scholarly journals THE ROOTS OF TRADITIONAL ISLAM IN MODERNIST MUSLIM WORKS: K.H. Aceng Zakaria and the Intellectual Tradition of Pesantren

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 264-291
Author(s):  
Jajang A Rohmana
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Intellectual Tradition ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Islamic Science ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Important Position ◽  
Traditional Islam ◽  
Historical Life

One of characters of modernist Islam organization in Indonesia is the opposition to traditionalist Islam practices. Initially, the modernist Islam activist also learned in the traditional Islam culture before they turned around. This study focuses on the roots of the traditional Islam among the modernist Islam organization activists, Islamic Union (Persatuan Islam/PERSIS). The study object is the historical life of the PERSIS chairman, Aceng Zakaria and his magnum opus works, al-Muyassar fî ‘Ilm al-Naḥw and al-Hidâyah fî Masâ’il Fiqh Muta‘âriḍah. Through a socio-intellectual historical approach, the study shows that the Islamic intellectual tradition of the modernist activists is inseparable from the learning of traditional pesantren. Aceng Zakaria, as a PERSIS ulama, originally learned at the traditional pesantren in the mid-twentieth century. The roots of traditional Islamic science influences his intellectual career which was reflected in his works. Both books, Arabic grammar al-Muyassar and fiqh discourse al-Hidâyah demonstrate his connectivity to the intellectual of traditional pesantren. However, Aceng Zakaria, as a modernist and reformist ulama, also modified his explanation systematically and practically. This shows that the genealogy of intellectual tradition of pesantren has an important position in supporting the development of reformist Islamic ideas in Indonesia.

Is There A Middle East?

1973 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nikki R. Keddie
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Cultural Influences ◽  
Late Nineteenth Century ◽  
Religious Leaders ◽  
Traditional Religion ◽  
The West ◽  
Petty Bourgeoisie ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
Traditional Islam

The Middle East, as a geographical term, is generally used today to cover the area stretching from Morocco through Afghanistan, and is roughly equivalent to the area of the first wave of Muslim conquests plus Anatolia. It is a predominantly Muslim area with widespread semi-arid and desert conditions where agriculture is heavily dependent on irrigation and pastoral nomadism has been prevalent. With the twentieth-century rise of exclusive linguistic nationalisms, which have taken over many of the emotional overtones formerly concentrated on religious loyalties, it becomes increasingly doubtful that the Middle East is now much more than a geographical expression – covering an area whose inhabitants respond to very different loyalties and values. In Turkey since the days of Atatürk, the ruling and educated élites have gone out of their way to express their identification with Europe and the West and to turn their backs on their traditional Islamic heritage. A glorification of the ‘modern’ and populist elements in the ancient Turkish and Ottoman past has gone along with a downgrading of Arab and Persian cultural influences–indeed the latter are often seen as having corrupted the pure Turkish essence, which only re-emerged with Atatürk’s swepping cultural reforms. Similarly the Iranians are increasingly emulating the technocratic and rationalizing values of the capitalist West, and in the cultural sphere identify with the glorious civilization of pre-Islamic Iran. This identification goes along with a downgrading of Islam and particularly of the Arabs, which has characterized both radical nationalists like the late nineteenth-century Mîrzâ Âqâ Khân Kirmânî and the twentieth-century Ahmad Kasravâ1 and more conservative official nationalists such as the Pahlavi Shahs and their followers. The recent celebrations of the 2500th anniversary of the Persian monarchy, for example, were notable for their virtual exclusion of the Muslim ulama, though religious leaders of other religious were invited, and their lack of specifically Islamic references. In both Iran and Turkey, traditional Islam has become largely a class phenomenon, with the traditional religion followed by a majority of the peasantry and the petty bourgeoisie, but rejected or radically modified by the more educated classes. With the continued spread of Western-style secular education it may be expected that the numbers of people identifying with nationalism and with the West (or with the Communist rather than the Islamic East) will grow.

André Martinet (1908–1999)

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-293
Author(s):  
Johannes Klare
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
World Wide ◽  
Columbia University ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of Linguistics ◽  
History Of ◽  
Important Position ◽  
Research Director

André Martinet holds an important position in the history of linguistics in the twentieth century. For more than six decades he decisively influenced the development of linguistics in France and in the world. He is one of the spokespersons for French linguistic structuralism, the structuralisme fonctionnel. The article focuses on a description and critical appreciation of the interlinguistic part of Martinet’s work. The issue of auxiliary languages and hence interlinguistics had interested Martinet greatly from his youth and provoked him to examine the matter actively. From 1946 onwards he worked in New York as a professor at Columbia University and a research director of the International Auxiliary Language Association (IALA). From 1934 he was in contact with the Danish linguist and interlinguist Otto Jespersen (1860–1943). Martinet, who went back to Paris in 1955 to work as a professor at the École Pratique des Hautes Études (Sorbonne), increasingly developed into an expert in planned languages; for his whole life, he was committed to the world-wide use of a foreign language that can be learned equally easily by members of all ethnic groups; Esperanto, functioning since 1887, seemed a good option to him.

scholarly journals Tracing the Life of a Buddhist Literary Apologia: Steps in Preparation for the Study and Translation of Sokdokpa’s Thunder of Definitive Meaning

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 933
Author(s):  
James Duncan Gentry
Keyword(s):  
Tibetan Buddhism ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
History Of ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Shed Light

This article discusses Buddhist apologetics in Tibet by examining the formation, revision, and reception of the most renowned literary apologia ever written in defense of the Old School of Tibetan Buddhism: Sokdokpa Lodrö Gyeltsen’s early 17th-century magnum opus the Thunder of Definitive Meaning. It reconstructs in broad strokes the history of the Thunder’s reception from the early 17th century to the present and relates this to details in different versions of the Thunder and its addendum to shed light on the process by which this work was composed and edited. By considering this work’s peculiar context of production and history of reception alongside passages it presents revealing how it was conceived and revised, this analysis aims to prepare the ground for its study and translation. In so doing, this discussion attempts to show how a broadly historical approach can work in tandem with a fine-grained philological approach to yield fresh insights into the production and reception of Buddhist literary works that have important ramifications for their understanding and translation.

The Reception of Thomas Aquinas by Neo-Scholastic Philosophers in the First Half of the Twentieth Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 375-391
Author(s):  
Bernard N. Schumacher
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Thomas Aquinas ◽  
Theory Of Knowledge ◽  
Medieval Philosophy ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Philosophical Reflection ◽  
The Public ◽  
Public Arena ◽  
The University

Thomism at the beginning of the twentieth century was situated largely within the context of the secular university that regarded medieval thought as nothing more than an archaic system belonging to a period devoid of philosophical reflection. The renewal of Thomism during the first two decades of the twentieth century was of very little concern to most academics and was marked principally by a debate, often polemical, over the theory of knowledge launched by Blondel. The Thomists of the period between the two world wars wanted to bring Thomism to the university scene and into the public arena by addressing contemporary questions in terms provided by Thomas Aquinas, while affirming that philosophy gains in depth and strength when it is rooted in theology and faith. Gilson developed a historical approach of medieval philosophy and theology, while Maritain and Pieper proposed to rethink contemporary problems analytically according to the method of Thomas Aquinas.

Karl Barth’s Church Dogmatics

2020 ◽  
pp. 341-353
Author(s):  
Eberhard Busch
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Karl Barth ◽  
Systematic Theology ◽  
Word Of God ◽  
Reformed Theology ◽  
Self Presentation ◽  
Church Dogmatics ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Classical Traditions

The most significant Reformed theologian of the twentieth century, Karl Barth, exercised a remarkably critical role relative to the classical traditions of Reformed Theology. His theological project drew on modern biblical criticism, post-Kantian philosophy, and early twentieth-century approaches to Christocentrism. Nevertheless, he prepared to offer a systematic theology by going to school with the classic texts of the Reformed tradition and by engaging in prolonged biblical exegesis. Eventually, Karl Barth’s Church Dogmatics presented an orderly account of the Christian faith centred on and beginning with the self-presentation of God in Jesus Christ. It enfolds prolegomena, ethics, and homiletical guidance within its span, believing these ancillary discussions to demand properly theological and thus Christological regulation. This chapter explores the Christological focus and rhetorical style before turning to introduce each of the constituent parts (Word of God, God, Creation, and Reconciliation) of that magnum opus.

Lucan's Legends of the Fall

Ramus ◽  
1996 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew D. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Status Quo ◽  
Title Page ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Quarter Century ◽  
Classical Studies ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Narrative Poem ◽  
Professional Journey

flectere si nequeo superos, Acheronta mouebo.(Aen. 7.312)If I cannot bend the gods above, it is Acheron I shall move.So Juno claims, famously, expressing her determination to thwart the newlyforged alliance between Aeneas and the Italians, and setting in motion (through the agency of Allecto) the violence and passion that fuels the ‘Iliadic’ Aeneid—the ‘Energy of Hell’, as Philip Hardie calls it—energy necessary to sustain the momentum of a long narrative poem, a demonic ‘burst of power’ imitated by Vergil's successors—Lucan, Silius, and especially Statius, who opens the Thebaid with an embittered Oedipus summoning the dark forces of the underworld embodied in the Fury Tisiphone (Theb. 1.48ff.). Vergil's hexameter might also serve as a motto for Ramus to the degree that the journal has mounted a radical—and oedipal—critique over the last quarter century, assaulting the stuffy status quo in classical studies, finding a place ‘on the shelves of all the young and cool’, although those sons (and daughters), now a generation older, are themselves the new fathers, the new superi. Juno's claim so impressed Freud that he placed it on the title page of his magnum opus—The Interpretation of Dreams—anticipating psychoanalysis' assault on Western subjectivity and describing Freud's own exclusion from the academy, his circuitous ‘professional journey’. Years later Freud would maintain that the hexameter line provides a portrait of ‘repressed instinctual impulses’, suggesting that, long before the twentieth century, Vergil and his epic successors understood the project of psychoanalysis. ‘The poets and philosophers,’ Freud was fond of saying, ‘discovered the unconscious before I did.’

THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE ENTERPRISE SECTOR IN ESTONIA - A HISTORICAL APPROACH TO A CONTEMPORARY TRANSITION

1996 ◽  
Vol 04 (03) ◽  
pp. 317-329 ◽  
Author(s):  
KARI LIUHTO
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Reverse Transformation ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Russian Empire

This article analyses the transition of the Estonian enterprise sector in the twentieth century. The starting shot was first fired for the transformation of the Estonian enterprise sector when the country gained its independence from the Russian Empire in 1918. The independence was followed by a 20-year-long transformation of the enterprise sector, which was, however, ended by the Estonian annexation to the Soviet Union in 1939. The incorporation of Estonia to the Soviet Union signified the beginning of a completely reverse transformation. The third important period of transformation in the Estonian enterprise sector began at the end of 1991 when Estonia separated from the disintegrating Soviet Union. The purpose of this article is to describe these periods mentioned above and draw a summarized comparison between the first and the present transformation. Integrating a historical approach to this contemporary transformation may facilitate in comprehending the present trends of development and even predict the future.

scholarly journals SYEKH ABDUL HALIM HASAN, 1901-1969: Akar Tradisi Intelektual di Sumatera Timur Awal Abad XX

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 128
Author(s):  
Zaini Dahlan
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Work ◽  
Intellectual Tradition ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Intellectual Traditions

<strong>Abstrak: </strong>Penelitian ini mengkaji biografi dan kiprah intelektual Syekh Abdul Halim Hasan di Sumatera Timur. Keberlangsungan tradisi intelektual di Sumatera Timur dipengaruhi, salah satunya, oleh kemunculan ulama-ulama di kawasan ini. Sebagian mereka berasal dari etnis Melayu, dan tidak sedikit dari mereka merupakan ulama yang berasal dari etnis Mandailing yang merantau dari kawasan Tapanuli ke Sumatera Timur. Studi ini mengkaji bagaimana peran Syekh Abdul Halim Hasan yang berasal dari etnis Mandailing dalam mengembangkan tradisi intelektual Islam di Sumatera Timur. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan sosiologis-historis, studi ini mengajukan temuan bahwa Syekh Abdul Halim Hasan memberikan kontribusi bagi penguatan tradisi intelektual Islam di Sumatera Timur. Ia tidak saja menghasilkan karya akademik dalam berbagai bidang keislaman, tetapi juga mampu melahirkan ulama berbakat selain turut memperjuangkan dan mempertahankan kemerdekaan di tanah kelahirannya.    <br /> <br /><strong>Abstract:</strong> <strong>Syekh Abdul Halim Hasan, 1901-1969: The Roots of Intellectual Tradition </strong><strong>of </strong><strong>East Sumatra </strong><strong>in Early </strong><strong>20th Centuries</strong>. This study examines the biography and intellectual work of Syekh Abdul Halim Hasan in East Sumatra. The continuation of intellectual traditions in East Sumatra is influenced, among others, by the emergence of scholars in the region. Some of these scholars were local Malays; but a few of them were from Mandailing ethnic who had migrated from South Tapanuli. This study examines the role of Syekh Abdul Halim Hasan, a migrating scholar from Mandailing, in developing Islamic intellectual traditions in East Sumatra. Using a sociological-historical approach, this study proposes the findings that Syekh Abdul Halim Hasan had indeed contributed significantly in strengthening Islamic intellectual traditions of the region. He authored academic works in various fields of Islam, trained younger talented scholars, and also involved in independence struggle in his homeland.<br /> <br /><strong>Kata Kunci</strong>: Mandailing, Melayu, Sumatera Timur, Syekh Abdul Halim Hasan

scholarly journals AHMAD ZIYAUDDIN GUMUSHANEVI DAN TRADISI STUDI HADIS DI TEKKE ABAD KE-19 TURKI

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Ahmad Munji
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Historical Approach ◽  
Science Discipline ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Islamic Science ◽  
Descriptive Method

<p>Sebagai sebuah disiplin ilmu dalam Islam tasawuf seharusnya berkiblat pada dua sumber utama, yaitu al-Qur’an dan hadis. Tradisi ini pada dasarnya telah berlangsung lama sejak lahirnya tasawuf. Hal ini ditandai dengan munculnya ulama-ulama dalam tasawuf yang merupakan periwayat hadis. Namun pada perjalanannya, ulama tasawuf banyak sekali mengabaikan faktor kesahihan sebuah hadis yang mereka jadikan sebagai bahan dakwah dan pedoman ibadahnya. Makalah ini bertujuan untuk menguak sebuah tradisi yang menarik antara tasawuf dan hadis di masa akhir kekaisaran Ottoman. Untuk membatasi periode supaya tidak melebar, pembahasan hanya akan berfokus pada abad 19 dan pada satu tokoh, Ahmad Ziyauddin Gumushanevi. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan historis dan metode deskriptif analitis, hasil kajian menyimpulkan bahwa Gumushanevi merupakan ulama tasawuf yang punya konsen terhadap kajian hadis. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan aktifitasnya dalam menulis karya seperti kumpulan hadis, <em>syarah</em>, dan kumpulan hadis <em>arba’in</em> yang menjadi trend ulama sebelumnya. Selain itu, Gumushanevi juga mempunyai kontribusi yang sangat besar terhadap keberlangsungan studi hadis di tengah masyarakat Ottoman melalui karya dan murid-muridnya.</p><p> </p><p>[<strong>Ahmad Ziyauddin Gumushanevi and the Tradition of Hadith Study in <em>Tekke</em> <strong>19<sup>th</sup></strong> Century Turkey</strong>.<strong> </strong>As an Islamic science discipline, Sufism must be oriented towards two main sources, the Qur'an and hadith. In fact, this tradition has been going on for a long time since the birth of Sufism. This is correlated with the scales of the scholars in Sufism who are the narrators of hadith. However, on their journey, Sufism scholars neglect the validity of a hadith which they use as material for their new preaching and worship. This paper aims to uncover an interesting tradition between Sufism and hadith at the end of the Ottoman Empire. In order to cope with the non-widened period, the discussion will only focus on the 19<sup>th</sup> century and on one character, Ahmad Ziyauddin Gumushanevi. By using a historical approach and analytical descriptive method, the results of the study conclude that Gumushanevi is a Sufism scholar who has a concern about hadith studies. This is evidenced by his activities in writing works such as a collection of hadiths, <em>sharh</em>s, and collections of hadith <em>arba’in</em> which became the trend of previous scholars. In addition, Gumushanevi also had a very large contribution to the continuity of the study of hadith in Ottoman society through his works and students.]</p>

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