Chrononutrition and Breast Milk: A Review of Circadian Variation in Breast Milk Nutrient Composition

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-82
Author(s):  
Gugulethu Moyo ◽  
Shera Jackson ◽  
Allison Childress ◽  
John Dawson ◽  
Leslie Thompson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Breast Milk ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Circadian Variation ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

ObjectiveThe objective of this literature review was to identify and summarize the current knowledge on the circadian variation of breast milk nutrients and the implications of these findings.MethodA review of literature was conducted, including all relevant studies regardless of location and year of publication.ResultsThe amino acids tyrosine, histidine, aspartic acid and phenylalanine and energy were observed to be higher during the day. Fat and the vitamins B-1, B-2, B-3, B-6, and B-12 were higher at night. Other studies have shown conflicting results or no circadian variation for certain nutrients. Poor reproducibility and small sample sizes affect the quality of existing research.ConclusionMore research is needed, and longitudinal studies would help assess the effect of breast milk chrononutrition on the long-term health outcomes of infants.

scholarly journals Role of Glucose-Lowering Medications in Erectile Dysfunction

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 2501
Author(s):  
Angelo Cignarelli ◽  
Valentina Annamaria Genchi ◽  
Rossella D’Oria ◽  
Fiorella Giordano ◽  
Irene Caruso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Erectile Dysfunction ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Smooth Muscle Contractility ◽  
Glucose Lowering ◽  
Glycation End Products ◽  
Altered Metabolism

Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a long-term complication of type 2 diabetes (T2D) widely known to affect the quality of life. Several aspects of altered metabolism in individuals with T2D may help to compromise the penile vasculature structure and functions, thus exacerbating the imbalance between smooth muscle contractility and relaxation. Among these, advanced glycation end-products and reactive oxygen species derived from a hyperglycaemic state are known to accelerate endothelial dysfunction by lowering nitric oxide bioavailability, the essential stimulus of relaxation. Although several studies have explained the pathogenetic mechanisms involved in the generation of erectile failure, few studies to date have described the efficacy of glucose-lowering medications in the restoration of normal sexual activity. Herein, we will present current knowledge about the main starters of the pathophysiology of diabetic ED and explore the role of different anti-diabetes therapies in the potential remission of ED, highlighting specific pathways whose activation or inhibition could be fundamental for sexual care in a diabetes setting.

scholarly journals Undergraduate LIS Education in Pakistan: An Overview

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
pp. 11-26
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ijaz Mairaj ◽  
Kanwal Ameen
Keyword(s):  
Science Education ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Quality Of Education ◽  
Library And Information Science ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Personal Communications ◽  
Undergraduate Level ◽  
Local Literature

The paper gives an account of undergraduate level library and information science education in Pakistan including independent certificate courses, an optional subject at intermediate and bachelor level, and bachelor program of Allama Iqbal Open University. The paper is based on the literature review and personal communications with selected professionals. There appeared gap in local literature regarding contemporary state of undergrad level education. The review of literature and senior professionals suggested that radical changes are necessary in policies, programs and curricula of different programs at undergraduate level to raise the quality of education.

scholarly journals Congenital Micropenis: Aetiology And Management

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marianna Rita Stancampiano ◽  
Kentaro Suzuki ◽  
Stuart O’Toole ◽  
Gianni Russo ◽  
Gen Yamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Racial Differences ◽  
Small Sample Size ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Penile Length ◽  
Appearance Quality ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In the newborn, penile length is determined by a number of androgen dependent and independent factors. The current literature suggests that there are inter-racial differences in stretched penile length in the newborn and although congenital micropenis should be defined as a stretched penile length of less than 2.5SDS of the mean for the corresponding population and gestation, a pragmatic approach would be to evaluate all boys with a stretched penile length below 2 cm, as congenital micropenis can be a marker for a wide range of endocrine conditions. However, it remains unclear as to whether the state of micropenis, itself, is associated with any long-term consequences. There is a lack of systematic studies comparing the impact of different therapeutic options on long-term outcomes, in terms of genital appearance, quality of life and sexual satisfaction. To date, research has been hampered by a small sample size and inclusion of a wide range of heterogeneous diagnoses; for these reasons, condition specific outcomes have been difficult to compare between studies. Lastly, there is a need for a greater collaborative effort in collecting standardized data so that all real-world or experimental interventions performed at an early age can be studied systematically into adulthood.

scholarly journals Artikel Manajemen Mutu Terpadu

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Afni Syaputri ◽  
Rusdinal ◽  
Hade Afriansyah
Keyword(s):  
Quality Management ◽  
Customer Satisfaction ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Corporate Culture ◽  
Drop Out ◽  
Educational Services ◽  
Customer Education ◽  
The World

The aim of quality management is to ensure that all parts of the organization work together to improve the processes, products, services and corporate culture to achieve long-term success that comes from customer satisfaction. This article was prepared by the author using the system referring to the literature review. The implementation of integrated quality management in education goes through several processes from the preparation, planning, and implementation of the quality of educational services that are expected by education customers. Meeting the expectations of customer education is a quality management paradigm that must be fulfilled, so that those who drop out of school and unemployment can be minimized in the world of our education.

Corporate Leadership and Sustainability

2017 ◽  
pp. 160-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeta Baporikar
Keyword(s):  
Grounded Theory ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Leadership Competencies ◽  
Contextual Analysis ◽  
Corporate Leadership ◽  
The Core ◽  
Sustainability Leadership ◽  
Great Scrutiny

Due to pressures of globalization and competition, the quality of corporate leadership has come under great scrutiny as questions are being raised worldwide regarding the ability of leaders to deliver long term growth on a sustainable basis. This can be referred to as the “sustainability leadership cavity.” The chapter attempts to explore: what are the evolving challenges companies faces, what are the implications on demands placed on leaders and what new leadership competencies are required to ensure sustainability goals are achieved. It also intends to provide cases of successful sustainability leadership. Through grounded theory, in-depth literature review and contextual analysis the core of this chapter is to understand the organizational elements, structure, challenges and competencies crucial and critical for sustainability leadership.

scholarly journals Update on the Treatment of Idiopathic Hypersomnia

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-214
Author(s):  
M. S. Schinkelshoek ◽  
R. Fronczek ◽  
G. J. Lammers
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Options ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
Lifestyle Advice ◽  
Pharmacological Interventions ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Idiopathic Hypersomnia ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

Abstract Purpose of Review Idiopathic hypersomnia is an incapacitating disorder with a profound impact on daytime performance and quality of life. The most commonly used treatment modalities are lifestyle advice and pharmacological therapy. We present an update on the evidence concerning treatment options for idiopathic hypersomnia. Recent Findings Evidence for non-pharmacological interventions is lacking; improvement in symptoms on introducing these interventions is often less pronounced than in narcolepsy. Additional pharmacological treatment is therefore usually initiated. The few treatment studies that have been performed are hampered by small sample sizes and the use of variable and often insufficiently validated outcome parameters for the whole spectrum of idiopathic hypersomnia symptoms. Conclusion Evidence on treatment is scarce. Since the efficacy of modafinil is consistently described and there is much experience with this substance, it is reasonable to start with modafinil as a first choice treatment. Methylphenidate and dexamphetamine are good alternatives. In the future, newer drugs such as sodium oxybate, pitolisant, and solriamfetol might be authorized for use in idiopathic hypersomnia.

scholarly journals A Gluten Free Diet in the Management of Epilepsy in People with Coeliac Disease or Gluten Sensitivity

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-299
Author(s):  
Zoë Gilbey ◽  
Justine Bold
Keyword(s):  
Coeliac Disease ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Gluten Free Diet ◽  
Gluten Sensitivity ◽  
Gluten Free ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Eeg Pattern

The aim of this review was to assess the effects of a gluten free diet (GFD) in the management of epilepsy in people with coeliac disease (CD) or gluten sensitivity (GS). A systematic approach was used to undertake a literature review. Five electronic databases (PubMed; Scopus; Google Scholar; Cochrane Epilepsy Group specialised register; Cochrane Register of Controlled Trails (CENTRAL) via the Cochrane Register of Online Trials) were searched using predetermined relevant search terms. In total, 668 articles were identified. Duplicates were removed and predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and a PRISMA flow chart was produced. Data was extracted using Covidence software. Twelve studies on Epilepsy and CD involving a total of 70 participants were selected for analysis; narrative synthesis was used owing to the small sample sizes in the selected studies. None of the 12 studies meeting inclusion criteria investigated gluten sensitivity and epilepsy. All the included studies support a link between epilepsy and CD. GFD was effective in 44 out of 70 participants across the studies in terms of a reduction of seizures, reduction of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) or normalisation of EEG pattern. A total of 44 participants showed a reduction in seizures (across eight studies) and complete cessation of seizures was reported in 22 participants. In general, the earlier the GFD is implemented after the onset of seizures, the better the likelihood of the GFD being successful in supporting control of seizures. Mechanisms linking gluten with epilepsy are not fully understood; possible hypotheses include gluten mediated toxicity, immune-induced cortical damage and malabsorption. Evidence suggests the effectiveness of a GFD in supporting the management of epilepsy in patients with CD, although the quality of evidence is low. There appears to be a growing number of neurologists who are prepared to advocate the use of a GFD. A multidisciplinary approaches and further research are recommended. It could be argued that when balancing potential treatments such as AEDs or surgery, a GFD has a low likelihood of harm.

scholarly journals Relaxation therapy as a treatment for tics in patients with Tourette syndrome: a systematic literature review

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 1011-1017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florence Tilling ◽  
Andrea E. Cavanna
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Tourette Syndrome ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Relaxation Therapy ◽  
Behavioural Treatment ◽  
Study Protocols ◽  
Small Sample Sizes ◽  
Meta Analyses

Abstract Background Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by the presence of multiple motor and phonic tics, often associated with co-morbid behavioural problems. Tics can be modulated by environmental factors and are characteristically exacerbated by psychological stress, among other factors. This observation has led to the development of specific behavioural treatment strategies, including relaxation therapy. Objective This review aimed to assess the efficacy of relaxation therapy to control or reduce tic symptoms in patients with TS. Methods We conducted a systematic literature review of original studies on the major scientific databases, including Medline, EMBASE, and PsycInfo, according to the standards outlined in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Outcomes measures included both tic severity and tic frequency. Results Our literature search identified three controlled trials, with a total number of 40 participants (range: 6–18 participants). In all three studies, relaxation therapy decreased the severity and/or the frequency of tic symptoms. However, the only trial comparing relaxation therapy to two other behavioural techniques found relaxation therapy to be the least effective intervention, as it reduced the number of tics by 32% compared to 44% with self-monitoring and 55% with habit reversal. Discussion The results of this systematic literature review provide initial evidence for the use of relaxation therapy as a behavioural treatment intervention for tics in patients with TS. Caution is needed in the interpretation of these findings, because the reviewed trials had small sample sizes and there was high heterogeneity across the study protocols.

scholarly journals Study rationale and protocol of the BARICO study: a longitudinal, prospective, observational study to evaluate the effects of weight loss on brain function and structure after bariatric surgery

BMJ Open ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. e025464
Author(s):  
Debby Vreeken ◽  
Maximilian Wiesmann ◽  
Laura N Deden ◽  
Ilse A C Arnoldussen ◽  
Esther Aarts ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bariatric Surgery ◽  
Weight Loss ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Neuropsychological Tests ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Patients Âgés ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
Small Sample Sizes

IntroductionWeight loss after bariatric surgery (BS) is often associated with improved cognition and structural brain recovery. However, improved cognition after BS is not always exhibited by patients, in fact, in some cases there is even a decline in cognition. Long-term consequences of BS weight loss, in terms of obesity and related diseases, can be hard to determine due to studies having short follow-up periods and small sample sizes.The aim of the BARICO study (BAriatric surgeryRijnstate and Radboudumc neuroImaging andCognition inObesity) is to determine the long-term effect of weight loss after BS on brain function and structure, using sensitive neuropsychological tests and (functional) MRI ((f)MRI). Secondary study endpoints are associated with changes in metabolic and inflammation status of adipose tissue, liver and gut, in relation to brain structure and function. Also, the possible correlation between weight loss, gut microbiota composition change and neuropsychological outcomes will be investigated.Methods and analysisData from 150 Dutch BS patients (ages between 35 and 55, men and women) will be collected at various time points between 2 months before and up to 10 years after surgery. Neuropsychological tests, questionnaires, blood, faeces and tissue samples will be collected before, during and after surgery to measure changes in cognition, microbiota, metabolic activity and inflammation over time. A subgroup of 75 participants will undergo (f)MRI in relation to executive functioning (determined by the Stroop task), grey and white matter volumes and cerebral blood flow. Regression analyses will be used to explore associations between weight loss and outcome measures.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the medical review ethics committee CMO Region Arnhem and Nijmegen (NL63493.091.17). Research findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and at conferences.Trial registration numberNTR7288.

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