scholarly journals WHEN DO WE GET BORED? THE EXPERIENCE SAMPLING STUDY

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Valerija Križanić ◽  
Dino Krupić
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Affective State ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Empirical Support ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
The University ◽  
Practical Implications

Data indicate that boredom is a frequently experienced affective state, which is influenced by many situational and individual factors. Most of the studies exploring boredom were conducted by self-report questionnaires and experimental designs inducing boredom in laboratory conditions. The aim of this study is to examine the importance of situational context on experiencing boredom by experience sampling method, which could provide empirical support to ecological validity of previous findings. Total of 102 female students from the University of Osijek, Croatia, participated in this study. They were reporting on the content and perceptions of the current situation as well as current feelings ten times a day during one week. They recorded their responses in semi-structured diaries. Multilevel analysis revealed that, on average, level of boredom decreased in those situations that were perceived as: more unexpected, more positive than usual, and with higher perceptions that a person can cope with it successfully. Additionally, level of boredom was positively related to the perception that situation might be unpleasant. Furthermore, along with the conclusions on the normative level, we discuss inter-individual differences in predictors of boredom states, and theoretical and practical implications of the findings.

Capitalizing on women’s entrepreneurial alertness

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 248-272
Author(s):  
Héctor Montiel-Campos
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Middle Managers ◽  
Psychological Capital ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Job Complexity ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Entrepreneurial Alertness ◽  
Established Firms ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine how human, social and psychological capital influences women’s entrepreneurial alertness and discover if these influences are moderated by job complexity. Design/methodology/approach This is a quantitative research study using a purposive sampling method where data are gathered from a self-report survey. The hypotheses are tested using a sample of 274 female middle managers using a hierarchical moderated regression analysis. Findings The results support that women’s human and psychological capital are positively related to each dimension of their entrepreneurial alertness, and that these relationships are moderated by job complexity. Results also indicate that women’s social capital is not related to their entrepreneurial alertness. Research limitations/implications The most important limitation of this study is that it only considers women who work as middle managers in established firms without considering the specific responsibilities or duties that influence their entrepreneurial alertness and thus generalizability for other contexts may be limited. Practical implications The results show that entrepreneurial alertness represents a capability that can be learned and improved and may offer guidance to aspiring women middle managers in how to mindfully discover opportunities with business potential. Originality/value This study adds new empirical evidence that contributes to a better understanding of how women, within the context of established firms, enhance the occurrence of entrepreneurial behavior by being alert to entrepreneurial opportunities.

scholarly journals Diary Study sebagai Metode Pengumpulan Data pada Riset Kuantitatif: Sebuah Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-89
Author(s):  
Denisa Apriliawati
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Systematic Literature Review ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Diary Study ◽  
Recall Bias

Beberapa tantangan dalam penelitian kuantitatif yang masih belum bisa diatasi selama ini adalah validitas ekologis pada penelitian eksperimen dan recall bias pada penelitian survey. Guna menjawab permasalahan tersebut, penulis tertarik dengan penggunaan Diary Study/ Experience Sampling Method (ESM). ESM merupakan metode pengumpulan data secara berkala yang bersifat real-time di latar alami partisipan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode systematic literature review untuk menganalisis definisi, prosedur serta kelebihan dan kekurangan ESM. Berdasar hasil telaah pustaka, ESM diketahui dapat menggambarkan proses inter maupun intra-individu, memiliki validitas ekologis yang bagus, meminimalisasi recall bias dan mendapatkan data yang beragam. Sayangnya, penggunaan ESM masih terkendala beberapa hal seperti self-selction bias, atrisi, motivasi serta kompleksnya managemen maupun teknik analisis data yang digunakan. Hal-hal yang dapat mengatasi permasalahan tersebut telah didiskusikan. Abstract. Some existing challenges in quantitative research are ecological validity in experimental psychology and recall bias in the survey study. In order to answer those questions, the author was interested in the experience sampling method (ESM) or diary study. ESM is a research method that collects data frequently in participants’ real-world settings. This study performed a systematic literature review to analyze the definition, procedures, as well as the benefits and drawbacks of ESM. According to the literature review, ESM is known to describe both intra-individual (within-subject) and extra-individual (between-subject) processes, has better ecological validity compared to experimental research, can minimize recall bias, and was able to obtain various data. Unfortunately, there were some drawbacks such as self-selection bias, attrition, motivation, also the complexity of its data management and analysis. Some procedures to minimize those issues have been discussed.

Differences between Volunteers and Nonvolunteers in a High-Demand Self-Recording Study

1998 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 199-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley M. Waite ◽  
Robert Claffey ◽  
Marc Hillbrand
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
High Demand ◽  
Personality Adjustment ◽  
Diary Studies ◽  
Retrospective Recall ◽  
Diary Methods

Research combining time- or event-sampling techniques with diary methods in naturalistic settings has become increasingly popular in recent years. Advantages of such procedures include the enhancement of the ecological validity of the research as compared to traditional laboratory studies and the elimination of the bias in retrospective recall of traditional diary studies. However, such research places a relatively high demand on participants' time, effort, and willingness to self-report and self-disclose. To examine whether this demand influences the decision to volunteer, participants in a week-long Experience Sampling Method study were compared with persons who declined to participate. Potential differences between the groups were assessed for personality, adjustment, and demographic variables. Analysis indicated that the volunteers, as compared to the nonvolunteers, were less anxious, less likely to employ pathological defensive styles, and over-all were a better adjusted group. The results may reflect a tendency of more poorly adjusted individuals to avoid volunteering for research which they perceive may cause them to experience greater stress and anxiety.

Development and Trial of a Mobile Experience Sampling Method (m-ESM) for Personal Music Listening

2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-170 ◽  
Author(s):  
William M. Randall ◽  
Nikki S. Rickard
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Subjective Experience ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Music Listening ◽  
Time Data ◽  
Everyday Functioning ◽  
Related Data ◽  
Music Player

The measurement of everyday music use remains a challenge for researchers, with many of the available methodologies limited by intrusiveness or lack of ecological validity. The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) addresses such limitations by assessing current subjective experience at various times throughout participants’ everyday functioning. The aim of the current project was to develop and trial a mobile ESM (m-ESM) capable of collecting event-related data during natural listening episodes. This methodology was designed to maintain a natural and familiar listening experience for participants, and to collect real-time data on personal music listening. An application (app) was created which utilized mobile-device technology, and allowed combination of experience sampling with a personal music player. Analyses were performed on trial data from 101 participants to determine the efficacy of the m-ESM. Results indicated that this methodology would maintain ecological validity and cause minimal intrusion into everyday activities of the listener. Questionnaires were answered immediately at the time of listening, minimizing the problem of retrospective recall biases. This innovative methodology allows for the collection of a wealth of listening data that will advance the accurate measurement of everyday, personal music listening.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Suicide Tendency among Students in Relation to Gender and Residential area

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Prof. Jayesh N. Bhalala
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Random Sampling ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Residential Area ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Rural Students ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Significant Difference

The goal of the present study was to note the effect of the gender (Male/ Female) and residential area (Rural/ Urban) on the suicide tendency of students. In view to above purpose the sample of 120 was selected by random sampling method. Suicide tendency Inventory standardized by Dr. G. R. Meghnathi (2002) Among the Students of Rajkot city and from its rural areas, was referred to have data regarding their suicide tendency and all the tow individual factors, obtained information was statistically analyzed by‘t’-test effects were discovered. According to the results show that there is significant difference existed between male and female students, ‘t’-value 1.96 has been found significant at 0.05 level. So we concluded that female students showed higher level of suicide tendency then male students. Showed significant effect of area on suicide tendency. The‘t’-value 3.39 has been found significant at 0.01 level. So we concluded that urban students showed higher level of suicide tendency then rural students.

scholarly journals Reviewing the potential of the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) for capturing second language exposure and use

2021 ◽  
pp. 026765832110200
Author(s):  
Henriette L Arndt ◽  
Jonas Granfeldt ◽  
Marianne Gullberg
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Second Language Acquisition ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Study Abroad ◽  
Language Learning ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Language Exposure

Frequent language exposure and use are among the most important conditions for successful language learning, whether in classrooms, during study abroad, or in other informal contexts. Research probing exposure and usage often relies on one-off self-report questionnaires in which participants estimate their typical level of language exposure over extended periods of time, often long after it occurred. This may negatively affect the validity of the resulting data. This article instead explores the potential of methods used in medical and psychological research, variably known as the Experience Sampling Method (ESM), Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA), or diary methods. These methods are often combined with electronic and mobile survey applications to elicit self-report assessments at frequent, sometimes randomized intervals. We consider the possibilities of these methods for strengthening research into language exposure and use, second language acquisition more broadly, and study abroad research specifically. The methods have the potential to drastically reduce biases associated with summative recall. Additionally, they enable researchers to collect richer data about how individuals engage with language differently over time, and the contexts in which they do so, thus ultimately contributing to our understanding of individual differences in language acquisition.

scholarly journals The Social Correlates of Anxiety among University Students

2018 ◽  
pp. 80-89
Author(s):  
Khisro Kaleem Raza Et al.,
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Social Factors ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Use Of Self ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Social Correlates ◽  
The Social ◽  
The University

Anxiety is a feeling of uneasiness experienced by an individual regarding his/her future-oriented tasks, where an individual feels apprehension regarding the worse happening which may not actually happen. The correlates of anxiety refer to the factors which lead towards the feelings of worry, whereby the social correlates of anxiety are the social factors which may lead towards anxiety. The current study was designed to investigate the social correlates of anxiety among university students. A total of 758 students from the University of Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa were taken as a sample of the study including 442 male and 316 female students from all the disciplines of the stated university from its final year all masters programs. A proportionate sample of 30% from both male and female students was taken and the data were collected through the use of self-report four point liker scale inventory. The social correlates of anxiety among university students were divided into three broad categories including family (parents), friends and teachers. Data were collected, tabulated and analyzed for the stated correlates of anxiety among university students which revealed that all of the three social correlates of anxiety prevailed among male students. Finally, suggestions were made and recommendations were presented for minimizing the severity of anxiety correlates among university students.

scholarly journals Quantity of Feedback Provision: University Students’ Perceptions from Gender Perspectives and Association with Achievement

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Bashir Hussain ◽  
Asma Riaz ◽  
Uzma Shahzadi
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Descriptive Statistics ◽  
Male Students ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Cluster Sampling ◽  
Current Feedback ◽  
Gender Perspectives ◽  
The University

Current Feedback plays a highly significant role in enhancing students’ learning. Feedback provision helps students grow and learn from their mistakes. Feedback also informs students about their strengths, weaknesses, and helps them in determining their level of success. It is, therefore, important to supply students enough information, useful for them to future their learning. In this context, the quantity of feedback provision is also important in addition to the quality of feedback as provides base. The researchers observed that this basic component of quantity of feedback provision is also in question in universities of Pakistan before moving to the most useful component of quality of feedback. This research was, therefore, conducted to examine the quantity of feedback practices in three universities of Multan city. The study further examines quantity of feedback provisions to students from the perspective of their gender and its association with their achievement. The study was descriptive in nature, so a questionnaire based on five-point Likert scale was used to collect data from the students. The population of the study included students from three selected universities of Multan city i.e., the largest one Bahauddin Zakariya University, and medium size Women University and Multan campus of the University of Education, Lahore. Population included of all students from three selected universities of Multan and a sample of 871 students was selected using the multistage cluster sampling method. Data were analyzed by using mean and standard deviation from descriptive statistics, along with independent sample t-test and correlation from inferential statistics. The key findings showed that the quantity of feedback provisions to students is not enough. It was also found that female students perceive that they get more quantity of feedback as compared to male students. Furthermore, results also revealed that quantity of feedback provisions and quantity of feedback provisions to students are positively associated with each other.

scholarly journals Assessing Knowledge and Practice Regarding the Management of Dysmenorrhea Among Students at University of Namibia Rundu Campus

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Tonata Dengeingei ◽  
Laura Uusiku ◽  
Olivia N Tuhadeleni ◽  
Alice Lifalaza
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Daily Activities ◽  
Medical Assistance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Student Wellness ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Relieve Pain ◽  
Knowledge And Practice ◽  
The University

BACKGROUND: Dysmenorrhea is a common gynaecological condition that affects the daily activities of the women who suffer from it. In the education context, female students often have to spend long hours at clinics or doctors’ appointments due to dysmenorrhoea, thus having to miss lectures when dysmenorrhea impacts adversely on their studies and academic performance. Purpose: This study sought to determine the knowledge and practice of female students at the University of Namibia, Rundu campus regarding the management of dysmenorrhea METHODOLOGY: A quantitative study was employed using a non-experimental, cross-sectional approach. The non-probability sampling method was used with convenient sampling being employed. A total of 303 fulltime female students from the University of Namibia, Rundu Campus were selected to participate in the study. Of the 303 students selected 295 completed the open-ended questionnaires which they were given. The data from the questionnaires was analysed manually and the findings presented in the form of tables, graphs and pie charts. RESULTS: The study found that dysmenorrhea was affecting 88.1% of the students at the University of Namibia, Rundu Campus. In addition, there was evidently a lack of knowledge on the management of dysmenorrhea, as 46% only of the participants appeared to possess adequate knowledge on the management of dysmenorrhea. The study also found that approximately 54.2% of the participants sought medical assistance when experiencing dysmenorrhea, 30.8% used home remedies of which 91.3% were effective, 12.3% used traditional herbs of which 90.6% were effective, while 25.3% exercised or did other activities in order to relieve pain. CONCLUSION: The findings indicated that dysmenorrhea was affecting the majority of female students on Rundu Campus although only a few of them possessed adequate knowledge on the management of dysmenorrhea and only about half (46%) of the respondents sought medical help. Recommendation: The findings indicated the need for the university to build a clinic on campus and to organise student wellness programmes which included the management of dysmenorrhoea.

scholarly journals Capturing situational dynamics: Strength and pitfalls of the experience sampling method

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philipp K. Masur
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Experience Sampling ◽  
Experience Sampling Method ◽  
Repeated Measurements ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Analytical Strategy ◽  
Random Intercept

Communication research has often either used self-report questionnaires or experimental designs to study communication phenomena. Scholars thereby either draw inferences about these phenomena through people’s retrospection in surveys or by isolating particular factors and behaviors to identify causal mechanisms. Although both approaches have strengths, they nonetheless fail to capture dynamics and processes that results from different situationally-varying environmental and personal factors. This chapter therefore proposes a situational framework that allows to investigate non-situational and situational antecedents of perceptions or behaviors. It furthers describes the merits of using the experience sampling method (ESM) for testing such processes. Different types of data collection techniques and sampling strategies are presented and discussed. Using a real-world data set of 164 participants who completed 1,104 situational questionnaires, this chapter further illustrates how data obtained in ESM studies can be analyzed using a multilevel approach. Several aspects of this analytical approach such as power issues, centering decisions, random intercept and random slope models will be presented and discussed. Finally, an analytical strategy to test whether the potential burden of having to complete repeated measurements in ESM designs producebiases in participant’s response patterns will be presented.

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