scholarly journals The Larvacidal Activity of Ethanol Extracts of Phyllanthus acidus Leaves on The Culex quinquefasciatus Instar III/IV Larvae

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 24
Author(s):  
Afifatun Hasanah ◽  
Bagus Hermansyah ◽  
Cholis Abrori
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Phyllanthus Acidus ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Culex quinquefasciatus was one of a vector of filariasis disease caused by filarial worm infection. Mode of transmission was through mosquito bites that contain filaria worm. To overcome the problem in terms of eradicating the mosquito larvae was by searching for safe biological materials for humans and the environment, one of them was Phyllanthus acidus leaves. The purposes of this research were to know whether the ethanol extract of Phyllanthus acidus leaves have larvicidal activity on Culex quinquefasciatus instar III / IV larvae and to know the lethal concentration 50 (LC50) ethanol extract of Phyllanthus acidus leaves on Culex quinquefasciatus instar III / IV larvae within 24 hours. This study used true experimental method with post test only controlled group design with 1 positive control group (Temephos), 1 negative control group (Aquades and DMSO), and 5 treatment groups (0.0625%; 0.125%; 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% extract) respectively 20 Culex quinquefasciatus instar III/IV larvae. The result of regression test of inverse to know the effect of leaf extract of ceremai to the death of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae obtained R2=0909 which was mean the effect of ethanol extract of Phyllanthus acidus leaves to the number of the death of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae equal to 90.9%. The result of probit test obtained LC50 result of 0.189% with 95% confidence interval (0.142% -0.233%).

scholarly journals UJI EFEKTIFITAS BIOLARVASIDA EKSTRAK ETANOL BUAH LAMPESU (Baccaurea lanceolata) TERHADAP LARVA INSTAR III Culex quinquefasciatus

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Dea Alfani Nandjan
Keyword(s):  
Culex Quinquefasciatus ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Chemical Insecticide ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Group Design ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Infection Disease

Filariasis is chronic infection disease caused by worm and carried by Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito. One of theways to controlling mosquitoes vectors are use biolarvacide or chemical insecticide. Chemical insecticide causingresistance Culex quinquefasciatus larvae and toxic for human. This research aim to determine the biolarvacideeffectiviteness of ethanol extract lampesu fruit (Baccaurea lanceolata) to Culex quinquefasciatus larvae instars III.This study was true experimental with a Post test-only control group design. This study used 700 larvae instars III ofCulex quinquefasciatus divided into 7 groups consentration of 0,2%, 0,4%, 0,6%, 0,8% and 1%, the positive control(abate) and negative control (aquadest). The observation was did after treatment in 3 hours, 6 hours, 12  hours and 24hours. The experiment is replicated four times. At 24 hours exposure concentration of 0,6% the test larvae mortalityreached 38% and at concentration of 1% the test larvae mortality reached 30%. In this stuy the concentration of1,531 % was effective to kill larvae with of 50% mortality(LC50) and concentration of 10,729 % was effective to killlarvae with of 90% mortality(LC90). Ethanol Ekstract of Lampesu Fruit (Baccaurea lanceolata) not effective asbiolarvacide ofCulex quinquefasciatus larvae instars III.

scholarly journals EFFICACY OF A STANDARDIZED ETHANOL EXTRACT OF ROSELLE CALYX IN THE TREATMENT OF ORAL MUCOSA ULCERATION (IN VIVO)

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (17) ◽  
pp. 183
Author(s):  
Reni Jayantini ◽  
Dewi Fatma Suniarti ◽  
Agoeng T Sarwono
Keyword(s):  
Topical Application ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Ethanol Extracts ◽  
Inflammation Score

 Objectives: To analyze the effectiveness of the topical application of a standardized ethanol extract of roselle calyx in the treatment of oral mucous ulceration.Methods: Twelve Sprague Dawley rats were divided into two groups, with oral mucous ulcer being induced in all the rats. The ulcer diameter, reddish color, and the swollen membrane around the ulcer, as well as the inflammation score of the ulcer, were recorded for all animals. The negative control group was treated with aquades, while the positive control group was treated with 0.1% triamcinolone acetonide. The treatment group received the topical application of 7.5% and 15% standardized ethanol extract of roselle calyx twice a day for 3 or 7 days. On the 4th day, six rats were sacrificed, while the remaining six rats continued to receive treatment as before. On the 8th day, all the rats were sacrificed. Specimens were fixed, and histology slides were made. Further, microscopic slides were observed and scored.Result: Both the 7.5% and 15% standardized ethanol extracts of roselle calyx were found to reduce the ulcer diameter and inflammation score. No swelling or redness was observed.Conclusions: The application of 7.5% standardized ethanol extract of roselle calyx for 7 days is equally as effective as the application of 0.1% triamcinolone acetonides, except in terms of the decrease in the inflammation score.

scholarly journals AKTIVITAS ANTI-INFLAMASI EKSTRAK ETANOL TEPUNG PELEPAH AREN (Arenga pinnanta)

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Devy Angreani M ◽  
Meiske Sangi ◽  
Feti Fatimah
Keyword(s):  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
White Rats ◽  
Wistar Strain ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Tepung pelepah aren secara tradisional digunakan sebagai obat untuk menghilangkan rasa gatal dan luka bakar pada kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji aktivitas anti-inflamasi ekstrak etanol tepung pelepah aren (Arenga pinnanta) menggunakan metode induksi karagenan. Ekstrak etanol tepung pelepah aren yang digunakan didapatkan dari hasil maserasi tepung pelepah aren menggunakan etanol hasil redestilasi cap tikus. Metode pengujian aktivitas anti-inflamasi menggunakan 15 ekor tikus putih jantan galur wistar dengan berat 150-200 gram yang dibagi dalam 5 kelompok perlakuan, Kelompok Kontrol negative, Kontrol Positif dan kelompok dosis ekstrak etanol 20%, 25% dan 30%. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan kelompok ekstrak etanol tepung pelepah aren dosis 30% memiliki kemampuan inhibisi udem yang sama dengan kontrol positif (Na Diklofenak) dan memiliki kemampuan inhibisi yang lebih besar dibandingkan dosis 20% dan 25%.ABSTRACTPalm stem flour is traditionally used as a remedy for the relief of itching and burns on the skin. This research aims to test the anti-inflammatory activity of palm-flour (Arenga pinnanta) ethanol extract using Caragenan induction method. Palm-dried stem flour extract used from the maceration of palm flour, using ethanol redestilation of rat seals. The method of testing anti-inflammatory activity using 15 male white rats with Wistar strain with a weight of 150-200 grams divided into 5 treatment groups, negative control group, positive control and group dose of ethanol extract 20%, 25% and 30%. The results of this study showed that the group of dried palm flour extract dose 30% have the same inhibition capability with positive control (Na Diklofenak) and have greater inhibition capability compared to the dose 20% and 25%.

scholarly journals Potential of Cocoa Ethanol Extract Toward Nematocyst Tubul Firing Inhibition of Physalia Utriculus Toxin In Vitro

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Sarwendah Siswi Winasis ◽  
Al Munawir ◽  
Adelia Handoko
Keyword(s):  
Normal Control ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Average Percentage ◽  
Post Test

There was estimated 150 million envenomation cases due to jellyfish stings occur globally every year. 100 from 10,000 jellyfish species in the world known to be dangerous, one them is Physalia utriculus. The aim of this study was to determine the potential of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) ethanol extract toward nematocyst tubul firing inhibition of jellyfish (Physalia utriculus) toxin in vitro. The method was true experimental design with post test only control group design. The study divided into 8 groups: 1 normal control, 1 positive control, 1 negative control, and 5 treatments grups by giving cocoa ethanol extract with concentration 20%, 2%, 0.2%, 0.02%, 0.002%. The observation was made by calculating the percentage number of firing nematocysts. The result showed average percentage of firing nematocyst in the normal control group was 42.50 ± 3.18, positive control group was 37.97 ± 5.57, negative control group was 52.44 ± 2.98, and treatment group which given with cocoa ethanol extract 20%, 2%, 0.2%, 0.02%, 0.002% were 48.24 ± 5.37; 40.62 ± 7.10; 29.45 ± 5.39; 37.60 ± 9.78; 41.11 ± 3.92, respectively. The One Way Annova statistical results test show significance value 0.001 (p≤0.05). The conclusion of this study was the cocoa ethanol extract with concentration 0.2% has most potential to inhibit the jellyfish (P. utriculus) nematocyst tubule firing in vitro. Keywords: Physalia utriculus, cocoa, toxin, jellyfish

scholarly journals Aedes aegypti Mosquito Potential Larvacidal of Phyllantus niruri L. Leaves Ethanol Extracts

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Moh. Lutfi Hasbullah ◽  
Yudha Nurdian ◽  
Cholis Abrori
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Hemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Ethanol Extracts

Dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) is a disease caused by dengue virus transmitted by Aedes aegyptifemale mosquitoes with four major clinical manifestations, such as high fever, hemorrhage,hepatomegaly, and signs of circulatory failure. Indonesia was reported as the 2nd country with thelargest dengue cases among 30 endemic countries. The larvicidal powder is used as one of thedengue virus vector controllers. This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract of smallgooseberry leaves (Phyllantus niruri L.) to the death of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This study usedquasi experimental method with post test only controlled group design with 1 positive control group(Temephos), 1 group of negative control (tap water), and 5 treatment groups (0.0625%, 0.125%,0.25% , 0.5% and 1% extract) used 20 larvaes of Aedes aegypti instar III each group. The results of thetreatment group extract with a concentration of 0.5% and 1% obtained 100% dead larvae. The resultof linear regression test showed the effect of meniran leaf extract on the death of larvae Ae. aegyptiwith R2 value of 65.2%. The larvacid activity of ethanol extract leaves meniran against larvae Ae.aegypti instar III was directly proportional to concentration with LC50 of 0.174% with 95% confidenceinterval (0.155-0.195).

scholarly journals Uji Aktivitas Repelen Ekstrak Etanol Bunga Marigold (Tagetes erecta) Terhadap Nyamuk Aedes aegypti

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Mas Arya Shinta
Keyword(s):  
Aedes Aegypti ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Tagetes Erecta ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Dengue Virus Infection ◽  
Treatment Groups

AbstractAedes aegypti mosquitoes are vectors of dengue fever caused by dengue virus infection. Marigold flower (Tagetes erecta) is a multipurpose plant, marigold flower has a distinctive smell that is widely used as an insect repellent plant. Marigold flower contains a compound of secondary metabolites that potentially have an effect as a natural insecticide. This study was conducted with a complete random draft by taking five treatments, namely: one negative control group (K-), three treatment groups (p1, P2, P3), and one positive control group (K+). The test results portray the marigold flower ethanol extract has a protection power of 0% on K-; 41.67% on P1; 71.67% on P2; 93.3% on P3; and 100% on K+. Screening phytochemicals against marigold flower ethanol extract identifies positive compounds of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and triterpenoids. The protection power result shows that the marigold power ethanol extract 10% concentration lotion has a potential to have activity as repellent against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with protection power above 90%.AbstrakNyamuk Aedes aegypti merupakan vektor dari penyakit Demam Berdarah Dengue (DBD) yang disebabkan oleh infeksi virus dengue. Bunga marigold (Tagetes erecta) merupakan tanaman yang multiguna, bunga marigold memiliki bau khas yang menyengat sehingga banyak digunakan sebagai tanaman pengusir serangga. Bunga marigold mengandung senyawa metabolit sekunder yang berpotensi memiliki efek sebagai insektisida alami. Penelitian dilakukan dengan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan mengambil lima perlakuan, yaitu satu kelompok kontrol negatif (K-), tiga kelompok perlakuan (P1, P2, P3), dan satu kelompok kontrol positif (K+). Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol bunga marigold memiliki daya proteksi pada K- sebesar 0%, P1 sebesar 41,67%, P2 sebesar 71,67%, P3 sebesar 93,3%, dan K+ sebesar 100%. Skrining fitokimia terhadap ekstrak etanol bunga marigold mengidentifikasi positif senyawa alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin, tanin, dan triterpenoid. Hasil pengujian daya proteksi menunjukkan bahwa lotion ekstrak etanol bunga marigold konsentrasi 10% berpotensi memiliki aktivitas sebagai repellent terhadap nyamuk Aedes aegypti dengan daya proteksi diatas 90%.

Efek Ekstrak Etanol Kulit Petai (Parkia speciosa Hassk) Terhadap Penurunan Kadar Glukosa Darah Mencit Jantan

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Verawaty Verawaty ◽  
Dhea Claudia Novel
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Male Mice ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
The Third ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

<p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh pemberian ekstrak etanol kulit petai (Parkia speciosa Hassk) terhadap penurunan kadar glukosa darah mencit jantan yang diinduksi aloksan. Hewan percobaan dibagi atas 5 kelompok diantaranya kelompok kontrol negatif, kelompok kontrol positif,dosis I (280 mg/kgBB mencit), dosis II (560 mg/kg BB mencit), dosis III (840 mg/kg BB mencit). Penelitian dilakukan selama 21 hari. Persentase penurunan kadar glukosa darah mencit jantan setelah diberikan ekstrak etanol kulit petai pada hari ke-21 adalah dosis I (77,52 %) lebih besar dibandingkan dengan dosis II (69,5 %) dan dosis III (73,37 %). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan uji Two Way Anova dengan program SPSS 17. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak etanol kulit petai untuk tiga variasi dosis menyatakan perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik terhadap penurunan kadar glukosa darah mencit jantan.</p><p><em>Petai (Parkia speciosa Hassk) has a compound β-sitosterol and stigmasterol that have efficacy to decreased blood glucose levels. This study aimed to determine the effect of ethanol extract of petai peel for decrease blood glucose levels of male mice induced by alloxan. Experimental animals were divided into 5 groups including negative control group, positive control group, the first dose (280 mg/kg in mice), the second dose (560 mg/kg in mice), the third dose (840 mg/kg in mice). The study was conducted for 21 days. After 21 days, the result found that the percentage of blood glucose levels after the male mice given the ethanol extract of petai peel was, the first dose (77.52%) biger than the second dose (69.5%) and the third dose (73.37%). The data obtained were analyzed by Two Way ANOVA using SPSS 17. The results showed that have signicantly difference between three dose variation of ethanol extract of petai peel in blood glucose levels.</em></p>

Effect of Chayote (Sechium Edule Jacq. Swartz) Extract on Level of Interleukin-8 in Wistar Rats with Aspirin-Induced Gastritis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendrika Andriana Silitonga ◽  
◽  
Gontar Alamsyah Siregar ◽  
Rosita Juwita Sembiring ◽  
Marline Nainggolan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Fraction ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Interleukin 8 ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Sechium Edule

ABSTRACT Background: Recent studies showed that Interleukin-8 (IL-8), activated cytokine immune response which plays an important role in the development of acute and chronic gastritis. Harmless anti-inflammatory therapeutic alternatives have been proposed, for example, the consumption of Sechium Edule Jacq. Swartz (chayote). Antioxidant (flavonoid) and cell regeneration (alkaloid) agents were found in chayote. This study aimed to determine the effect of chayote Sechium Edule Jacq. Swartz extracts on the level of IL-8 in Wistar rats with aspirin- induced gastritis. Subjects and Method: This was a randomized controlled trial (RCT) conducted at the laboratory of Mathematics and Natural Science, Universitas Sumatra Utara from January to February 2020. A total of 35 male Wistar rats was selected for this study and randomly allocated into 7 groups: (1) Negative control; (2) Positive control; (3) 100 mg/ kg BW chayote ethanol extract ; (4) 200 mg/kg BW chayote ethanol extract; (5) 100 mg/ kg BW chayote ethyl acetate fraction; (6) 200 mg/kg BW chayote ethyl acetate fraction; and (7) 20 mg omeprazole. The rats in positive control and treatment groups were induced with aspirin (200mg/ kg BW). The negative control group received no intervention. The dependent variable was level of IL-8 measured by ELISA. The independent variables were treatment status. The data were analyzed by One Way Anova and post hoc test. Results: The mean differences of IL-8 level were not statistically significant between study groups (p= 0.327). Mean of IL-8 level was higher in positive control group (Mean= 160.80; SD= 6.90) than in negative control group (Mean= 141.20; SD= 10.98). The lowest IL-8 level was in 100mg/ kg BW chayote ethanol extract group (Mean= 149.94; SD= 40.4), followed by 200mg/ kg BW (Mean= 152.4; SD= 30.73) and 100mg/ kg BW (Mean= 164.60; SD= 25.04) chayote ethyl acetate fraction groups, 20 mg omeprazole group (Mean= 170.60; SD= 21.58), and 200 mg/ kg BW chayote ethanol extract group (Mean= 176.80; SD= 10.98). Conclusion: The low dose (100mg/ kg BW) chayote ethanol extract has the most potential antiinflammation effect on in vitro gastritis with the lowest IL-8 level of all doses of chayote ethanol extract, chayote ethyl acetate fraction, and omeprazole. Keywords: antiinflammation, IL-8, chayote ethanol extract, ethyl acetate fraction, omeprazole, aspirin induced gastritis Correspondence: Hendrika Andriana Silitonga. Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Methodist Indonesia. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: +6281361430688. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.05.35

scholarly journals Efek Imunomodulator Ekstrak Etanol Spons Melophlus sarasinorum Terhadap Aktivitas Fagositosis Sel Makrofag Pada Mencit Jantan Balb/C

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-157
Author(s):  
Wahyuni Wahyuni ◽  
Muhammad Ilyas Yusuf ◽  
Fadhliyah Malik ◽  
Adryan Fristiohady Lubis ◽  
Astrid Indalifiany ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Activity ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Macrophage Cell ◽  
Macrophage Phagocytosis ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Phagocytosis Activity

Immunomodulator is an ingredient or drug that can modulate immune system functions and activities. This study was conducted to determine the effect of ethanol extract of Melophlus sarasinorum sponge on macrophage phagocytosis activity. Twenty four male mice balb/c were divided into six groups. The first group received 100 mg/kg of ethanol extract of Melophlus Sarasinorum sponge, the second group received 200 mg/kg of ethanol extract of Melophlus sarasinorum sponge, the third group received 300 mg/kg of ethanol extract of Melophlus Sarasinorum sponge and the fourth group received 400 mg/kg of ethanol extract of Melophlus Sarasinorum sponge. The positive control group received Phyllanthus niruri linn extract (Stimuno®) 0,13 mg/g and the negative control group received NaCMC 0,5%. The extract was orally administered from first day to seventh day. On the eighth day, each of the mice was injected Staphylococcus aureus bacteria (SA) 0.5 mL intraperitoneally. Macrophage cell activity is calculated from smears of peritoneal fluid of mice. Increased doses of ethanol extract of Melophlus sarasinorum sponge increase the amount of macrophage phagocytosis activity that are 25,25% (negative control), 61,5% (positive control), 55,75% (100 mg/kg), 60,75% (200 mg/kg), 62,25% (300 mg/kg) dan 66,25% (400 mg/kg). The results showed that the ethanol extract of Melophlus sarasinorum sponge has the potential as immunomodulator at a doses of 300 mg/kgBB and 400 mg/kg with no significantly different effectiveness with positive control in increasing macrophage cell phagocytosis activity based on the result of post-hoc statistical test of Tukey (sig.> 0,05).  

scholarly journals Potensi Ekstrak Daun Kelor (Moringa Oleifera) sebagai Hepatoprotektor pada Tikus Putih (Rattus novergicus) yang Diinduksi Parasetamol Dosis toksik

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 58
Author(s):  
Noer Kumala Indahsari ◽  
Masfufatun Masfufatun ◽  
Emilia Devi D.R
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Moringa Oleifera ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Flavonoid Compound ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Control Group Design ◽  
Post Test

Moringa Oleifera is a plant that contains chemical compounds that are useful, such as flavonoids. The ability of this flavonoid compound that can capture free radicals cause damage and hepatoprotektan hepar. Purpose of study was to determined levels of Moringa leaf extract which can overcome the effects of liver damage caused by toxic doses of paracetamol through MDA, SGOT and SGPT Method used in this laboratory experimental study is a Randomized Post Test Only Control Group Design with the following stages: 1. Moringa Leaf Extraction with Ethanol 96%; Try 2.Preparasi animals, 3. Treatment of Animals Try the extract of leaves of Moringa 3 dose is: 250mg / 200BB rat (dose of A), 500mg / 200BB mice (dose B), 1000mg / 200BB mice (dose C) for 14 days in combination with paracetamol 2 g / 200BB mice, compared to the negative control group (group given just paracetamol 2 g / 200BB rat) and the positive control group (the group who were given regular feed) for 14 days.Results : turned out to be no difference in the reduction in SGOT levels are statistically significant between the negative control group with high-dose treatment group ie the dose C with =0,016 smaller than 0.05, whereas a decrease in ALT levels were significantly decreased in the treatment group high dose is the dose C with =0,009 smaller than 0.05. While MDA group treated with the negative control group experienced an overall decline for the dose A with =0,05, dose B with =0,0011 and dose C with =0,001. Conclusion of this study showed that the extract of Moringa leaves can be potentially as an antioxidant in all doses at once can be as hepatoprotektor at high doses is 1000mg / 200BB Rattus Novergicus.

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