically biocompatible approach to enhance crop production by alleviating biotic and abiotic stresses. This review provides the latest development in the green synthesis of SeNPs by using the results of plant secondary metabolites in the biogenesis of nanoparticles of different shapes and sizes with unique morphologies. Unfortunately, green synthesized SeNPs failed to achieve significant attention in the agriculture sector. However, research studies were performed to explore the application potential of plant-based SeNPs in alleviating drought, salinity, heavy metal, heat stresses, and bacterial and fungal diseases in plants. This review also explains the mechanistic actions that the biogenic SeNPs acquire to alleviate biotic and abiotic stresses in plants. In this review article, the future research that needs to use plant-mediated SeNPs under the conditions of abiotic and biotic stresses are also highlighted.

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Genome-wide analysis of the WRKY gene family in the cucumber genome and transcriptome-wide identification of WRKY transcription factors that respond to biotic and abiotic stresses

BMC Plant Biology ◽

10.1186/s12870-020-02625-8 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Chunhua Chen ◽

Xueqian Chen ◽

Jing Han ◽

Wenli Lu ◽

Zhonghai Ren

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factors ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Biotic Stress ◽

Abiotic Stresses ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Wrky Transcription Factors ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽

Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽

Biotic Stresses ◽

Cucumber Genome

Abstract Background Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an economically important vegetable crop species. However, it is susceptible to various abiotic and biotic stresses. WRKY transcription factors play important roles in plant growth and development, particularly in the plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little is known about the expression pattern of WRKY genes under different stresses in cucumber. Results In the present study, an analysis of the new assembly of the cucumber genome (v3.0) allowed the identification of 61 cucumber WRKY genes. Phylogenetic and synteny analyses were performed using related species to investigate the evolution of the cucumber WRKY genes. The 61 CsWRKYs were classified into three main groups, within which the gene structure and motif compositions were conserved. Tissue expression profiles of the WRKY genes demonstrated that 24 CsWRKY genes showed constitutive expression (FPKM > 1 in all samples), and some WRKY genes showed organ-specific expression, suggesting that these WRKYs might be important for plant growth and organ development in cucumber. Importantly, analysis of the CsWRKY gene expression patterns revealed that five CsWRKY genes strongly responded to both salt and heat stresses, 12 genes were observed to be expressed in response to infection from downy mildew and powdery mildew, and three CsWRKY genes simultaneously responded to all treatments analysed. Some CsWRKY genes were observed to be induced/repressed at different times after abiotic or biotic stress treatment, demonstrating that cucumber WRKY genes might play different roles during different stress responses and that their expression patterns vary in response to stresses. Conclusions Sixty-one WRKY genes were identified in cucumber, and insight into their classification, evolution, and expression patterns was gained in this study. Responses to different abiotic and biotic stresses in cucumber were also investigated. Our results provide a better understanding of the function of CsWRKY genes in improving abiotic and biotic stress resistance in cucumber.

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Regulatory Network Identification, Promoter and Expression Analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana NPR1 in Defense Responses against Stresses

Notulae Scientia Biologicae ◽

10.15835/nsb10310311 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 333-339

Author(s):

Amir G. SHAHRIARI ◽

Aminallah TAHMASEBI ◽

Sima SAZEGARI

Keyword(s):

Arabidopsis Thaliana ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Abiotic Stresses ◽

Defense Responses ◽

Wrky Transcription Factor ◽

Microarray Data Analysis ◽

Common Element ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽

Promoter Regions ◽

Biotic Stresses

Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) phytohormones have been known for their roles in plant defense behaviour against biotic and abiotic stresses. They regulate defense pathways by antagonistic interaction. NPR1 as a key regulatory factor in the cross-talk between SA and JA, signaling is essential for the inhibition of JA-responsive gene expression by SA. In silico promoter analysis of 1.5 kb promoter regions of NPR1 gene revealed that NPR1 contains 23 MYB and 20 WRKY transcription factor binding sites. Different cis-elements associated with various stress responses were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana NPR1. The most common element was allocated to the defense responses against biotic stresses. Based on gene network analysis, NPR1, TGA2 and TGA3 were predicted to have functional cooperation with each other. Affymetrix microarray data analysis of A. thaliana under SA treatment demonstrated that most genes involved in NPR1 network are up-regulated under SA treatment. Therefore, interaction and cooperation between these factors might serve to fine-tune regulation of defense and immune responses against biotic and abiotic stresses.

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Revisiting and Enlisting Important QTLs Identified in Frech Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.): A Review

10.20944/preprints202006.0016.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Sandeep Kaur Dhaliwal ◽

Pooja Salaria ◽

Prashant Kaushik

Keyword(s):

Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽

Abiotic Stresses ◽

French Bean ◽

High Yield ◽

Progeny Testing ◽

The Novel ◽

Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽

Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽

Biotic Stresses

French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) a member of family Leguminosae is a useful source of protein (&sim;22%), minerals (folate), vitamins and fibre. Abiotic and biotic stresses are the constraints to high yield and production of French bean. Varieties reluctant to diseases as well as abiotic stresses is among the top breeding objectives for the French bean. Mendelian ratios could know the genetically reliable forms of resistance, whereas it's more robust to understand the intricate kinds, often referred to as quantitative trait loci (QTL). Here, we review and compile the information from the studies related to the identification of QTLs for critical biofortification traits, biotic and abiotic stresses in French bean. Successful map-based cloning requires QTLs represent single genes which could be isolated in near-isogenic lines, and also the genotypes could be unambiguously inferred by progeny testing. Overall, this information will be useful for directing the French bean breeders to select a suitable method for the inheritance evaluation of quantitative traits and determining the novel genes in germplasm resources to ensure that much more potential of genetic information may be uncovered.

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Genome-wide analysis of the WRKY gene family in the cucumber genome and transcriptome‑wide identification of WRKY transcription factors that respond to biotic and abiotic stresses

10.21203/rs.3.rs-16717/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Chunhua Chen ◽

Xueqian Chen ◽

Jing Han ◽

Wenli Lu ◽

Zhonghai Ren

Keyword(s):

Transcription Factors ◽

Plant Growth ◽

Biotic Stress ◽

Abiotic Stresses ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Wrky Transcription Factors ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽

Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽

Biotic Stresses ◽

Cucumber Genome

Abstract Background: Cucumber ( Cucumis sativus L.) is an economically important vegetable crop species. However, it is susceptible to various abiotic and biotic stresses. WRKY transcription factors play important roles in plant growth and development, particularly in the plant response to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, little is known about the expression pattern of WRKY genes under different stresses in cucumber. Results: In the present study, an analysis of the new assembly of the cucumber genome (v3.0) allowed the identification of 61 cucumber WRKY genes. Phylogenetic and synteny analyses were performed using related species to investigate the evolution of the cucumber WRKY genes. The 61 CsWRKYs were classified into three main groups, within which the gene structure and motif compositions were conserved. Tissue expression profiles of the WRKY genes demonstrated that 24 CsWRKY genes showed constitutive expression (FPKM > 1 in all samples), and some WRKY genes showed organ-specific expression, suggesting that these WRKYs might be important for plant growth and organ development in cucumber. Importantly, analysis of the CsWRKY gene expression patterns revealed that 7 CsWRKY genes strongly responded to both salt and heat stresses, 12 genes were observed to be expressed in response to infection from downy mildew and powdery mildew, and three CsWRKY genes simultaneously responded to all treatments analysed. Some CsWRKY genes were observed to be induced/repressed at different times after abiotic or biotic stress treatment, demonstrating that cucumber WRKY genes might play different roles during different stress responses and that their expression patterns vary in response to stresses. Conclusions: Sixty-one WRKY genes were identified in cucumber, and insight into their classification, evolution, and expression patterns was gained in this study. Responses to different abiotic and biotic stresses in cucumber were also investigated. Our results provide a better understanding of the function of Cs WRKY genes in improving abiotic and biotic stress resistance in cucumber.

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Trichoderma as an efficacious bioagent for combating biotic and abiotic stresses of wheat-A review

Agricultural Reviews ◽

10.18805/ag.r-1770 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 38 (01) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

O. P. Gangwar ◽

Akanksha P.K. Singh

Keyword(s):

Abiotic Stresses ◽

Insect Pests ◽

Animal Health ◽

Management Strategies ◽

Wheat Crop ◽

Yield Reduction ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽

Biotic Stresses ◽

Potential Alternative ◽

Attainable Yield

Several environmental stresses are the major hindrances in achieving the attainable yield in wheat crop. The actual losses due to biotic stresses is estimated in the range of 26-29%, however, abiotic stresses have more adverse effects on crop yield and are responsible for about 70% of yield reduction worldwide. Agrochemicals are widely considered as an effective management strategy for wheat crop diseases and insect pests but they adversely affect the human and animal health due to accumulation of chemical residues in the soil, plant tissues and grains. Hence, there is a need for alternate management strategies to protect crop plants against various stresses. Species of the genus Trichoderma are economically important as biocontrol agents, serving as a potential alternative to agrochemicals for overcoming the biotic and abiotic stresses. The importance of Trichoderma in alleviating the myriad of biotic and abiotic stresses of wheat is discussed in this review article.

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Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the plant specific LIM genes in Gossypium arboreum under phytohormone, salt and pathogen stress

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/s41598-021-87934-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

K. P. Raghavendra ◽

J. Das ◽

R. Kumar ◽

S. P. Gawande ◽

H. B. Santosh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gene Family ◽

Abiotic Stresses ◽

Expression Patterns ◽

Gossypium Arboreum ◽

Variable Response ◽

Lim Domain ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽

Climate Resilience ◽

Lim Domains ◽

Genome Wide

AbstractAsiatic cotton (Gossypium arboreum) cultivated as ‘desicotton’ in India, is renowned for its climate resilience and robustness against biotic and abiotic stresses. The genome ofG. arboreumis therefore, considered as a valued reserve of information for discovering novel genes or gene functions for trait improvements in the present context of cotton cultivation world-wide. In the present study, we carried out genome-wide analysis ofLIMgene family in desi cotton and identified twenty LIM domain proteins (GaLIMs) which include sixteen animals CRP-like GaLIMs and four plant specific GaLIMs with presence (GaDA1) or absence (GaDAR) of UIM (Ubiquitin Interacting Motifs). Among the sixteen CRP-like GaLIMs, eleven had two conventional LIM domains while, five had single LIM domain which was not reported inLIMgene family of the plant species studied, except inBrassica rapa.Phylogenetic analysis of these twenty GaLIM proteins in comparison with LIMs of Arabidopsis, chickpea and poplar categorized them into distinct αLIM1, βLIM1, γLIM2, δLIM2 groups in CRP-like LIMs, and GaDA1 and GaDAR in plant specific LIMs group. Domain analysis had revealed consensus [(C-X2-C-X17-H-X2-C)-X2-(C-X2-C-X17-C-X2-H)] and [(C-X2-C-X17-H-X2-C)-X2-(C-X4-C-X15-C-X2-H)] being conserved as first and/or second LIM domains of animal CRP-like GaLIMs, respectively. Interestingly, single LIM domain containing GaLIM15 was found to contain unique consensus with longer inter-zinc-motif spacer but shorter second zinc finger motif. All twentyGaLIMsshowed variable spatio-temporal expression patterns and accordingly further categorized into distinct groups of αLIM1, βLIM1, γLIM2 δLIM2 and plant specific LIM (DA1/DAR). For the first time, response ofGaDA1/DARunder the influence of biotic and abiotic stresses were studied in cotton, involving treatments with phytohormones (Jasmonic acid and Abscisic acid), salt (NaCl) and wilt causing pathogen (Fusarium oxysporum). Expressions patterns ofGaDA1/DARshowed variable response and identifiedGaDA2as a probable candidate gene for stress tolerance inG. arboreum.

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Function and Mechanism of Jasmonic Acid in Plant Responses to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses

International Journal of Molecular Sciences ◽

10.3390/ijms22168568 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 22 (16) ◽

pp. 8568

Author(s):

Yun Wang ◽

Salma Mostafa ◽

Wen Zeng ◽

Biao Jin

Keyword(s):

Jasmonic Acid ◽

Plant Hormones ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Abiotic Stresses ◽

Plant Stress ◽

Plant Responses ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽

Research Attention ◽

Biotic Stresses ◽

Plant Stress Responses

As sessile organisms, plants must tolerate various environmental stresses. Plant hormones play vital roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these hormones, jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursors and derivatives (jasmonates, JAs) play important roles in the mediation of plant responses and defenses to biotic and abiotic stresses and have received extensive research attention. Although some reviews of JAs are available, this review focuses on JAs in the regulation of plant stress responses, as well as JA synthesis, metabolism, and signaling pathways. We summarize recent progress in clarifying the functions and mechanisms of JAs in plant responses to abiotic stresses (drought, cold, salt, heat, and heavy metal toxicity) and biotic stresses (pathogen, insect, and herbivore). Meanwhile, the crosstalk of JA with various other plant hormones regulates the balance between plant growth and defense. Therefore, we review the crosstalk of JAs with other phytohormones, including auxin, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroid, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Finally, we discuss current issues and future opportunities in research into JAs in plant stress responses.

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Breeding for Early Flowering in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) – A Key Strategy to Accelerate Chickpea Productivity: A Review

International Journal of Environment and Climate Change ◽

10.9734/ijecc/2020/v10i1230304 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 271-285

Author(s):

Aswini Nunavath ◽

K. Gopala Krishna Murthy ◽

Venkatraman Hegde ◽

S. Madhusudan Reddy

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Abiotic Stresses ◽

Early Flowering ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽

Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽

Tropical Regions ◽

Biotic Stresses ◽

Early Maturing ◽

Drought And Heat Stress ◽

100 Seed Weight

Chickpea is one of the most important pulse crop cultivated across the globe which is conventionally a low-input crop that is being cultivated mostly in moisture deficient rainfed environments during post-rainy season. The crop is being severely affected with various biotic and abiotic stresses among which, drought and heat stress are considered as serious constraints limiting chickpea productivity in sub-tropical regions. Several strategies were adopted to enhance the productivity under drought and heat stress environments among which, the development of early flowering varieties is one of the key strategies gaining importance in recent past. Some of the early / super early varieties like ICCV 2, JG 11, JG 14, KAK 2, JAKI 9218, ICCV 96029 and ICCV 96030 were developed during the last three decades. One of the most significant milestones in breeding for early varieties is the identification of four genes efl-1, efl-2, efl-3 and efl-4 governing early flowering by using various lines viz., ICCV 2, ICCV 96029, ICC 5810, BGD 132 and ICC 16641. Several QTLs controlling time of flowering were also mapped on linkage groups LG1, LG2, LG3, LG4, LG5, LG6 and LG8. The information on inheritance of time of flowering, correlation between early flowering with other yield attributing traits like number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, seed size, 100-seed weight, identified QTLs for early flowering and abiotic and biotic stresses tolerance may be useful for developing early maturing varieties that posses tolerance to various abiotic stresses by using different conventional and biotechnological approaches.

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A review on chitosan: a new solution for combating abiotic stresses in agriculture

Kongunadu Research Journal ◽

10.26524/krj.2020.26 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 81-84

Author(s):

Prajwal P. Dongare ◽

Prashant R. Shingote ◽

Narsing D. Parlawar

Keyword(s):

Abiotic Stresses ◽

Organic Molecule ◽

Physiological Responses ◽

Biochemical Properties ◽

Wide Spread ◽

Biotic And Abiotic Stresses ◽

Abiotic And Biotic Stresses ◽

Biotic Stresses ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Hydrolysis Of

Chitosan is a second most abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide after cellulose derived from chitin which commercially produced from seafood shells, fungi (Aspergillus and mucus) and also from algae by alkaline deacetylation of chitin. It is bio adhesive, biocompatible, biodegradable, organic molecule. Chitosan has wide spread application in agriculture. Chitosan acts as bio-stimulant which upon application to plants stimulates photosynthetic rate, enhances antioxidant production, increases tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Chitosan causes hydrolysis of peptidoglycan of microbes resulting to death of microbes. Recent studies have shown that chitosan induces mechanisms in plants against various biotic and abiotic stresses and helps in formation of barriers that enhances plant's productivity.This paper takes a closer look at the genesis, structural alteration and physiological responses of chitosan foliar applications on plants.As, Abiotic stresses is an important multidimensional environment stresses that damage plant’s physiology, biochemical propertIes and Molecular traits. Chitosan help to combat abiotic and biotic stresses.

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